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Epigenetics 1st Edition – amazon.com

Posted: September 17, 2018 at 7:44 pm

The historical accounts of the rise of epigenetics as a field of study, combined with the inclusion of cutting-edging epigenetics research in various biological processes and model organisms, provide the reader with a clear sense of what epigenetics research is about, where it came from, where it is now, and where it is headed. It will prove to be the book that everyone with an interest in epigenetics would want to have and read. Cell; As a whole, Epigenetics is an impressive volume. The contributors provide an accurate survey of the field, from where it began, through where it is today, to where it is heading. Their accounts help set the stage for deepening our understanding of epigenetic phenomena and mechanisms. And the volume will undoubtedly prove to be very useful for students and researchers alike. --Science;Overall, Epigenetics is a scholarly work, eminently readable and a welcome resource for anyone looking for an introduction to this new and vibrant field.--BioEssays; Beautifully illustrated, this book is a rich source of information for a diverse pool of readers, ranging from graduate students making their first steps in a new field of knowledge to more experienced scientists whose research has led them to unfamiliar grounds. What makes; Epigenetics; a truly remarkable and, I believe, a long-lasting achievement is the clear and accessible overview of the major concepts and mechanisms that lay in the foundation of contemporary chromatin research. New details of how specific enzymes and proteins shape chromatin structure and composition may emerge, but the general principles that define how chromatin impacts on many cellular processes are likely to hold true; Genetical Research;In addition to the cutting-edge epigenetic research that is highlighted in this book by eminent scientists in the field, the summaries at the beginning of each chapter, and the multiple tables and colourful illustrations used throughout the book will prove useful in guiding the reader through a discussion of complex biological processes. Undoubtedly, some of these illustrations will be widely used by students and teacher of epigenetics. It is evident that the importance of epigenetics has become widely recognized and this book will be an excellent read for beginners as well as experts in this field; --Nature Cell Biology; What is epigenetics? Asking that question will likely return a number of answers that are all some variation of 'heredity that is not due to changes in DNA sequence.' In other words, epigenetics is not genetics. That seems a definition as indistinct as U.S. Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart's statement, 'I know it when I see it,' about obscenity. The recent volume, Epigenetics, provides well-needed clarity by setting down the fundamental concepts and principles of this emerging science... With the publication of Epigenetics, this fascinating scientific field no longer needs to be defined by what it is not. --The Quarterly Review of Biology

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Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering – HRF

Posted: September 17, 2018 at 7:41 pm

Manipulation of genes in natural organisms, such as plants, animals, and even humans, is considered genetic engineering. This is done using a variety of different techniques like molecular cloning. These processes can cause dramatic changes in the natural makeup and characteristic of the organism. There are benefits and risks associated with genetic engineering, just like most other scientific practices.

Genetic engineering offers benefits such as:

1. Better Flavor, Growth Rate and NutritionCrops like potatoes, soybeans and tomatoes are now sometimes genetically engineered in order to improve size, crop yield, and nutritional values of the plants. These genetically engineered crops also possess the ability to grow in lands that would normally not be suitable for cultivation.

2. Pest-resistant Crops and Extended Shelf LifeEngineered seeds can resist pests and having a better chance at survival in harsh weather. Biotechnology could be in increasing the shelf life of many foods.

3. Genetic Alteration to Supply New FoodsGenetic engineering can also be used in producing completely new substances like proteins or other nutrients in food. This may up the benefits they have for medical uses.

4. Modification of the Human DNAGenes that are responsible for unique and desirable qualities in the human DNA can be exposed and introduced into the genes of another person. This changes the structural elements of a persons DNA. The effects of this are not know.

The following are the issues that genetic engineering can trigger:

1. May Hamper Nutritional ValueGenetic engineering on food also includes the infectivity of genes in root crops. These crops might supersede the natural weeds. These can be dangerous for the natural plants. Unpleasant genetic mutations could result to an increased allergy occurrence of the crop. Some people believe that this science on foods can hamper the nutrients contained by the crops although their appearance and taste were enhanced.

2. May Introduce Risky PathogensHorizontal gene shift could give increase to other pathogens. While it increases the immunity against diseases among the plants, the resistant genes can be transmitted to harmful pathogens.

3. May Result to Genetic ProblemsGene therapy on humans can end to some side effects. While relieving one problem, the treatment may cause the onset of another issue. As a single cell is liable for various characteristics, the cell isolation process will be responsible for one trait will be complicated.

4. Unfavorable to Genetic DiversityGenetic engineering can affect the diversity among the individuals. Cloning might be unfavorable to individualism. Furthermore, such process might not be affordable for poor. Hence, it makes the gene therapy impossible for an average person.

Genetic engineering might work excellently but after all, it is a kind of process that manipulates the natural. This is altering something which has not been created originally by humans. What can you say about this?

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Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering - HRF

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Stem Cells and Cloning | New Jersey Right to Life

Posted: September 16, 2018 at 8:42 pm

Stem Cells

A stem cell is essentially a blank cell, capable of becoming another more differentiated cell type in the body, such as a skin cell, a muscle cell, or a nerve cell. Microscopic in size, stem cells are big news in medical and science circles because they can be used to replace or even heal damaged tissues and cells in the body. They can serve as a built-in repair system for the human body, replenishing other cells as long as a person is still alive.

Adult stem cells are a natural solution. They naturally exist in our bodies, and they provide a natural repair mechanism for many tissues of our bodies. They belong in the microenvironment of an adult body, while embryonic stem cells belong in the microenvironment of the early embryo, not in an adult body, where they tend to cause tumors and immune system reactions.

Most importantly, adult stem cells have already been successfully used in human therapies for many years. As of this moment, no therapies in humans have ever been successfully carried out using embryonic stem cells. New therapies using adult type stem cells, on the other hand, are being developed all the time.

Source: 2010 Stemcellresearchfacts.org

Stem Cells from Umbilical Cord Blood

Pro-Life families can support umbilical cord blood stem cells because they do not cause harm to the mother or baby. For more information, please goHere

Cloning

Cloning-to-produce-children Production of a cloned human embryo, formed for the (proximate) purpose of initiating a pregnancy, with the (ultimate) goal of producing a child who will be genetically virtually identical to a currently existing or previously existing individual.

Cloning-for-biomedical-research Production of a cloned human embryo, formed for the (proximate) purpose of using it in research or for extracting its stem cells, with the (ultimate) goals of gaining scientific knowledge of normal and abnormal development and of developing cures for human diseases.

Human cloning The asexual reproduction of a new human organism that is, at all stages of development, genetically virtually identical to a currently existing, or previously existing, human being. (CR)

Cloned embryo: An embryo arising from the somatic cell nuclear transfer process as contrasted with an embryo arising from the union of an egg and sperm. (CR)

Source: White Paper: Alternative Sources of Pluripotent Stem Cells The Presidents Council on Bioethics Washington, D.C., May 2005

In 2003, NJ passed the most extreme law in the country permitting human cloning and life destructive research on human embryos. The Senate Sponsors of the law were Senator Richard Codey (D-27), Senator Barbara Buono (D-18) and Joseph Vitale(D-19). The prime Assembly sponsor of the law was Assemblyman Neil Cohen who was later indicted, charged with, and plead guilty to, distributing child pornography. Not only did Mr. Cohen access, print and distribute child pornography, he did it in his legislative office using equipment paid for by state taxpayers, said Criminal Justice Director Stephen Taylor in a press release issued on April 10, 2010 announcing Cohens guilty plea.

In 2007, Cohen and Codey and the rest of the above sponsors tried unsuccessfully to pass a Ballot Question that would have borrowed $450M in bonds to fund unethical and impractical research. Although the actual ballot question was deliberately silent on the fact that taxpayers would have been on the hook to repay the bonds, NJRTL exposed this Loan to Clone Scheme and embarked on an educational campaign to inform voters that the bonds would be repaid by increased sales taxes and if those funds were insufficient, then the bonds would be repaid by increasing property taxes. NJRTL also became plaintiffs in a lawsuit to stop the referendum due to its deceptive nature of withholding important information from voters. Although the courts refused to stop the referendum, the voters sided with NJRTL and rejected it by a 53 to 47% margin. It was the first time in 17 years that NJ voters voted against a bond referendum.

Although the 2007 Referendum which would have funded this research with tax dollars was defeated by NJ voters, the original clone and kill law signed by Governor McGreevey still stands. NJRTL believes this law should be repealed which permits scientists to perform research involving human cloning and the use of human embryonic stem cell research, and we support legislation on the federal and state level that would ban these unethical practices which involve the deliberate killing of human beings.

To find out more about NJs stem cell and clone and kill law, see the following link:http://www.njrtl.org/clone/

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New Jersey Regenerative Medicine Stem Cell and PRP …

Posted: September 16, 2018 at 8:42 pm

A. Disease Background1) Brooks P. The burden of musculoskeletal disease a global perspective. Clin Rheumatol. 2006; 25:778-781.2) Longo, Fauci, Kasper, Hauser, Jameson, Loscanzo, editors. Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine, 18th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill Medical, 2012 pp.2828-2836.3) Sarzi-Putini P, et al. Osteoarthritis: An overview of the disease and it treatment strategies. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2005; 35:1-104) Chen FH, Tuan RS Mesenchymal stem cells in arthritic disease. Arthritis Res and Ther. 2008; 10:223-2365) Carstairs A, Genever P. stem cell treatment for musculoskeletal disease. Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 2014, 16: 1-66) Lacitignola L, et.al. Cell therapy for tendonitis, experimental and clinical report. Vet Res Commun. 2008; Sup: 32 suppl 1: S 33-8.7) Renzi S, et al. Autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells for regeneration of injured equine ligament and tendons: a clinical report. Res Vet Sci. 2013 Aug 95(1):272-7.8) Centeno CJ, et al. Increased knee cartilage volume in degenerative joint disease using percutaneously implanted, autologous mesenchymal cells. Pain Physician 2008: 11(3):343-353.9) Emadedin M, et al. Intra-articular injection of autologous mesenchymal cells in six patients with knee osteoarthritis. Anthroscopy 2013: 29(4): 748-55.10) Koh YG, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell injections improve symptoms of knee osteoarthriti. Arch Iraanian Med. 2012:15(7):422-428.11) J o CH, et al. Intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee: a proof of concept clinical trial. Stem Cells 2013: DOI: 10.1002/stem.1634.

E. Platelet Rich Plasma1) Bielecki TM, et al. Antibacterial effect of autologous platelet gel enriched with growth factors and other active substances. J Bone Joint Surg BR. 2007-89-B: 417-20.2) Chen L, et al. Antibacterial eect of autologous platelet-rich gel derived from subjects with diabetic dermal ulcers in vitro. J Diabetes Res 2013:doi. org/10.1155/2013/2695273) Burnouf et al. Antimicrobial activity of platelet (PTLpoor Transfusion. 2013; 531(1):138-46 PLT lysate biomaterials against wound bacteria. Transfusion, 2013; 53(1) 138-46.4) Yang Y. et al Antibacterial effect of autologous platelet-rich gel derived from health volunteers in vitro. Zhonggus Xiu Fu Chong Jian Waike Za Zhi. 2010;24(5):571-6.

F. Diagnostic Assessment1) McConnells, et al. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC); a review of its utility and measurement properties. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 45(5):453-461.2) Raman J. Macdermid JC, Western Ontario Rotator Cu Index. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2012:58:102.3) Meenan RF, German PM Mason JH. Measuring Health status in arthritis: the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale. Arthritis Rheumatism 1980:23:146-52.4) Ren XS, Kazis L. Meenan RF. Short-form Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale 2: tests of reliability and validity among patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis care Res. 1999; 12(3): 163-71.

Disclaimer: Clinical studies have shown marked improvement in patients treated. All patients are enrolled in investigative research board clinical studies with specific protocols. This procedure is not FDA approved. Insurance companies do not pay for this procedure.

FDA Disclosure: Healthy Aging Medical Centers and its affiliate treatment centers are not offering stem cell therapy as a cure for any condition, disease, or injury. No statements or implied treatments in this brochure have been evaluated or approved by the FDA. This brochure contains no medical advice. All statements and opinions provided by this brochure are provided for educational and informational purposes only and we do not diagnose or treat via this brochure or via telephone. Healthy Aging Medical Centers and its affiliate treatment centers are offering patient funded research to provide individual patients with Stromal Vascular Fraction that contains their own autologous stem cells and growth factors and the treatment centers provide surgical procedures only and are not involved in the use or manufacture of any investigational drugs. Healthy Aging Medical Centers network does not claim that any applications, or potential applications, using autologous stem cells are approved by the FDA, or are even effective. We do not claim that these treatments work for any listed nor unlisted condition, intended or implied. Its important for potential patients to do their own research based on the options that we present so that one can make an informed decision. Any decision to participate in our patient funded experimental protocols is completely voluntary.ATTENTION: If you have ANY concern with stromal vascular fraction, any of our products, methods, website, brochure or technique and think we may be violating any U.S. law, please contact us so that we can investigate the matter or concern immediately.

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About Penn’s IRM – Institute for Regenerative Medicine

Posted: September 16, 2018 at 3:46 am

The Institute for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania differs from many stem cell centers by bringing together talent and discoveries from medicine, bioengineering, veterinary sciences, and more. Together, we are working to understand the basis by which we can generate new cells and tissues for therapeutics, diagnostics, and research.

Ken Zaret, Ph.D.Director, Institute for Regenerative Medicine

The goal of the Institute for Regenerative Medicine (IRM) at UPenn is to create new cells and tissues for research, diagnostics, and organ repair and replacement therapies. To this end, the IRM enables diverse experts to come together for basic research in stem cell biology and tissue regeneration and translates our discoveries into new clinical therapies to alleviate suffering and disease.

The IRM at UPenn is distinct from other stem cell and regenerative medicine institutes around the world by engaging scientists, clinicians, and ethicists from medicine, engineering, veterinary sciences, dental medicine, a childrens hospital, and the arts and sciences. Together, IRM investigators use cutting-edge methods to understand how cells and tissues are formed in the natural processes of embryonic development and during the bodys ability to repair itself. We use the principles learned from the natural processes to generate new cells and tissue fragments in the laboratory and to control tissue regeneration in the body. Our work is aimed to model and study human diseases, to develop new diagnostics and medicines, and, ultimately, to replace damaged, aged, or diseased body parts.

The IRM sponsors annual Symposia with speakers from around the world, Distinguished Lecturers from leaders in the field, Stem Cell Club for trainees and faculty, Faculty Lunch meetings, specialty Program meetings, IRM Training Fellowships, and IRM Collaborative Research grants, all of which foster collaborative interactions among our outstanding faculty and trainees, along with diverse resources including a stem cell and tissue differentiation core facility. Our latest collaborative initiatives include support for high-throughput screenings to alter cell fate, single cell analyses of cell function, and optimizing conditions to control the differentiation of cells from stem cells.

The IRM also promotes extensive outreach to the community, teaching at all levels about the science behind stem cells and regenerative medicine and the promise of the field to the future of humankind.

We invite you to see what the IRM at UPenn has to offer, participate in our diverse activities, and support our work with your donations.

Welcome to the IRM!

Ken Zaret, Ph.D.Director, Institute for Regenerative Medicine

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About Penn's IRM - Institute for Regenerative Medicine

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Shooting Up Stem Cells With Ben Greenfield The Down The …

Posted: September 16, 2018 at 3:45 am

Last week, the Mens Health Films video team descended upon my home in Spokane, Washington to film me on my home turf doing what I do.

So for your education and entertainment, below is the madness that ensued, along with helpful timestamps, descriptions and links below the video.

1:40: You see me screaming, grunting and groaning using a special force plate and isometric training bar setup(this is the same single set to failure style of training I mentioned on this Joe Rogan episode). Using this approach, you can get hella strong with a single 12-15 minute workout performed twice a week. For example:

A Workout is all pushes: -Bench Press-Tricep Press-Shoulder Press-Leg Press-Calf Press

B workout is all pulls:-Bicep Curl-Ab Crunch-Lat Pull Down-Deadlift-Shoulder Shrug

Have fun. This style of isometric training, which I perform on a machine called aPeakFitPro, is hard as hell but blasts strength, growth hormone and peak force production capacity through the roof, with extremely low risk of injury.If you want one of these bad boys for your own home gym, health club, etc. you can click here and use code greenfield to save $100.

2:39: Before one of my isometric sets, you see me taking a big whiff of smelling salts.Long story short is that one big sniff of these ammonia based salts makes you want to fight someone, kill something, punch your fist through the wall, never drink a cup of coffee again, or lift very heavy things.Along with the peppermint trick I mention here, its one of the more potent ways to jack up your sympathetic fight and flight nervous system for pennies on the dollar. The stuff I use isNose Tork Smelling Saltsand it is basically like smelling salts on steroids.

3:51: I begin to inject stem cells extracted from my own fat and grown atU.S. Stem Cell Clinic (that link gives you a $500 discount on the same procedure I did). As of current laws, the adipose procedures using in enzyme digestion of your own fat to concentrate stem cells are not illegal and do not require you to go out of the country (contrary to popular belief). Mesenchymal cells (MSCs) can be obtained from bone marrow or fat and those cells are similar from either source. The main difference is that the number of MSCs from fat is about 500x higher. Adipose also has a much higher population of CD34 protein and as a result is much more angiogenic (blood vessel growth inducing) compared to bone marrow. At the U.S. Stem Cell Clinic, they use an enzyme to break down the fat. The enzyme is collagenase and breaks collagen bonds in extracellular matrix outside all the cells. Basically the glue that holds the fat together gets broken down so you can spin fat in centrifuge. This allows the fat cells to go to the top because they are light in weight and stem cells and other cells go to bottom because they are heavy. Then voila! You inject (in this case, I self-injected but a physician friend, nurse practitioner, etc. could probably do it for you).

6:10: You see me doing my morning yoga, ELDOA, core foundation training, etc. inside my infrared sauna.If you have no clue about the difference between wet saunas, steam rooms, dry sauna, infrared sauna, niacin detox, how long to spend in the sauna, etc., etc., then Id highly recommend you read my article Three Ways To Biohack A Sauna For More Heat, A Better Detox & Enhanced Fitness. FranklyIm addicted to my sauna, as I delve into here on the science of saunas, I feel amazing when I wander out of daily, blood-building, nitric-oxide boosting sauna session. Then, once I follow up the sauna with a cold shower or a dip into the cold pool back behind my house in the forest, I feel freaking unstoppable the rest of the day. You can use code BEN to save $450 on the same massive walk-inClearlight Infrared SaunaI own.

6:45: I hold up my first work of fiction: a book called The Forest. The official version wont be released until this summer, but you can read a beta-version for free here.Upon stepping into a dark shed in the middle of the forest, twin brothers River and Terran are transported to a remote prison island in another world crawling with strong magic, hidden snares, and rogue creatures. Using their powers to control the elements of water and earth, they fight their way from the island, only to discover an entire world sieged by evil shramana and vile serpents. Can two human boys save this otherworld? Can the seafarers, elves, warrior princesses, healers and magisters they meet along the way help them in the battle? Will the chaotic struggles they encounter follow them back into their own world? Youll find out in this riveting adventure that includes harsh wilderness, epic battles, tangled romances, elemental sciences and hardcore survival. Like Lord Of The Rings or Chronicles Of Narnia, I wrote this fantasy fiction for all ages, and it is the first in a five-book series I plan to write over the next several years.

6:48: You see me breathing a special form of humidified air from a strange-looking blue, bubbling device called an Eng3 NanoVi. The video hereexplains how NanoVi generates a bio-identical signal mimics the good reactive oxygen species your body naturally produces and this assists a multi-step process of reinstalling protein functions that are essential to cellular activity. Basically, it repairs DNA as you simply sit there breathing the water in through a nasal cannula or through your mouth. It is based on the concept that breathing in good reactive oxygen species (ROSs) causing a steep upregulation of cellular repair. Its especially good to repair the damage from free radicals in athletes who exercise frequently.

6:58: I take one of my flagship supplements: essential amino acids.I am at the point now to where I take two doses of 10-20 grams of these essential amino acidsper daytostimulate faster muscle growth, recover more rapidly from exercise, become more resistant to fatigue during a grueling workout, or just benefit from additional amino acids in their most absorbable form to support calorie restriction, fasting and ketosis. Essential amino acids are just that: essential. Your body cant produce them on its own and yet they are crucial for supporting and maintaining the muscular, skeletal, enzymatic, nervous and hormonal systems of the body. Your body generally gets amino acids from the protein you consume as food. But your bodys amino acid utilization from common protein sources is often less than 50% of their content, with the rest being excess calories and waste. About 48% of egg protein is utilized by your body, less than 32% for meat, poultry and fish, less than 18% of whey and soy protein, and only 1% of branched chain amino acids are utilized by the body. The amino acid utilization of essential amino acids is a whopping 99%, meaning your body is actually absorbing and utilizing the essential amino acids it needs. Dont take me wrong: of course, Im all about eating high-quality, nutrient-dense, tasty foods like steak, eggs, and nuts, but when youre in a situation that requires you get your protein fast and you get it absorbed even faster,Kion Aminos is my go-to solution (and heres a list of the other supplements that I use).

7:00: I mentionNAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).As I discuss in this comprehensive podcast interview on NAD,Scientific American publishedthe article Beyond Resveratrol: The Anti-Aging NAD Fad, an article that proposes that recent research suggests it may be possible to reverse mitochondrial decay (e.g. achieve a pretty potent anti-aging effect) with dietary supplements that increase cellular levels of a molecule called NAD, and also that the mitochondria in muscles of elderly mice were restored to a youthful state after just a week of NAD injections. The NAD injection clinic in San Diego (I interview them here) can set you up with patches, IVs, intranasal spray and a host of other ways to mainline the stuff into your system, or, as I discuss here, you can make precursors to NAD for pennies on the dollar with Pau D Arco bark tea.

7:02: I take a shot of lignite extract one of the few supplements my entire family takes regularly. In the podcast Why You Cant Get Away From The Toxin Glyphosate (& What You Can Do About It). I explain how this relatively new compound extracted from soil (termed lignite) protects the lining of the gut from the ravages of glyphosate, a nasty molecule which you find just about everywhere these days, even if you eat organic. You can find it on Amazon here, or at theRestore website you can use code BEN15 to save 15%.

7:10: I snort intranasalintranasal oxytocin spray.Oxytocin has been on a joy ride for 20 years, ever since animal studies first linked this hormone to bonding between mother and newborn, as well as between mating adults (you release boatloads of the stuff when you orgasm, and smaller amounts when you hug, engage in physical affection, etc.). Dubbed the cuddle or love hormone, more recently it has earned attention for its role in promoting trust (hence it is often marketed as liquid trust). Research does link it to increased trust, social bonding and even a predisposition to donate to charity, but also to allay social anxiety disorder, address autism, and decrease inflammation. It puts you in a pretty good, trusting mood, so just dont snort it before you go negotiate to get a deal on a car or buy a house. 😉

7:18: You see me bathing in the glorious red light and infrared rays produced a massive infrared LEDlight panel in my office. How does red light therapy work? Once absorbed into your body, red light energy gets converted into cellular energy, which kicks of a series of metabolic events such as the formation of new capillaries, elevated production of collagen, and the release of ATP. Red light therapy has been approved by the FDA and its effectiveness has been studied throughout the world. The wavelength of your red light device matters greatly, so you must, must, must pay attention to wavelength and delivered energy (the bulk of evidence suggests that 660-680 nm is the most effective).To get a big ol red light for yourself, you can click here and use code BEN save $25 on the same one I use (called a JOOVV (and yes, to increase testosterone as I discuss here I really do get naked and bathe my balls in red light for about 5-20 minutes a day)

7:22: Ive got a Vielightnasal probe stuck up my nose. If youre not familiar with the term photomedicine, then you will be soon, because one of the most cutting-edge features of the future of medicine and performance-enhancing biohacking involves the use of light and lightwaves (also known as photobiomodulation) for everything from nitric oxide release for physical and mental performance, to amplifying blood flow to the brain, to enhancing cognitive, muscular and mental performance, to building new red blood cells and optimizing oxygenation and far, far more. Intranasal light therapy and cranial light therapy, which I covered in the podcast How To Use Low Level Light Therapy and Intranasal Light Therapy For Athletic Performance, Cognitive Enhancement & More is based on light stimulation of blood capillaries in the nasal cavity and head. It has been used for the past several years in the medical industry as a very non-invasive method to introduce therapeutic light energy into the human body, and theres actually a surprising amount of research on this form of non-ionizing radiation on biological systems, including effects on cognitive performance, fighting free radicals, combatting Alzheimers symptoms and more. If you want one of these sexy looking space helmets or nasal probes for yourself, you can click here and use code GREENFIELD to save 10%.

7:24: I mentionrosemary essential oil for a cognition boost. Rosemary (along with peppermint and cinnamon) oil is not only fantastic to diffuse in your office or gym for a mental pick-me-up, but is also great for memory and for training your brain to go into performance mode when it detects the unique scent. I currently use this diffuser, and because essential oil tends to be oxidized, impure, or watered down with cheap fillers or additional oils, Im also pretty careful about which brand I use. You can click here to peruse the oils I like.

7:34: My giant, cereal-box-esqueOura Ringappears. Because it contains a tiny, built-in computer, this ring, unlike other self-quantification devices like a Fitbit or Jawbone, can be placed into airplane mode so that any bluetooth or other irradiating signals are completely disabled. The ring measures everything Id ever want to know about my body, including temperature, heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), steps, sleep cycles, sleep percentages, readiness to train, and a whole lot more. And yes, you can wear it while doing pull-ups, kettlebell swings, presses, etc. with no issues. You can use code GREENFIELDOURA to save $75 here on their newest models.

7:35: I am donning my ultra-stylishRe-Timer Glasses, which I use to deliver copious amounts of blue-green light to my eyes in the morning, which jumpstarts my circadian rhythm. Heres why: the information your body gets about existence or absence of light is received via light-sensitive receptor proteins in the eyes retina. These proteins are called opsins. Opsins convert the photonicenergy of light into electrical potential in neurons, and project signals from light to the brains biological clock, as well as to other brain areas. This then increases neurotransmitter signalling and influences hormone production. Theselight-sensitive receptors are not only found in the retina, but also in many locations in yourbrain and body, such as the cerebrum, the hypothalamus, inside your ears and on every inch of your skin (which is why, by the way, its very important when you sleep in darkness at night to not just limit light exposure to your eyes, but also to your skin). Exercise, food, air, etc. all affect your bodys clock, but nothing beats light. When your eye senses light, it sends a signal to your brain to be awake.As it becomes dark in the evening, your body produces melatonin, telling your body it is time to sleep.The combination of biological processes in response to light and darkness are crucial factors for your body to remain synchronized and sleep at the right time. Morning bright light therapy can adjust your body clock to an earlier schedule through repeated exposure to bright light appropriately timed in the morning and evening bright light therapy (should you decide to wear glasses like this at night) canre-time your body clock to a later time by exposing you tobright light visual stimulation in the evening. Again, this all worksbecause light exposure is your bodysprimary cue to regulate yourbody clock. Anyways, you can read more about this concept at The Re-Timer Effect: How To Re-Time Your Circadian Rhythms If You Wake Up Too Early Or Stay Up Too Late. and you can get the glasses here and use codeBGF30 to save $30.

7:56: You may notice myBioMatin the background. This is a medical device that uses a computer control panel with an advanced IC chip manufactured by Texas Instruments, a polarized plug for power source protection, EMF interception tourmaline rocks for a negative ion boost, and amethyst crystals covering the entire surface area (yeah, yeah, I know I just took a deep dive into woo-woo land). The mat also produces deep-penetrating, far infrared rays along with negative ions. In other words, laying on this thing for 10-60 minutes a day, whether for a nap, a massage, a reading session, or meditation, can drastically reduce joint pain, improve sleep, decrease inflammation in tissue, soothe back pain, increase blood circulation and cause a host of other effects. Its like an expensive, adult version of a soothing blankie.

8:56: Im hanging like a crazy monkey from my yoga trapeze, which I use to decompress my spine a few times a day when I happen to pass by it (and yes, my gracious and lovely wife allows me to hang my trapeze directly next to the dining room table, which has made for some entertaining dinner party moments). Two weeks ago, I challenged myself to perform a full hour-long workout on the trapeze without dropping from it, and felt about two inches taller after hanging from it, squatting on it, doing rows, dips, pull-ups and just about anything else youd do from gymnastics rings on it, and also including some very, very deep hip flexor and psoas stretches. The trapeze I use is made byYoga Body. It hasnt failed me yet, meaning Ive not yet busted my head open on the dining room floor, so Ill vouch for its safety and toughness.

9:14: I glance at my Timex watch. I havent really mentioned this to many folks but, along with continuing to race for the Spartan pro teamI will be racing in professional obstacle course racing and triathlon for the world famous Team Timex this year.In the year 2000, Team Sports, Inc., an established professional cycling team management firm, sat down with the marketing team at Timex to create a first-of-its-kind, world class, triathlon team, with the mission of supporting athletes who strive to push the limits of the mind and body, and the Timex Multisport Team was born. Over 17 years have gone by and the passion and strength of the Timex Team is greater than ever. I used to race for this team back in my Ironman triathlon days, and now Im back, baby. Follow the Ben Greenfield Fitness calendar to see which races Ill be at (which will include the Wildflower triathlon and Malibu triathlon).

9:22: You see me with a blue mask on my face while working out on theLiveO2 adaptive contrast unit (save $300 with code BEN), which allows me to rapidly switch between breathing oxygen enriched air and hypoxic, oxygen void air that simulates over 10,000 feet of elevation. In one 15 minute workout, I can pump anywhere between 200-400% more dissolved oxygen into your blood plasma and the net effect of this workout lasts for several days. Its the equivalent of spending nearly an entire day in a hyperbaric oxygen therapy chamber, a strategy many folks in the anti-aging community are now doing to heal the body faster and to increase mitochondrial density. A sample 15 minute workout on this would be, for example, a five minute warmup at hypoxia, ten 30 seconds efforts of 15 seconds of hypoxic sprints followed by 15 seconds of hyperoxic sprints with 30 seconds of recovery, and a final 2 minute hyperoxic sprint. Similar the isometric training I told you about earlier, this allows me to get in and get out of my workout quickly, getting the equivalent of several hours of endurance training in one fell swoop that does, admittedly, take me into a brief journey to a pretty intense pain cave.

So thats it! Do you have questions, thoughts or feedback for me about this daily routine or the crazy stuff I get up to in the video that I may not have addressed above? Leave your comments below and I will reply!

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Shooting Up Stem Cells With Ben Greenfield The Down The ...

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Equine Regenerative Medicine – University of Tennessee system

Posted: September 15, 2018 at 12:48 pm

REGENERATIVE MEDICINE is the science that replaces or regenerates animal cells, tissues, or organs to restore/establish normal function following injury from any cause.

The UT Veterinary Medical Center Equine Hospital's regenerative medicine service provides adult stem cells and platelet rich plasma to our veterinarians in the treatment of various equine diseases.

Adult stem cells are specialized cells involved in the formation of the various body tissues and organs. Some stem cells can change to make different kinds of tissues (muscle, tendon, etc.) creating tremendous healing capabilities. Platelet rich plasma containing growth factors and other compounds accelerate and improve the healing process.

Adult stem cells are being used as a treatment for a variety of equine diseases including but not limited to ligament and tendon disease, joint diseases (arthritis), wounds, fractures, laminitis (founder), and many others.

We provide adult stem cell therapy for equine patients and plan to expand stem cell therapy to other species in the near future.

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Equine Regenerative Medicine - University of Tennessee system

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Genetics | Definition of Genetics by Merriam-Webster

Posted: September 15, 2018 at 12:47 pm

Suddenly, Soo-Kyung, 42, and her husband Jae Lee, 57, another genetics specialist at O.H.S.U., had to transform from dispassionate scientists into parents of a patient, desperate for answers.

Among the brightest of those homegrown stars is Zhao Bowen, a Chinese science prodigy who dropped out of high school to start running a genetics lab.

Among the brightest of those homegrown stars is Zhao Bowen, a Chinese science prodigy who dropped out of high school to start running a genetics lab.

Krainer, a molecular genetics professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, N.Y., had worked on the scientific underpinnings of the medicine for more than 15 years.

Since these discoveries, the field of genetics has expanded even furtherall the way to our own front doors, in fact, thanks to at-home genetic tests such as 23andMe.

Coral genetics is a field of increasing interest to scientists.

Krainer, a molecular genetics professor at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, N.Y., had worked on the scientific underpinnings of the medicine for more than 15 years.

His father retired as a genetics professor at Northern Illinois University, also in DeKalb.

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Genetics | Definition of Genetics by Merriam-Webster

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Genetics

Posted: September 15, 2018 at 12:47 pm

Genetics is the branch of medicine that looks at how hereditary and genetic factors play a role in causing a disease, birth defects, or inherited susceptibility to a health problem such as cancer or heart disease. Almost all disease is a result of the interaction between our genes and the environment. Genetic specialists provide individuals and families with information about inherited diseases, how they are passed down in the family, and how they can affect a person's health. Genetic services can include physical exams, health histories, diagnostic and laboratory tests, and genetic counseling. Genetic counselors and medical geneticists are specialists who can provide in-depth counseling about heritable disorders and determine if a person could be at risk. Family history holds key information that can unlock clues about you or your childrens future health.

Texans seek genetic services before and while pregnant to determine if the baby is at increased risk for birth defects and genetic conditions or if a medication or drug could affect the development of their baby. Birth defects are related to both genetic and environmental factors. A genetics professional can help if a birth defect is detected during a pregnancy.

The Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS) operates a Teratogen Information Service to assist Texans in determining if a drug or environmental exposure could affect their pregnancy. A teratogen is defined as any medication, chemical, infectious disease or environmental exposure that could affect the development of a fetus.

Genetic services are important for newborns. All babies in Texas are tested at birth for certain rare disorders, hearing screening, and critical congenital heart disease. Newborn screening is a powerful tool for the early identification and treatment of certain disorders. In the United States, it is estimated that 3 to 5 percent of all babies are born with a genetic condition, birth defect or intellectual disability. Five to ten percent of all children have learning or intellectualdisabilities. Genetic factors play a role in many forms of intellectual disabilities. If the exact cause of the intellectual disability can be determined, it could change the medical management of the child.

Genetic services have evolved into testing adults for a genetic predisposition for such disorders as cancer and heart disease. Understanding the genetic causes of disease can help to develop better prevention and treatment strategies. Knowing your genetic health history can allow your physician to see the bigger picture.

It is important for all Texans to know their family medical history. Many health conditions run in families because families live in the same environment, share the same habits, lifestyles and genes.

The U.S. Surgeon General encourages all families to learn more about their health history. A computer tool, called My Family Health Portrait has been developed to help families record their family tree and medical history.

Texas Department of State Health Services Genetic ServicesNewborn Screening Unit Mail Code 1918PO Box 149347, Austin, Texas 78714-93471100 West 49th Street, Austin, Texas 78756-3199Phone: 1-800-252-8023Fax: 512-776-7593Email: newborn@dshs.state.tx.us

External links to other sites are intended to be informational and do not have the endorsement of the Texas Department of State Health Services. These sites also may not be accessible to people with disabilities.

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Genetics

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stem cell | Definition, Types, Uses, Research, & Facts …

Posted: September 15, 2018 at 12:46 pm

Stem cell, an undifferentiated cell that can divide to produce some offspring cells that continue as stem cells and some cells that are destined to differentiate (become specialized). Stem cells are an ongoing source of the differentiated cells that make up the tissues and organs of animals and plants. There is great interest in stem cells because they have potential in the development of therapies for replacing defective or damaged cells resulting from a variety of disorders and injuries, such as Parkinson disease, heart disease, and diabetes. There are two major types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells, which are also called tissue stem cells.

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cardiovascular disease: Cardiac stem cells

Cardiac stem cells, which have the ability to differentiate (specialize) into mature heart cells and therefore could be used to repair damaged or diseased heart tissue, have garnered significant interest in the development of treatments for heart disease and cardiac defects. Cardiac stem

Embryonic stem cells (often referred to as ES cells) are stem cells that are derived from the inner cell mass of a mammalian embryo at a very early stage of development, when it is composed of a hollow sphere of dividing cells (a blastocyst). Embryonic stem cells from human embryos and from embryos of certain other mammalian species can be grown in tissue culture.

The most-studied embryonic stem cells are mouse embryonic stem cells, which were first reported in 1981. This type of stem cell can be cultured indefinitely in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), a glycoprotein cytokine. If cultured mouse embryonic stem cells are injected into an early mouse embryo at the blastocyst stage, they will become integrated into the embryo and produce cells that differentiate into most or all of the tissue types that subsequently develop. This ability to repopulate mouse embryos is the key defining feature of embryonic stem cells, and because of it they are considered to be pluripotentthat is, able to give rise to any cell type of the adult organism. If the embryonic stem cells are kept in culture in the absence of LIF, they will differentiate into embryoid bodies, which somewhat resemble early mouse embryos at the egg-cylinder stage, with embryonic stem cells inside an outer layer of endoderm. If embryonic stem cells are grafted into an adult mouse, they will develop into a type of tumour called a teratoma, which contains a variety of differentiated tissue types.

Mouse embryonic stem cells are widely used to create genetically modified mice. This is done by introducing new genes into embryonic stem cells in tissue culture, selecting the particular genetic variant that is desired, and then inserting the genetically modified cells into mouse embryos. The resulting chimeric mice are composed partly of host cells and partly of the donor embryonic stem cells. As long as some of the chimeric mice have germ cells (sperm or eggs) that have been derived from the embryonic stem cells, it is possible to breed a line of mice that have the same genetic constitution as the embryonic stem cells and therefore incorporate the genetic modification that was made in vitro. This method has been used to produce thousands of new genetic lines of mice. In many such genetic lines, individual genes have been ablated in order to study their biological function; in others, genes have been introduced that have the same mutations that are found in various human genetic diseases. These mouse models for human disease are used in research to investigate both the pathology of the disease and new methods for therapy.

Extensive experience with mouse embryonic stem cells made it possible for scientists to grow human embryonic stem cells from early human embryos, and the first human stem cell line was created in 1998. Human embryonic stem cells are in many respects similar to mouse embryonic stem cells, but they do not require LIF for their maintenance. The human embryonic stem cells form a wide variety of differentiated tissues in vitro, and they form teratomas when grafted into immunosuppressed mice. It is not known whether the cells can colonize all the tissues of a human embryo, but it is presumed from their other properties that they are indeed pluripotent cells, and they therefore are regarded as a possible source of differentiated cells for cell therapythe replacement of a patients defective cell type with healthy cells. Large quantities of cells, such as dopamine-secreting neurons for the treatment of Parkinson disease and insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells for the treatment of diabetes, could be produced from embryonic stem cells for cell transplantation. Cells for this purpose have previously been obtainable only from sources in very limited supply, such as the pancreatic beta cells obtained from the cadavers of human organ donors.

The use of human embryonic stem cells evokes ethical concerns, because the blastocyst-stage embryos are destroyed in the process of obtaining the stem cells. The embryos from which stem cells have been obtained are produced through in vitro fertilization, and people who consider preimplantation human embryos to be human beings generally believe that such work is morally wrong. Others accept it because they regard the blastocysts to be simply balls of cells, and human cells used in laboratories have not previously been accorded any special moral or legal status. Moreover, it is known that none of the cells of the inner cell mass are exclusively destined to become part of the embryo itselfall of the cells contribute some or all of their cell offspring to the placenta, which also has not been accorded any special legal status. The divergence of views on this issue is illustrated by the fact that the use of human embryonic stem cells is allowed in some countries and prohibited in others.

In 2009 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the first clinical trial designed to test a human embryonic stem cell-based therapy, but the trial was halted in late 2011 because of a lack of funding and a change in lead American biotech company Gerons business directives. The therapy to be tested was known as GRNOPC1, which consisted of progenitor cells (partially differentiated cells) that, once inside the body, matured into neural cells known as oligodendrocytes. The oligodendrocyte progenitors of GRNOPC1 were derived from human embryonic stem cells. The therapy was designed for the restoration of nerve function in persons suffering from acute spinal cord injury.

Embryonic germ (EG) cells, derived from primordial germ cells found in the gonadal ridge of a late embryo, have many of the properties of embryonic stem cells. The primordial germ cells in an embryo develop into stem cells that in an adult generate the reproductive gametes (sperm or eggs). In mice and humans it is possible to grow embryonic germ cells in tissue culture with the appropriate growth factorsnamely, LIF and another cytokine called fibroblast growth factor.

Some tissues in the adult body, such as the epidermis of the skin, the lining of the small intestine, and bone marrow, undergo continuous cellular turnover. They contain stem cells, which persist indefinitely, and a much larger number of transit amplifying cells, which arise from the stem cells and divide a finite number of times until they become differentiated. The stem cells exist in niches formed by other cells, which secrete substances that keep the stem cells alive and active. Some types of tissue, such as liver tissue, show minimal cell division or undergo cell division only when injured. In such tissues there is probably no special stem-cell population, and any cell can participate in tissue regeneration when required.

The epidermis of the skin contains layers of cells called keratinocytes. Only the basal layer, next to the dermis, contains cells that divide. A number of these cells are stem cells, but the majority are transit amplifying cells. The keratinocytes slowly move outward through the epidermis as they mature, and they eventually die and are sloughed off at the surface of the skin. The epithelium of the small intestine forms projections called villi, which are interspersed with small pits called crypts. The dividing cells are located in the crypts, with the stem cells lying near the base of each crypt. Cells are continuously produced in the crypts, migrate onto the villi, and are eventually shed into the lumen of the intestine. As they migrate, they differentiate into the cell types characteristic of the intestinal epithelium.

Bone marrow contains cells called hematopoietic stem cells, which generate all the cell types of the blood and the immune system. Hematopoietic stem cells are also found in small numbers in peripheral blood and in larger numbers in umbilical cord blood. In bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cells are anchored to osteoblasts of the trabecular bone and to blood vessels. They generate progeny that can become lymphocytes, granulocytes, red blood cells, and certain other cell types, depending on the balance of growth factors in their immediate environment.

Work with experimental animals has shown that transplants of hematopoietic stem cells can occasionally colonize other tissues, with the transplanted cells becoming neurons, muscle cells, or epithelia. The degree to which transplanted hematopoietic stem cells are able to colonize other tissues is exceedingly small. Despite this, the use of hematopoietic stem cell transplants is being explored for conditions such as heart disease or autoimmune disorders. It is an especially attractive option for those opposed to the use of embryonic stem cells.

Bone marrow transplants (also known as bone marrow grafts) represent a type of stem cell therapy that is in common use. They are used to allow cancer patients to survive otherwise lethal doses of radiation therapy or chemotherapy that destroy the stem cells in bone marrow. For this procedure, the patients own marrow is harvested before the cancer treatment and is then reinfused into the body after treatment. The hematopoietic stem cells of the transplant colonize the damaged marrow and eventually repopulate the blood and the immune system with functional cells. Bone marrow transplants are also often carried out between individuals (allograft). In this case the grafted marrow has some beneficial antitumour effect. Risks associated with bone marrow allografts include rejection of the graft by the patients immune system and reaction of immune cells of the graft against the patients tissues (graft-versus-host disease).

Bone marrow is a source for mesenchymal stem cells (sometimes called marrow stromal cells, or MSCs), which are precursors to non-hematopoietic stem cells that have the potential to differentiate into several different types of cells, including cells that form bone, muscle, and connective tissue. In cell cultures, bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells demonstrate pluripotency when exposed to substances that influence cell differentiation. Harnessing these pluripotent properties has become highly valuable in the generation of transplantable tissues and organs. In 2008 scientists used mesenchymal stem cells to bioengineer a section of trachea that was transplanted into a woman whose upper airway had been severely damaged by tuberculosis. The stem cells were derived from the womans bone marrow, cultured in a laboratory, and used for tissue engineering. In the engineering process, a donor trachea was stripped of its interior and exterior cell linings, leaving behind a trachea scaffold of connective tissue. The stem cells derived from the recipient were then used to recolonize the interior of the scaffold, and normal epithelial cells, also isolated from the recipient, were used to recolonize the exterior of the trachea. The use of the recipients own cells to populate the trachea scaffold prevented immune rejection and eliminated the need for immunosuppression therapy. The transplant, which was successful, was the first of its kind.

Research has shown that there are also stem cells in the brain. In mammals very few new neurons are formed after birth, but some neurons in the olfactory bulbs and in the hippocampus are continually being formed. These neurons arise from neural stem cells, which can be cultured in vitro in the form of neurospheressmall cell clusters that contain stem cells and some of their progeny. This type of stem cell is being studied for use in cell therapy to treat Parkinson disease and other forms of neurodegeneration or traumatic damage to the central nervous system.

Following experiments in animals, including those used to create Dolly the sheep, there has been much discussion about the use of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to create pluripotent human cells. In SCNT the nucleus of a somatic cell (a fully differentiated cell, excluding germ cells), which contains the majority of the cells DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), is removed and transferred into an unfertilized egg cell that has had its own nuclear DNA removed. The egg cell is grown in culture until it reaches the blastocyst stage. The inner cell mass is then removed from the egg, and the cells are grown in culture to form an embryonic stem cell line (generations of cells originating from the same group of parent cells). These cells can then be stimulated to differentiate into various types of cells needed for transplantation. Since these cells would be genetically identical to the original donor, they could be used to treat the donor with no problems of immune rejection. Scientists generated human embryonic stem cells successfully from SCNT human embryos for the first time in 2013.

While promising, the generation and use of SCNT-derived embryonic stem cells is controversial for several reasons. One is that SCNT can require more than a dozen eggs before one egg successfully produces embryonic stem cells. Human eggs are in short supply, and there are many legal and ethical problems associated with egg donation. There are also unknown risks involved with transplanting SCNT-derived stem cells into humans, because the mechanism by which the unfertilized egg is able to reprogram the nuclear DNA of a differentiated cell is not entirely understood. In addition, SCNT is commonly used to produce clones of animals (such as Dolly). Although the cloning of humans is currently illegal throughout the world, the egg cell that contains nuclear DNA from an adult cell could in theory be implanted into a womans uterus and come to term as an actual cloned human. Thus, there exists strong opposition among some groups to the use of SCNT to generate human embryonic stem cells.

Due to the ethical and moral issues surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells, scientists have searched for ways to reprogram adult somatic cells. Studies of cell fusion, in which differentiated adult somatic cells grown in culture with embryonic stem cells fuse with the stem cells and acquire embryonic stem-cell-like properties, led to the idea that specific genes could reprogram differentiated adult cells. An advantage of cell fusion is that it relies on existing embryonic stem cells instead of eggs. However, fused cells stimulate an immune response when transplanted into humans, which leads to transplant rejection. As a result, research has become increasingly focused on the genes and proteins capable of reprogramming adult cells to a pluripotent state. In order to make adult cells pluripotent without fusing them to embryonic stem cells, regulatory genes that induce pluripotency must be introduced into the nuclei of adult cells. To do this, adult cells are grown in cell culture, and specific combinations of regulatory genes are inserted into retroviruses (viruses that convert RNA [ribonucleic acid] into DNA), which are then introduced to the culture medium. The retroviruses transport the RNA of the regulatory genes into the nuclei of the adult cells, where the genes are then incorporated into the DNA of the cells. About 1 out of every 10,000 cells acquires embryonic stem cell properties. Although the mechanism is still uncertain, it is clear that some of the genes confer embryonic stem cell properties by means of the regulation of numerous other genes. Adult cells that become reprogrammed in this way are known as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS).

Similar to embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells can be stimulated to differentiate into select types of cells that could in principle be used for disease-specific treatments. In addition, the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from the adult cells of patients affected by genetic diseases can be used to model the diseases in the laboratory. For example, in 2008 researchers isolated skin cells from a child with an inherited neurological disease called spinal muscular atrophy and then reprogrammed these cells into induced pluripotent stem cells. The reprogrammed cells retained the disease genotype of the adult cells and were stimulated to differentiate into motor neurons that displayed functional insufficiencies associated with spinal muscular atrophy. By recapitulating the disease in the laboratory, scientists were able to study closely the cellular changes that occurred as the disease progressed. Such models promise not only to improve scientists understanding of genetic diseases but also to facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies tailored to each type of genetic disease.

In 2009 scientists successfully generated retinal cells of the human eye by reprogramming adult skin cells. This advance enabled detailed investigation of the embryonic development of retinal cells and opened avenues for the generation of novel therapies for eye diseases. The production of retinal cells from reprogrammed skin cells may be particularly useful in the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa, which is characterized by the progressive degeneration of the retina, eventually leading to night blindness and other complications of vision. Although retinal cells also have been produced from human embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotency represents a less controversial approach. Scientists have also explored the possibility of combining induced pluripotent stem cell technology with gene therapy, which would be of value particularly for patients with genetic disease who would benefit from autologous transplantation.

Researchers have also been able to generate cardiac stem cells for the treatment of certain forms of heart disease through the process of dedifferentiation, in which mature heart cells are stimulated to revert to stem cells. The first attempt at the transplantation of autologous cardiac stem cells was performed in 2009, when doctors isolated heart tissue from a patient, cultured the tissue in a laboratory, stimulated cell dedifferentiation, and then reinfused the cardiac stem cells directly into the patients heart. A similar study involving 14 patients who underwent cardiac bypass surgery followed by cardiac stem cell transplantation was reported in 2011. More than three months after stem cell transplantation, the patients experienced a slight but detectable improvement in heart function.

Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells and dedifferentiated cells are highly valuable in terms of their therapeutic applications because they are unlikely to be rejected by the immune system. However, before induced pluripotent stem cells can be used to treat human diseases, researchers must find a way to introduce the active reprogramming genes without using retroviruses, which can cause diseases such as leukemia in humans. A possible alternative to the use of retroviruses to transport regulatory genes into the nuclei of adult cells is the use of plasmids, which are less tumourigenic than viruses.

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stem cell | Definition, Types, Uses, Research, & Facts ...

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