Monthly Archives: October 2022

VOC Port will be transformed into transhipment hub: Union Minister Sonowal – The New Indian Express

Posted: October 4, 2022 at 2:37 am

By Express News Service

THOOTHUKUDI: The Central government will take all efforts to transform VO Chidambaranar Port into the transhipment hub in the east coast of India by developing the Outer Harbour Project, said Union Minister of Ports, Shipping & Waterways and AYUSH, Sarbananda Sonowal while inaugurating a slew of projects the port on Friday.

In the presence of VOC Port Chairman TK Ramachandra and Collector Dr K Senthil Raj, the union minister inaugurated the upgraded coal yard road and drainage system, renovated at a cost of Rs 16 crore, Fixed Fire Fighting System at Oil Jetty, established at a cost of Rs 18.79 crore, 22 KV HT Electrical Network thatwas strengthened at a cost of Rs 1.15 crore, Optic Fibre connectivity worth Rs 1.15 crore, and Ease of Doing Business projects, Drive through Container Scanner and 140 MT Electronic in-motion Weigh Bridge installed by spending Rs 46.51 crore and Vessel Traffic System developed at the cost of Rs 2.29 crore.

Some of the green initiatives unveiled by the minister include 100% Conversion into LED Lights, Induction of e-cars, 140 KW Solar Roof Top Solar Power Plant and a medical oxygen generator plant.Addressing the gathering, Sonowal said the union government is taking all efforts to reduce the logistics costs in order to achieve its well-defined goal of a $5 Trillion economy by 2025. The inclusive green port initiatives taken forward by the VOC Port will set standards across all major ports by increasing the share of renewable energy by more than 60% by 2030.

On launching India's first indigenously developed Vessel Traffic System, Sonowal said it would eliminate dependency on proprietary and expensive foreign-made software solutions. The minister also laid the foundation stones for Tuticorin SPEEDZ (Coastal Employment Unit) land for development of port-based Industries in an area of 1300 acres envisaged at a cost of Rs 100 crore, inner harbour development project for widening of the port entrance and dredging the widened portion pegged at a total cost of Rs 65.53 crore, and green port projects like 2 MW Wind Farm, 400 KW Solar Roof Top Solar Power Plant, Public EV Charging Stations estimated at a total cost of Rs 26.93 crore, integrative medicine & AYUSH unit and VOC maritime heritage museum at a total cost of Rs 1.78 crore.

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VOC Port will be transformed into transhipment hub: Union Minister Sonowal - The New Indian Express

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Heres How Fasting Benefits Your Mental and Physical Wellbeing – News18

Posted: October 4, 2022 at 2:36 am

In India, many people keep fast for spiritual reasons on different occasions throughout the year. During Navratri festival most of the Hindus keep fast. Fasting is a deliberate reduction or cessation of all food, liquids, or both for a set period of time. Short-term fasting can have considerable health advantages, despite occasionally being perceived as unhealthy. Fasting is becoming more popular among fitness enthusiasts as a valid method of controlling weight and preventing disease. Fasting also provides some rather potent physical and mental health advantages.

Here are some important physical and mental advantages of fasting:

Physical Benefits:

Fasting helps to improve immunity and lowers blood sugar levels.

It aids digestion and reduces bloating.

It also helps to get a sound sleep.

With a conscious appetite, it can help you break through weight-loss plateaus.

According to a 2018 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) study fasting improves stem cells ability to regenerate. This can help in reducing the impact of ageing and increase longevity.

It stimulates Human Growth Hormone (HGH) and regulates hemoglobin and insulin levels.

Fasting revitalises the body as it helps diseased cells to degrade, leaving healthy tissues behind.

Mental Benefits:

Fasting enhances focus. The brain can use the energy normally required for digestion during fasting. It safeguards the brain against mental disorders such as Alzheimers disease and Parkinsons disease.

It energises neurons, which increases brain power and as a result it improves clarity of mind.

Helps in improving your thinking by reducing pollutants in your blood and lymphatic system.

Fasting fosters a sense of spiritual and psychological well-being.

It brings peace and contentment by inculcating positivity. Keeping fast helps you to alleviate stress and depression.

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Heres How Fasting Benefits Your Mental and Physical Wellbeing - News18

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Brain Dissections: Neuroanatomy Video Lab – University of Utah

Posted: October 4, 2022 at 2:35 am

01- Introduction to the Human Brain(14 minutes) The regions and lobes of the brain are identified along with some of the nerves and vessels. The basic functions of the cortex of each lobe are introduced along with principal sulci and gyri. The importance of the left hemisphere for language and the temporal lobe in memory are mentioned along with the concept of cortical localization. A classical frontal section is used to demonstrate gray and white matter along with the primary internal structures.

02 - The Normal Unfixed Brain(6 minutes) The consistency and vulnerability of the brain is demonstrated along with the clear and glistening pia and arachnoid and the tough dura. The cushioning function of the CSF is stressed and the features are pointed out on the ventral surface. The uncus and temporal lobes are normal with arteries free of atherosclerosis.

03 - Orientation: The Planes of the Brain(8 minutes) Terms such as anterior, posterior, inferior and superior are introduced with respect to the hemispheres as well as the brain stem. Terms such as rostral and caudal or dorsal and ventral can mean different things in different areas. Sections in three planes (frontal, axial, and sagittal) are demonstrated on gross specimens along with key features including the ventricular system.

04 - The Meninges(15 minutes) The epidural, subdural and subarachnoid spaces are demonstrated and discussed with respect to trauma and disease. The relationship of the brainstem and cerebellum to the tentorium demonstrates the vulnerability of the brain stem to increased supratentorial pressure and herniation. Arachnoid granulations and the sagittal sinus are shown. A subdural hematoma specimen as well as sections from a ruptured aneurysm complete the demonstration.

05 - The Ventricles(27 minutes)The ventricles are demonstrated and named on a model cast as well as in rotating 3D reconstructions. The production, function, circulation and removal of CSF produced by the choroid plexus is discussed using a diagram and then reviewed on frontal, axial and sagittal brain specimens and corresponding MRIs. The blood CSF and brain barriers are mentioned along with the cisterns.

06 - The Spinal Cord & Monosynaptic Reflex (17 minutes)The spinal cord's relationship to the foramina, discs and spinal nerves is demonstrated on a model. The dura, ganglia and rootlets are shown as well as the gray and white matter in gross sections at different levels. A model of the cord is used to demonstrate and describe the anatomy of a monosynaptic reflex and the concept of a dermatome. Finally, a myelin stained cord section is described and related to the gross demonstration.

07 - The Unfixed Spinal Cord(7 minutes)The delicate and soft cord partially covered with dura is seen with the anterior and posterior spinal arteries and a description of the structures they supply. The dural sac is opened showing the dorsal and ventral roots in the cauda equina.

08 - Cranial Nerves (12 minutes)The approach is to learn to associate the cranial nerves with their brainstem level and blood supply. Emphasis is given to the midbrain (3, 4), pons (5, 6, 7, 8), medulla (9, 10, 11, 12) and their most important functions.

09 - Brain Stem & Reflexes(25 minutes)The cranial nerves are reviewed again on a specimen with vessels. Next, landmarks on gross brain stem sections are shown. Stressed are the three reflexes associated with each of the three levels: pupillary, corneal and gag reflexes and their associated cranial nerves. Finally cross sections of myelin stained brain stem sections at classic levels are related to the gross cross sections.

10 - Cerebral Circulation(16 minutes)The major vessels of the anterior and posterior circulation are demonstrated along with the Circle of Willis on both a model and in an animation. The distribution of the three major cerebral arteries is demonstrated along with the concept of a watershed zone. A gross specimen with good vessels is also reviewed along with a quick review of primary cortical function.

11 - Cortical Localization(13 minutes)The lobes of the brain are defined together with their major functions. The visual field representation in the occipital lobe is explained with a diagram. Speech areas and the major types of aphasia are discussed in the dominant hemisphere and parietal lesions of neglect and spatial orientation are also mentioned. A frontal or coronal section is also outlined demonstrating the somatotopic representation of the body in sensory and motor cortex.

12 - Three Critical Vertical Pathways(9 minutes)There is one motor and two sensory pathways that must be mastered. Pain and temperature from the body travel together and vibration and proprioception travel in another pathway each reaching perception in the cortex. Voluntary motor control starts in the cerebral cortex and connects with a motor neuron in the spinal cord or brain stem. Each of these pathways has a different crossing point which is important. With these 3 pathways and your 12 cranial nerves you can localize many diseases.

13 - Sensation from the Body(22 minutes)Sensation consists of various modalities, which tend to travel in one of two pathways. The Anterolateral System also known as the Spinothalamic Tract carries pain and temperature. The Dorsal Column-Medical Lemniscus Pathway carries vibration, joint position, and fine 2-point discrimination. Light or crude touch travel in both pathways. The video demonstrates both grossly and with diagrams the difference in the two pathways as they travel to the cortex emphasizing where they cross to the opposite side. Somatotopic cortical representation and blood supply are introduced.

14 - Sensation from the Face(14 minutes)Sensation from the face travels in one of two pathways both of which eventually converge to form the trigeminothalamic tract that reaches the thalamus. The tract that carries pain and temperature is confusing because it first descends before crossing while the equivalent of Dorsal Column-Medical Lemniscus Pathway carrying vibration, joint position, and fine 2-point discrimination synapses and crosses immediately. The video demonstrates both pathways grossly and with diagrams to its cortical termination.

15 - The Most Important Pathway: Motor Control(7 minutes)The origin of the corticospinal tract in the cerebral cortex is traced through gross sections of the hemisphere and brain stem to the spinal cord. Using an animation, the terms upper and lower motor neuron are defined and clinical signs and symptom listed.

16 - The Visual Pathway(27 minutes)A brief review of the anatomy of the eye and the photic stimulation of the receptors is followed by a gross exploration of the visual pathway from the optic nerve, chiasm, and tract to the thalamus stressing how the left part of the visual world reaches the right hemisphere. Visual fields are related the retinotopic organization of the visual cortex. The eye as a window to the brain and its important vascular supply is also discussed.

17 - Control of the Pupil(15 minutes)Through diagrams, animations and gross specimens the constriction and dilation of the pupil by the autonomic nervous system are described. Both the parasympathetic and sympathetic control are traced and the importance of a constricted pupil, Horners Syndrome, and temporal lobe (uncal) herniation (dilation) are emphasized.

18 - Control of the Eye Movements(18 minutes)Disturbances in eye movements can provide important clues for localization of neurological damage. The role of the frontal eye fields in horizontal gaze is stressed. The need to coordinate cranial nerves on both sides of the brain stem introduces the medial longitudinal fasciculus and its role in coordinating CN 3 and 6. Interruption of this pathway results in internuclear ophthalmoplegia and nystagmus both of which are demonstrated with a clinical video.

19 - The Vestibular System(32 minutes)Diagrams, models and skull preparations are used to describe the vestibular apparatus. The semicircular canals, saccule and utricle are described as well as transduction by the hair cells in the ampullae and maculae. Gross material emphasizes the nerve, vestibular nuclei and connections through the MLF to the abducens and oculomotor nuclei in the brain stem for coordinating eye and head movements with body position. Nystagmus, INO, the vestibulocular reflex, and caloric testing are explained. Connections above the midbrain are not discussed.

20 - The Auditory System(31 minutes)The anatomy of the middle ear and cochlea are shown using models and diagrams explaining the process of air-fluid transmission and finally transduction by hair cells. Gross specimens demonstrate the cochlear nerve and its brain stem relays and crossings all the way to auditory cortex. Wernicke's area and language comprehension and lateralization are briefly discussed. The Weber and Rinne tests are demonstrated along with radiographs showing normal anatomy and a tumor in the cerebellopontine angle.

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Brain Dissections: Neuroanatomy Video Lab - University of Utah

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Global Adult Stem Cells Market | Expected to Reach USD 9.45 Billion and Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) is – openPR

Posted: October 4, 2022 at 2:34 am

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The cloudy connection between fragile X and cancer – Spectrum

Posted: October 4, 2022 at 2:34 am

About 20 years ago, Claudia Bagni and her team made a curious discovery: FMR1, the gene underlying most cases of fragile X syndrome, was strongly expressed in human cancer tissues.

At first, Bagni brushed it off as a fluke. FMR1 had no known roles in processes related to cancer, such as cell proliferation. But over time, she started to see evidence for a connection build. According to her own findings and those of other scientists, as well as a handful of small epidemiological studies and case reports, it seemed that people with fragile X, the most common form of inherited intellectual disability, might be protected from cancer.

Those initial clinical reports marked for our group the beginning of a new, completely unexplored [research] area connecting neuroscience and cancer biology, says Bagni, now director of fundamental neurosciences at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland.

In the past decade, Bagni and others have shown that several different types of cancer including colon cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer and melanoma involve increased levels of FMRP, the protein encoded by FMR1. In a mouse model of breast cancer, having high levels of FMRP in tumors is linked to the spread of the cancer to other areas of the body, including the lungs, according to a 2013 report. And the list keeps growing.

Bagnis latest study, published last month in Cell Death & Disease, identified high levels of FMRP in tumors from people with glioblastoma, an aggressive cancer of the brain or spinal cord. The patients FMRP levels tracked not only with tumor growth but with their overall survival. Whats more, overexpressing FMRP in glioblastoma stem-like cells, which are thought to be involved in tumor initiation, also boosted cell proliferation in a lab dish.

The new results reinforce FMRPs link to cancer and the idea that people with fragile X syndrome may have an unusually low risk for it, says Randi Hagerman, medical director of the MIND Institute at the University of California, Davis, who was not involved in the work. People with fragile X, who often have autism as well, have mutations that silence FMR1 and prevent cells throughout the body from producing FMRP.

[The new work] also suggests a new treatment for glioblastoma, which is a terrible kind of cancer, Hagerman says.

But research on exactly how FMRP levels might influence a persons cancer risk is still in its infancy and how to investigate the connection to fragile X isnt straightforward, says Nien-Pei Tsai, associate professor of molecular and cellular biology at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.

It needs much more work to say that people with fragile X syndrome have a lower risk of developing cancer, Tsai says, noting that FMRP is lost during development, and its long-term absence could lead to compensatory effects later on.

When compensatory effects are in place, the correlation between the levels of FMRP and cancer progression may not be the same anymore, he adds. There is no easy way to test how [fragile X syndrome] may reduce risk for cancer.

Epidemiology studies might seem like the most direct way to establish the cancer-fragile X connection. National registries, such as those in Sweden, Denmark and Finland, track the condition as well as newly diagnosed malignancies, says Sven Sandin, a biostatistician at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden. With that information, he says, its not that tricky to do a straight-on analysis.

But, he notes, potential confounds abound: If we have an increase in fragile X diagnoses because of increasing awareness and testing, and if at the same time we diagnose more children with cancer, that by itself would create a spurious association, he says.

Its also difficult to definitively connect the dots through FMR1. The FMRP protein binds to hundreds of RNA molecules in the brain and other tissues, affecting numerous signaling pathways some of which help regulate brain development and are also implicated in cancer development.

The cancer connection is not unique to FMR1. More than 40 genes associated with autism, including PTEN, TSC1 and TSC2, have links to cancer. Studies suggest that some autistic people have decreased odds of developing cancer, although those with co-occurring intellectual disability or birth defects are at a higher risk of cancer early in life than are non-autistic people, according to an April report.

If cancer genes were not involved in autism, it would be a miracle: They are all over the place theyre involved in virtually every aspect of signal transduction that occurs in the organism, says Michael Wigler, professor of cancer research at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York. Theres no simple story here.

If cancer genes were not involved in autism, it would be a miracle: They are all over the place. Michael Wigler

Yet the link to fragile X seems particularly robust, based on reports collected over the past 20 years. Among 223 Danish people with fragile X syndrome, only three had cancer, according to a 2001 study. This proportion is about 70 percent lower than whats expected in the general population. Another study, conducted in Finland, found that 11 out of 302 people with fragile X had cancer about 20 percent lower than whats expected in the general population.

A third report described the case of a boy with fragile X who developed an inoperable form of glioblastoma, but who survived for at least eightyears after the cancer diagnosis, with the tumor growing at a lower-than-expected rate. Children with glioblastoma typically survive one to six years after diagnosis, and less than 20 percent survive five years after diagnosis.

A range of mechanisms could be at play: Two genes overexpressed in people with fragile X are related to tumor suppressors, a 2010 study found. And among the genes whose levels were decreased in more than half of people with the syndrome in that study, one encodes a component of the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. This pathway regulates cell growth and has been implicated in both cancer and neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism. Bagnis latest work on glioblastoma also hints at Wnt involvement: Reductions in FMRP levels, she and her colleagues found, dampen Wnt signaling.

If youre trying to identify converging pathways, Wnt signaling could be one of them, says Peng Jin, professor of human genetics at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia.

But FMRP also targets vimentin, a protein that is associated with increased metastatic potential, Hagerman says. Vimentin allows the cancer to invade tissues, and if FMRP is high, it suggests there might be metastases too.

And another FMRP target is MDM2, a protein that hinders the maturation of neurons and is expressed at increased levels in people with fragile X syndrome. A compound being tested in cancer clinical trials, nutlin-3, inhibits MDM2 and boosts the number of mature neurons in a fragile X mouse model. It can also reverse cognitive and behavioral difficulties in the model, according to a study published in May.

We were looking for molecular pathways that could be modulated to correct what is dysregulated in the mice, says lead investigator Xinyu Zhao, professor of neuroscience at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. It turns out that some of them are indeed cancer drug targets.

Singling out any of these potential contributors could prove difficult. FMRP appears to have certain functions in some types of cells and not in others, says Ethan Greenblatt, assistant professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at the University of British Columbia in Canada. It may also have cell type-specific functions in cancer, affecting only some cancers.

And whether children with certain neurodevelopmental conditions are at higher or lower risk for malignancies may depend on the nature of the molecules involved, Jin says.

FMRP acts as a brake to suppress protein translation, whereas other molecules could be involved in gene activation, he says. Different molecules can play distinct roles in regulating neuronal function as well as cell proliferation.

Ultimately, Wigler says, a link may exist between FMRP and only some malignancies, with no direct tie between cancer and fragile X syndrome or other neurodevelopmental conditions.

Regardless, looking at that tie could lead to fresh therapeutic targets for several conditions. Something that downregulates FMRP could help with glioblastoma and downregulation of FMRP may be really helpful for many other cancers, Hagerman says. And, Bagni adds, identifying molecular pathways downstream of FMRP that are dysregulated in cancer cells could also lead to more targeted treatments for fragile X.

Cite this article: https://doi.org/10.53053/XLXD4405

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The cloudy connection between fragile X and cancer - Spectrum

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