Category Archives: Epigenetics

Festive season cheer lets face it, alcohol can lead to the conception of children. It can also damage not only one or two but three generations of your offspring. The revolutionary science of epigenetics informs us that men and women, just like mice, rats, fish, chickens, guinea pigs, dogs, ferrets, pigs and non-human primates, are susceptible to the brain damage known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).

Many couples do not know when they have conceived. If they've been drinking, the risks for the fetus are high. Credit:Greg Newington

Professor Kelly Huffman, of the University of California, is among a number of scientists to establish that exposure to alcohol in utero can not only severely harm the brain and body size of the first baby, but through the epigenetic effect, intellectual impairment, anxiety, depression and motor skill problems can be passed on to grandchildren and great grandchildren.

Over the past 20 years in my post-television work in health and education, I have met large numbers of FASD children, their families and carers. I became an ambassador for the organisation NOFASD because I learnt that most Australians about to have a child have little knowledge of FASD

According to one of Australias leading paediatric specialists on FASD, Heidi Webster of the Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, just two binge-drinking sessions anytime during the first trimester is enough to cause FASD.

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If it's to be a merry festive season, consider the child you might conceive - Sydney Morning Herald

Dementia is the common sequelae of age-related Alzheimers disease. This would probably occur due to epigenetic failure. As we know, Alzheimers disease is a progressive disorder that causes brain cells to degenerate. It further disrupts cognitive thinking and impairs the behavioral skills of humans.

The molecular underpinning showed that the condition changes the gene expression in the prefrontal cortex. This is the place in the brain associated with social and cognitive thinking. Researchers tried to reverse the condition by inhibiting the harmful gene transcription. They have conducted studies on mouse models and found that the drugs made to inhibit such activity, would help to restore normal gene function. Also, this will favor the neuronal function at ages.

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It is a covalent post-translational modification to histone proteins, that is essential for regulating gene expression. It includes methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, and sumoylation. Histone proteins act to package DNA which wraps around the eight histones, into the chromosome. Above all, the nature of packaging determines whether the genes are either upregulated or suppressed.

Scientists identified H3K4me3, a histone modification, elevated in the prefrontal lobe of AD. Precisely, we can say that modification as histone trimethylation at the amino acid lysine 4. This epigenetic change increases the gene transcription, which leads to the production of more histone-modifying enzymes. And so, while targeting those unnecessary enzymes by the selective drugs, we can possibly have an apt treatment for ADs.

Besides, the researchers found some gene targets, which would get affected by epigenetics. One among is Sgk1, where its level is higher in AD patients. Also, it helps in the opening of ion channels and mediates the action of other hormone releases. Interestingly, the methylation of Sgk1 increases the chance of cellular death in other disease manifestations like Parkinsons, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In conclusion, we can administer a specific Sgk1 inhibitor to decrease the level of tau protein, and also treat the AD patients.

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Source: MedicalXpress

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Epigenetic modifications are the cause of memory loss in Alzheimers disease - News Landed

Obese pregnant women can reduce health-related risks for their unborn child by improving their diet and exercising, researchers have said.

Previous research trials have found high glucose levels in the pregnant mother can trigger changes in the fetus, therefore making the child vulnerable to health conditions in later life.

The most recent study involved more than 550 obese pregnant women. Half of them were asked to improve their diet and start exercising and the other half made no changes to their lifestyle at all.

The researchers looked at DNA patterns among children who were born to mothers who developed gestational diabetes and whether a dietary and physical activity intervention had altered outcomes.

The findings suggested that making lifestyle changes in pregnant did reduce DNA changes in the child which are usually associated with gestational diabetes in the pregnant mother.

Karen Lillycrop, Professor of Epigenetics at the University of Southampton said: These findings suggest that improvements to diet and physical activity can have an impact on the development of their children.

These are very encouraging findings and further studies are now needed to establish whether reducing these epigenetic changes through a healthier lifestyle during pregnancy are accompanied by improved health outcomes for the children in later life.

Professor Lucilla Poston, Tommys Chair of Maternal & Fetal Health and lead investigator of the UPBEAT trial at Kings College London, said: We have known for some time that children of mothers who had gestational diabetes are a greater risk of obesity and poor control of glucose; this new research implies that epigenetic pathways could be involved.

Tommys chief executive Jane Brewin said: Obesity during pregnancy can have lifelong negative impacts on mother and baby so one of the best things mums can do is to improve their health, including their weight, before embarking on a pregnancy.

However, this study shows that mums who are overweight and their babies can still benefit from adopting a healthy diet while pregnant. All mums-to-be need access to healthy eating advice, and those who are overweight should be given non-judgemental practical support and encouragement to eat healthily during pregnancy.

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Healthy lifestyle in obese mothers can improve the baby's health - Diabetes.co.uk

The Epigenetics Instrument market report will provide one with overall market analysis, statistics, and every minute data relating to the Epigenetics Instrument market necessary for forecasting its revenue, factors propelling & hampering its growth, key market players Illumina (US), Thermo Fisher (US), Diagenode (Belgium), QIAGEN (Netherlands), Merck Millipore (US), Abcam (UK), Active Motif (US), New England Biolabs (US), Agilent (US), Zymo Research (US), PerkinElmer (US), Bio-Rad (US), and much more. In addition, the key focus points of the report are services, analytics, billings, management, and system.

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Scope: The report offers a statistical analysis of every market aspect that would assist our clients in outlining business strategies and decision-making. Further, it will also aid them to jot down the future interest and accordingly execute their plans.

COVID 19 Impact on Epigenetics Instrument Market: Since the COVID-19 infection flare-up in December 2019, the illness has spread to just about 100 nations around the world with the World Health Organization pronouncing it a general wellbeing crisis. The worldwide effects of the COVID illness 2019 (COVID-19) are as of now beginning to be felt, and will altogether influence the Epigenetics Instrument market in 2020.

Coronavirus can influence the worldwide economy in three primary manners: by straightforwardly influencing creation and request, by making gracefully chain and market interruption, and by its monetary effect on firms and budgetary business sectors.

The episode of COVID-19 has welcomed consequences for some perspectives, similar to flight abrogations; travel boycotts and isolates; cafs shut; all indoor occasions limited; more than forty nations highly sensitive situation pronounced; huge easing back of the flexible chain; financial exchange unpredictability; falling business certainty, developing frenzy among the populace, and vulnerability about future.

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Details to look for in the report:The Epigenetics Instrument market report entails a market synopsis and offers a definition & outline of the Epigenetics Instrument market. The information provided in the report cover over-the-board data such as market trends, drivers, restraints, opportunities, market shares, challenges, economy, supply chain, and finance in addition to specifics such as software, and communication. Furthermore, the Epigenetics Instrument market is categorized based application(Oncology, Metabolic Diseases, Developmental Biology, Immunology, Cardiovascular Diseases, Other), end-user, technology, the types of product/service(Next-generation Sequencers, qPCR Instruments, Mass Spectrometers, Sonicators, Other), and others, as well as regions North America, Europe, China, Japan, India, Southeast Asia, Other regions (Central & South America, Middle East & Africa, ROW). Additionally, the report encompasses the computed expected CAGR of the Epigenetics Instrument market derived from previous records about the Epigenetics Instrument market and existing market trends together with future developments. The report also highlights other market factors like consumption, asset tracking, and security.

To summarize, the report entails: Overall market summary Growth factors (drivers & restraints) Segmentation Regional analysis Revenue Market players Latest trends and opportunities

Whos at the helm:The team here entails proficient market researchers, knowledgeable consultants, and trustworthy data providers. The team employs proprietary data resources and a number of tools and methods such as NEST, PESTLE, Porters Five Forces, and so on to collect and evaluate the market statistics and other relevant data. Also, the team works round the clock to incessantly update and revise the market data in order to mirror the up-to-the-minute data and trends.

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All in allTo conclude, the Epigenetics Instrument market report will provide the clients with a high-yielding market analysis assisting them to understand the market status and come up with new market avenues to capture hold of the market share.

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Research on Epigenetics Instrument Market (impact of COVID-19) 2020-2026: Diagenode (Belgium), Thermo Fisher (US), QIAGEN (Netherlands), Illumina (US)...

Do species really exist? Are genes destiny? Do only the fittest survive? Can we shape or stop evolution? New insights into nature are providing surprising answers, and a glorious new picture of lifes complexity

By Michael Le Page , Colin Barras , Richard Webb , Kate Douglas and Carrie Arnold

Our modern conception of evolution started with Charles Darwin and his idea of natural selection survival of the fittest to explain why certain individuals thrive while others fail to leave a legacy. Then came genetics to explain the underlying mechanism: changes in organisms caused by random mutations of genes.

Now this powerful picture is changing once more, as discoveries in genetics, epigenetics, developmental biology and other fields lend a new complexity and richness to our greatest theory of nature. Find out more in this special feature.

The principle of genetic plasticity

IN 1990, an international group of scientists embarked on one of the most ambitious research projects ever undertaken. They would sequence the entire human genome, determining the order of the 3.3 billion base pairs that code for the genes that make the proteins that each of us are built from. There was huge excitement at the prospect of decoding the blueprint of humanity. Given the complexity of our species, our genome was expected to contain at least 100,000 genes. What makes us human would finally be laid bare.

It didnt quite work out like that. The Human Genome Project was a resounding success, publishing its results in 2003, two years ahead of target. However, it revealed that humans only have around 22,000 genes, which is about the same number as other mammals. Meanwhile, the blueprint itself turned out to be encrypted in ways we are still trying to crack.

The same thing is true of us that is true of every species: our DNA can be expressed in myriad different ways

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Evolution is evolving: 13 ways we must rethink the theory of nature - New Scientist

Epigenetics-based instruments market is expected to register a substantial CAGR in the forecast period of 2019-2026. The report contains data from the base year of 2018 and the historic year of 2017. This rise in market value can be attributed to the various innovations and advancements of technologies associated with epigenetics.

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Few of the major competitors currently working in the global epigenetics-based instruments market arePacific Biosciences of California, Inc.; 10x Genomics; Illumina, Inc.; Merck KGaA; QIAGEN; Eisai Co., Ltd.; Novartis AG; Diagenode s.a.; Zymo Research; Active Motif, Inc.; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.; Agilent Technologies, Inc.; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.; Bio-Techne among others.

Points to pounder

Key Developments in the Market:

Market Drivers

Market Restraints

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Segmentation: Global Epigenetics-Based Instruments Market

By Product

By Technology

By Application

By End-Users

ByGeography

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Global Epigenetics-Based Instruments Market Current Trends And Efficient Techniques, Forecast 2026|QIAGEN; Eisai Co., Ltd.; Novartis AG; Diagenode sa;...

Ischemic retinopathies, including glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, are major causes of visual morbidity and blindness. New research from Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in New Orleans shows that an epigenetic therapy reduces retinal injury from acute ischemia, not only in the animals that receive the treatment, but also in their untreated first-generation offspring.In a study published in the journal Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, scientists treated male and female adult mice with one hour of mild-to-moderate systemic hypoxia three times per week for 16 weeks prior to mating.1 When their first-generation offspring reached adulthood, the response of their retina to transient, acute ischemic injury was functionally documented with scotopic electroretinography. Compared to age- and generation-matched controls, the ischemia-induced impairments in the retinas response to light in the mice derived from parents that received the epigenetic hypoxia treatment was reduced by 40-50%.

We knew from our previous work that a single exposure to systemic hypoxia would protect the adult retina from ischemia occurring one to two days thereafter, and that multiple doses over two weeks would extend that window of protection to two months, says senior author Dr Jeff Gidday.2,3 Gidday undertook the present study with the hope of showing that the duration of the induced, injury-resilient phenotype could be extended further, perhaps even into the next generation, if treatments continued for a much longer period of time.

As with most diseases, the pathologic mechanisms involved are diverse; activating innate, counter-responses to these injury mechanisms is the conceptual basis for epigenetics-based therapeutic strategies, like intermittent hypoxia. Gidday and his team contend that systemic hypoxia triggers changes in gene expression, but that the duration of the change is largely proportional to the frequency of this epigenetic stimulus. With prolonged treatment, even germ cells become reprogrammed, resulting in progeny that, as adults, exhibit this same inducible injury-resilient phenotype in the absence of treatment.

"We exposed mice to nonharmful hypoxia to trigger these adaptive changes," says first-author Jarrod Harman, a doctoral student in Dr Gidday's lab. But there are many epigenetic stimuli that might very well cause similar changes in gene expression, including exercise, and other 'positive' stressors. Not all stress is bad for you." These findings represent a converse example of the increase in disease susceptibility and incidence that is fairly well established to occur in progeny derived from parents repeatedly exposed to adverse, harmful stressors. To date, some rodent studies have shown that environmental enrichment can enhance baseline memory metrics in first-generation offspring, but the authors believe this is the first study to demonstrate, in mammals, that changes in the parental environment (in this case, intermittent exposure to whole-body hypoxia) can actually protect progeny against tissue injury.

The researchers also extensively analyzed the injury-resilient retinal phenotype using mass spectrometry to gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of neuroprotection. By comparing the protein profiles between mice derived from treated parents and mice derived from control parents, and then performing bioinformatic analyses of these hundreds of differentially expressed proteins, they identified dozens of biochemical pathways and networks that define the injury-resilient state. This included the reversal of a number of ischemia-induced changes in the expression of proteins and even protein subunits involved in the photoreceptor visual transduction pathway, which is responsible for the electroretinographic response to light that the authors measured as their functional metric of injury resilience. As examples, parental treatment abrogated the ischemia-induced reduction in the expression of rhodopsin by 2.5 fold, and enhanced the expression of the phosphodiesterase 6 -subunit, and several proteins (e.g., guanylate cyclase activator 1A), responsible for generating the dark current. Given the complexity of this intergenerational epigenetic response, using this big-data approach to illuminate the neuroprotective phenotype provides us and others a molecular foundation upon which more targeted, causal experiments can now be logically designed, Harman says.

Overall, the findings add to our understanding of the heritability of disease in this case, the heritability of disease resilience. "The direct inheritance of an induced, beneficial phenotype is what Lamarck famously proposed in 1809, the year Darwin was born," says Gidday. "Here we are, almost 200 years later, finding evidence to support this theory, despite it being largely displaced for the last 150 years by Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection. More than likely, both mechanisms are operative as a way to enhance both short- and long-term reproductive fitness."

References:

1. Harman JC, Guidry JJ, Gidday JM. Intermittent hypoxia promotes functional neuroprotection from retinal ischemia in untreated first-generation offspring: Proteomic mechanistic insights. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (2020). doi:https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.61.11.15.

2. Zhu Y, Ohlemiller KK, McMahan BK, Gidday JM. Mouse models of retinal ischemic tolerance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. (2002);43(6):1903-1911.

3. Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Ojwang BA, Brantley MA Jr, Gidday JM. Long-term tolerance to retinal ischemia by repetitive hypoxic preconditioning: role of HIF-1alpha and heme oxygenase-1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(4):1735-1743. doi:10.1167/iovs.06-1037.

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Epigenetic Therapy in Parents Protects Offspring From Ischemic Injury in Mouse Study - Technology Networks

Newswise Luis M. Tuesta, Ph.D., assistant professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, has been awarded the Avenir Award from the National Institute on Drug Abuse, part of the National Institutes of Health, to study the epigenetic mechanisms of microglial activation and their role in shaping the behavioral course of opioid use disorder. The goal is to find new therapeutic targets to prevent opioid relapse and achieve long-term abstinence.

Dr. Tuesta and the Miller School will receive $2.3 million over five years from the NIH. He is one of four researchers in the country to receive the award grant in 2020. Dr. Tuesta joined the Universitys medical faculty in 2019 following a postdoctoral fellowship at Harvard Medical School.

A Prestigious Grant

This is one of the very best and most prestigious grants that a young researcher can receive, said Claes Wahlestedt, M.D., Ph.D., associate dean for therapeutic innovation at the Miller School. As a former chair of the NIH Avenir Award Committee, Dr. Wahlestedt recognizes the distinct honor of receiving this competitive award.

Dr. Tuesta explained his labs novel approach to understanding opioid addiction.

Throughout the history of addiction research, the neuron has usually played the protagonist role, he said. We are now setting our sights on the brains supporting cast of cells and how these can shape drug craving and relapse.

Namely, he and his lab are studying microglia, the resident immune cell of the brain.

Opioids can hijack the very tools that microglia use for sounding the alarm in case of a physical, chemical or biological injury, Dr. Tuesta explained. This artificial state of alarm can lead to neuroinflammation and shape the way we crave for opioids, ultimately leading to relapse. We believe epigenetic regulation in microglia plays a fundamental role in orchestrating this chain of events.

Epigenetics refers to factors that determine how genes are expressed without involving changes in the DNA sequence itself. Dr. Tuestas team will explore how microglial genes become open and closed for business across various phases of opioid addiction, and how specific epigenetic remodelers can contribute to this regulation.

Exploring New Therapeutic Avenues

Results from these studies have the potential not just to broaden our understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying opioid use disorder, but also to push the field of addiction epigenetics beyond the neuron and explore a cell type that could yield exciting and completely different therapeutic avenues for the treatment of this devastating disease.

Ideally, a treatment drug would reverse changes in microglia brought on by opioids and curb the intense craving associated with opioid abstinence and withdrawal. Such an approach could help reduce the likelihood of relapse in recovering individuals.

Ultimately, we want to manipulate the root of the craving with a drug to change the behavioral course of addiction, Dr. Tuesta said.

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University of Miami Miller School Researcher Wins NIH Avenir Award to Pursue Innovative Opioid Addiction Research - Newswise

SALT LAKE CITY, Sept. 9, 2020 /PRNewswire/ --Inherent Biosciences, a biotechnology company headquartered in Salt Lake City, UT, today announced a $255,959 award from the National Science Foundation (NSF) to study epigenetic biomarkers to predict patient response to SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) infection. The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Phase I project aims to develop an on-site, clinical test to screen incoming patients potentially infected with COVID-19 and prioritize hospital resources and personnel based on a predicted infection severity and treatment response.

The variation in symptoms and outcomes for COVID-19 progression makes it challenging for health care workers to triage patients accurately. The development of a DNA methylation-based test to predict the severity of COVID-19 infection has tremendous potential for managing current and future pandemics.

"NSF is proud to support the technology of the future by thinking beyond incremental developments and funding the most creative, impactful ideas across all markets and areas of science and engineering," said Andrea Belz, Division Director of the Division of Industrial Innovation and Partnerships at NSF. "With the support of our research funds, any deep technology startup or small business can guide basic science into meaningful solutions that address tremendous needs."

Andy Olson, Co-founder and CEO of Inherent Biosciences, remarked: "We're thrilled to announce this award, which will enable us to expand our discovery and commercialization pipeline into the area of infectious disease - a critical area as witnessed by the COVID-19 pandemic we're living through."

The award provides support for Inherent to generate a comprehensive dataset of white blood cell DNA methylation patterns, health history, and clinical data for patients infected with COVID-19. The company then uses artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to identify DNA methylation biomarkers predictive of disease severity and treatment response.

Kristin Brogaard, Ph.D., Co-founder and COO of the company, and Principal Investigator for the project added: "Our focus is translating epigenetic discoveries, specifically DNA methylation biomarkers, from research discoveries into commercial products that benefit consumers, patients and health care providers."

Inherent has already translated one epigenetic discovery into a commercial product. The company's first product called "Path" (PathFertility.com) is for couples trying to conceive. Path is marketed directly to consumers as a general wellness sperm DNA test related to maintaining or encouraging a general state of health, specifically male reproductive health.

About Inherent Biosciences- Inherent Biosciences, Inc. is a molecular diagnostics company at the intersection of epigenetics and AI. Inherent believes that guesswork and trial-and-error medicine lead to severe pain and suffering. Inherent's vision is to revolutionize trial and error medicine and restore hope. The company does this by discovering what is inherent in our biology about the unexplained and translating discoveries into personal insights that inform actions. Learn more at http://www.inherentbio.comor connect on LinkedIn.

Contact: Inherent Biosciences, Inc.

Andy Olson, CEO

Phone: (509) 496-1204

Email: andy@inherentbio.com

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Inherent Biosciences Wins $256K NSF Grant to Predict COVID-19 Infection Severity and Treatment Response - KPVI News 6

Epigenetics is the study of chemical features that attach to genes and affect their activity. Mammals share similar life stages, yet little was known about whether specific epigenetic changes linked to these life stages look the same for different animals. A new study, in part supported by NIA, used epigenetics to compare aging of dogs and humans. Such epigenetic changes may help researchers better understand human aging processes. Findings updated the previous one dog year equal to seven human years formula and were recently published in Cell Systems.

Researchers from the University of California (UC), San Diego, National Human Genome Research Institute (part of the National Institutes of Health), Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute in San Diego, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, and UC Davis looked at DNA methylation a common type of epigenetic change where methyl groups (small molecules) attach to and turn off or silence a particular gene. Methylation patterns change over time in a consistent way across humans, which some believe can be used as an epigenetic clock to predict age. To help understand whether the epigenetic clocks in other animals differ from humans, the researchers studied the lifespan methylation of both dogs and humans. Domesticated, or pet, dogs are animals similar in their environment, level of health care, and aging patterns to humans, providing a good model for comparison.

DNA Methylation data were collected from blood samples of 104 Labrador retrievers (puppies to 16 years of age) and compared to DNA methylation patterns of 320 humans (one to 103 years of age). Researchers found similar DNA methylation patterns between the dogs and humans, especially in the early and late life stages. Changes in DNA methylation across shared developmental genes were key to lining up dog and human DNA methylation patterns. Researchers used the analyzed patterns to relate the epigenetic clock of humans with dogs and created a new formula to calculate dog-to-human age. In this calculation, similar life stages matched to estimate an 8-week-old puppy as about the age of a 9-month-old baby, and a 12-year-old senior Labrador as about the age of a 70-year-old adult.

By comparing DNA methylation patterns, this study demonstrates the use of epigenetics to translate age and aging between species. Such translation may be a helpful tool for understanding aging and studying healthy aging interventions. Next steps include testing the formula with other dog breeds, and further exploring epigenetic changes in developmental genes as they relate to aging.

This research was supported in part by NIA grant P01AG031862.

Reference: Wang T, et al. Quantitative translation of dog-to-human aging by conserved remodeling of the DNA methylome. Cell Systems. 2020;11(2):176-185.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.06.006.

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Epigenetics study updates the dog-to-human age formula with implications for cross-species comparison to help understand human aging processes -...