Category Archives: Genetic Engineering

Los Angeles United States:The global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications market is researched with great precision and in a comprehensive manner to help you identify hidden opportunities and become informed about unpredictable challenges in the industry. The authors of the report have brought to light crucial growth factors, restraints, and trends of the global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications market. The research study offers complete analysis of critical aspects of the global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications market, including competition, segmentation, geographical progress, manufacturing cost analysis, and price structure. We have provided CAGR, value, volume, sales, production, revenue, and other estimations for the global as well as regional markets. Companies are profiled keeping in view their gross margin, market share, production, areas served, recent developments, and more factors.

Some of the Major Players Operating in This Report are: , 4d Molecular Therapeutics LLC, Abeona Therapeutics LLC, Acer Therapeutics Inc., Allergan Plc, American Gene Technologies International Inc., Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications

The segmental analysis includes deep evaluation of each and every segment of the global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications market studied in the report. All of the segments of the global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications market are analyzed on the basis of market share, revenue, market size, production, and future prospects. The regional study of the global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications market explains how different regions and country-level markets are making developments. Furthermore, it gives a statistical representation of their progress during the course of the forecast period. Our analysts have used advanced primary and secondary research methodologies to compile the research study on the global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications market.

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Segmentation by Product: , Genetically Modified Cell Therapies, RNA Therapies, Gene Editing Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical

Segmentation by Application:, Hospitals, Diagnostics and Testing Laboratories, Academic and Research Organizations, Others

Report Objectives

With a view to estimate and verify the size of the global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications market and various other calculations, our researchers took bottom-up and top-down approaches. They used secondary research to identify key players of the global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications market. In order to collect key insights about the global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications market, they interviewed marketing executives, directors, VPs, CEOs, and industry experts.They also gathered information and data from quarterly and annual financial reports of companies. The final qualitative and quantitative data was obtained after analyzing and verifying every parameter affecting the global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications market and its segments. We used primary sources to verify all breakdowns, splits, and percentage shares after determining them with the help of secondary sources.

Our analysts arrived at accurate statistics of various segments and sub-segments of the global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications market and completed the overall market engineering process with market breakdown and data triangulation procedures. We looked at trends from both the supply and demand sides of the global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications market to triangulate the data.

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Table of Contents

1 Report Overview1.1 Study Scope1.2 Key Market Segments1.3 Players Covered: Ranking by Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Revenue1.4 Market Analysis by Type1.4.1 Global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2020 VS 20261.4.2 Genetically Modified Cell Therapies1.4.3 RNA Therapies1.4.4 Gene Editing1.5 Market by Application1.5.1 Global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size Growth Rate by Application: 2020 VS 20261.5.2 Hospitals1.5.3 Diagnostics and Testing Laboratories1.5.4 Academic and Research Organizations1.5.5 Others1.6 Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19): Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Industry Impact1.6.1 How the Covid-19 is Affecting the Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Industry

1.6.1.1 Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Business Impact Assessment Covid-19

1.6.1.2 Supply Chain Challenges

1.6.1.3 COVID-19s Impact On Crude Oil and Refined Products1.6.2 Market Trends and Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Potential Opportunities in the COVID-19 Landscape1.6.3 Measures / Proposal against Covid-19

1.6.3.1 Government Measures to Combat Covid-19 Impact

1.6.3.2 Proposal for Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Players to Combat Covid-19 Impact1.7 Study Objectives1.8 Years Considered 2 Global Growth Trend2.1 Global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Perspective (2015-2026)2.2 Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Growth Trends by Regions2.2.1 Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Regions: 2015 VS 2020 VS 20262.2.2 Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Historic Market Size by Regions (2015-2020)2.2.3 Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Forecasted Market Size by Regions (2021-2026)2.3 Industry Trends and Growth Strategy2.3.1 Market Top Trends2.3.2 Market Drivers2.3.3 Market Challenges2.3.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis2.3.5 Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Growth Strategy2.3.6 Primary Interviews with Key Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Players (Opinion Leaders) 3 Competitor Landscape by Key Players3.1 Global Top Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Players by Market Size3.1.1 Global Top Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Players by Revenue (2015-2020)3.1.2 Global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Revenue Market Share by Players (2015-2020)3.1.3 Global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)3.2 Global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Concentration Ratio3.2.1 Global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)3.2.2 Global Top 5 and Top 10 Players by Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Revenue in 20193.3 Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Key Players Head office and Area Served3.4 Key Players Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Product Solution and Service3.5 Date of Enter into Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market3.6 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans 4 Global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Breakdown Data by Type (2015-2026)4.1 Global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Historic Market Size by Type (2015-2020)4.2 Global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Forecasted Market Size by Type (2021-2026) 5 Global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Breakdown Data by Application (2015-2026)5.1 Global Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Historic Market Size by Application (2015-2020)5.2 Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Forecasted Market Size by Application (2021-2026) 6 North America6.1 North America Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)6.2 Key Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Players Market Share in North America (2019-2020)6.3 North America Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Country6.3.1 North America Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Sales by Country6.3.2 North America Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size Forecast by Country (2021-2026)6.4 U.S. Market Size Analysis6.4.1 U.S. Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)6.4.2 U.S. Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)6.4.3 U.S. Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)6.5 Canada Market Size Analysis6.5.1 Canada Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)6.5.2 Canada Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)6.5.3 Canada Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026) 7 Europe7.1 Europe Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)7.2 Key Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Players Market Share in Europe (2019-2020)7.3 Europe Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Country7.3.1 Europe Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Sales by Country7.3.2 Europe Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size Forecast by Country (2021-2026)7.4 Germany Market Size Analysis7.4.1 Germany Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)7.4.2 Germany Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)7.4.3 Germany Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)7.5 France Market Size Analysis7.5.1 France Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)7.5.2 France Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)7.5.3 France Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)7.6 U.K. Market Size Analysis7.6.1 U.K. Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)7.6.2 U.K. Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)7.6.3 U.K. Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)7.7 Italy Market Size Analysis7.7.1 Italy Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)7.7.2 Italy Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)7.7.3 Italy Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)7.8 Russia Market Size Analysis7.8.1 Russia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)7.8.2 Russia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)7.8.3 Russia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026) 8 Asia-Pacific8.1 Asia-Pacific Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)8.2 Key Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Players Market Share in Asia-Pacific (2019-2020)8.3 Asia-Pacific Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Country8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Sales by Country8.3.2 Asia-Pacific Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size Forecast by Country (2021-2026)8.4 China Market Size Analysis8.4.1 China Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)8.4.2 China Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)8.4.3 China Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)8.5 Japan Market Size Analysis8.5.1 Japan Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)8.5.2 Japan Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)8.5.3 Japan Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)8.6 South Korea Market Size Analysis8.6.1 South Korea Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)8.6.2 South Korea Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)8.6.3 South Korea Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)8.7 India Market Size Analysis8.7.1 India Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)8.7.2 India Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)8.7.3 India Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)8.8 Australia Market Size Analysis8.8.1 Australia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)8.8.2 Australia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)8.8.3 Australia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)8.9 Taiwan Market Size Analysis8.9.1 Taiwan Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)8.9.2 Taiwan Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)8.9.3 Taiwan Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)8.10 Indonesia Market Size Analysis8.10.1 Indonesia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)8.10.2 Indonesia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)8.10.3 Indonesia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)8.11 Thailand Market Size Analysis8.11.1 Thailand Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)8.11.2 Thailand Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)8.11.3 Thailand Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)8.12 Malaysia Market Size Analysis8.12.1 Malaysia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)8.12.2 Malaysia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)8.12.3 Malaysia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)8.13 Philippines Market Size Analysis8.13.1 Philippines Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)8.13.2 Philippines Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)8.13.3 Philippines Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)8.14 Vietnam Market Size Analysis8.14.1 Vietnam Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)8.14.2 Vietnam Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)8.14.3 Vietnam Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026) 9 Latin America9.1 Latin America Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)9.2 Key Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Players Market Share in Latin America (2019-2020)9.3 Latin America Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Country9.3.1 Latin America Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Sales by Country9.3.2 Latin America Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size Forecast by Country (2021-2026)9.4 Mexico Market Size Analysis9.4.1 Mexico Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)9.4.2 Mexico Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)9.4.3 Mexico Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)9.5 Brazil Market Size Analysis9.5.1 Brazil Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)9.5.2 Brazil Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)9.5.3 Brazil Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)9.6 Argentina Market Size Analysis9.6.1 Argentina Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)9.6.2 Argentina Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)9.6.3 Argentina Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026) 10 Middle East & Africa10.1 Middle East & Africa Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)10.2 Key Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Players Market Share in Middle East & Africa (2019-2020)10.3 Middle East & Africa Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Country10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Sales by Country10.3.2 Middle East & Africa Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size Forecast by Country (2021-2026)10.4 Turkey Market Size Analysis10.4.1 Turkey Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)10.4.2 Turkey Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)10.4.3 Turkey Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)10.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size Analysis10.5.1 Saudi Arabia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)10.5.2 Saudi Arabia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)10.5.3 Saudi Arabia Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026)10.6 U.A.E Market Size Analysis10.6.1 U.A.E Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size (2015-2026)10.6.2 U.A.E Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Type (2015-2026)10.6.3 U.A.E Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Size by Application (2015-2026) 11 Company Profiles11.1 4d Molecular Therapeutics LLC11.1.1 4d Molecular Therapeutics LLC Company Details11.1.2 4d Molecular Therapeutics LLC Business Overview and Its Total Revenue11.1.3 4d Molecular Therapeutics LLC Introduction11.1.4 4d Molecular Therapeutics LLC Revenue in Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Business (2015-2020)11.1.5 4d Molecular Therapeutics LLC Recent Development11.2 Abeona Therapeutics LLC11.2.1 Abeona Therapeutics LLC Company Details11.2.2 Abeona Therapeutics LLC Business Overview and Its Total Revenue11.2.3 Abeona Therapeutics LLC Introduction11.2.4 Abeona Therapeutics LLC Revenue in Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Business (2015-2020)11.2.5 Abeona Therapeutics LLC Recent Development11.3 Acer Therapeutics Inc.11.3.1 Acer Therapeutics Inc. Company Details11.3.2 Acer Therapeutics Inc. Business Overview and Its Total Revenue11.3.3 Acer Therapeutics Inc. Introduction11.3.4 Acer Therapeutics Inc. Revenue in Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Business (2015-2020)11.3.5 Acer Therapeutics Inc. Recent Development11.4 Allergan Plc11.4.1 Allergan Plc Company Details11.4.2 Allergan Plc Business Overview and Its Total Revenue11.4.3 Allergan Plc Introduction11.4.4 Allergan Plc Revenue in Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Business (2015-2020)11.4.5 Allergan Plc Recent Development11.5 American Gene Technologies International Inc.11.5.1 American Gene Technologies International Inc. Company Details11.5.2 American Gene Technologies International Inc. Business Overview and Its Total Revenue11.5.3 American Gene Technologies International Inc. Introduction11.5.4 American Gene Technologies International Inc. Revenue in Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Business (2015-2020)11.5.5 American Gene Technologies International Inc. Recent Development 12 Analysts Viewpoints/Conclusion 13 Appendix13.1 Research Methodology13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach13.1.2 Data Source13.2 Disclaimer

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Genetic Modification Therapies Clinical Applications Market Research Report (2021-2027): Key Trends and Opportunities |4d Molecular Therapeutics LLC,...

The demand within the global spatial genomics and transcriptomics market is expanding at a stellar pace in the years to follow. Advancements in molecular biology have paved the way for revenue inflow into the global spatial genomics and transcriptomics market. The need for studying genetic patterns in humans, animals, and plants has generated new opportunities for market expansion, Genetic engineering has emerged as a robust domain within nascent biological sciences, creating room for experimentation and analysis. The applications of genomics in molecular biology and genetic studies has given a thrust to market expansion.

In this custom review, TMR Research delves into the extrinsic and intrinsic trends that are shaping the growth graph of the global spatial genomics and transcriptomics market. The domain of biological sciences has encapsulated new technologies for studying sizes, compositions, and archetypes of human genes. This is playing a vital role in driving sales across the global spatial genomics and transcriptomics market. This review also assesses the impact of advancements in genetic engineering to decode market growth.

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Spatial Genomics & Transcriptomics Market: Notable Developments

Key Players

Spatial Genomics & Transcriptomics Market: Growth Drivers

The high incidence of genetic disorders has probed the medical industry to invest in new technologies for genetic engineering and gene transfer studies. Several medical centers and research units are investing in the study of dyslexia, downs syndrome, and other genetic inconsistencies. This has created fresh avenues for growth across the global spatial genomics and transcriptomics market. In addition to this, the use of next-generation genetic studies for understanding genetic disorders has also given a thrust to market expansion.

The importance of microbiology in genetic studies has created a boatload of opportunities for growth and expansion across the global spatial genomics and transcriptomics market. The use of spatial genomics to understand the structure and composition of genes has enabled the inflow of fresh revenues into the global market. Besides, the use of genetic studies in the domain of veterinary care has also generated humongous opportunities for market expansion. The study of human and animal genes often goes hand-in-hand for the purpose of core research and analysis.

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Regional Segments

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TMR Research is a premier provider of customized market research and consulting services to business entities keen on succeeding in todays supercharged economic climate. Armed with an experienced, dedicated, and dynamic team of analysts, we are redefining the way our clients conduct business by providing them with authoritative and trusted research studies in tune with the latest methodologies and market trends.

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Spatial Genomics & Transcriptomics Market Demand is Expanding at a Stellar Pace in the Years to Follow - BioSpace

By: Explained Desk | New Delhi | December 18, 2020 8:45:13 pmThis undated photo provided by Revivicor, Inc., a unit of United Therapeutics, shows a genetically modified pig. (Revivicor, Inc. via AP)

This week, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a first-of-its-kind intentional genomic alteration (IGA) in a line of domestic pigs referred to as GalSafe pigs. These pigs may be used for food and human therapeutics, the FDA has said. This will be the first time that the regulator has approved an animal biotechnology product for both food and biomedical purposes.

What is intentional genomic alteration?

Intentional genomic alteration in animals means making specific changes to the genome of the organism using modern molecular technologies that are popularly referred to as genome editing or genetic engineering. However, there are other technologies that can be used to make IGAs in animals.

Such changes in the DNA sequence of an animal may be carried out for research purposes, to produce healthier meat for human consumption and to study disease resistance in animals among other reasons. One example is of using IGAs to make an animal more susceptible to certain diseases such as cancer, which helps researchers get a better understanding of the disease and develop new therapies to treat it.

The FDA maintains that the only difference between an animal with an IGA and one that does not have an IGA is that the IGA gives them a new trait or characteristic, such as faster growth or resistance to certain diseases. Follow Express Explained on Telegram

Essentially, an IGA is inserted into an animal to change or alter its structure and function and the FDA makes sure that the IGA contained in the animal is safe for the animal and safe for anyone who consumes a product or food derived from the animal.

What does FDAs recent approval mean?

The FDA made the announcement this week and allowed IGA in GalSafe pigs to eliminate a type of sugar found in mammals called alpha-gal. This sugar is present on the surface of these pigs cells and when they are used for products such as medicines or food (the sugar is found in red meats such as beef, pork and lamb), the sugar makes some people with Alpha-gal Syndrome (AGS) more susceptible to developing mild to severe allergic reactions.

Since GalSafe pigs may potentially be used to produce human medical products, IGA will help eventually free these products from detectable alpha-gal sugar, thereby protecting their human consumers from potential allergies.

According to the FDA, GalSafe pigs may be used to make the blood-thinning drug heparin.

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Explained: What FDA nod for genetically modified pigs means - The Indian Express

WILLIAMSVILLE, N.Y., Dec. 17, 2020 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- 22nd Century Group, Inc. (NYSE American: XXII), a leading plant-based, biotechnology company focused on tobacco harm reduction, very low nicotine content tobacco, and hemp/cannabis research, announced today that it was granted a new U.S. patent related to the control of cannabinoid and terpene production in plants. This new intellectual property exclusively provides 22nd Century with unique and powerful tools to alter the cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway in hemp/cannabis plants.

"We are delighted to receive this patent, which is the result of work carried out by our own scientists. This important, new technology will allow us to genetically modify hemp/cannabis plants to modulate their cannabinoid and terpene profiles in order to tailor these plants therapeutic qualities and enhance the consumers hemp/cannabis experience," said Juan Sanchez Tamburrino, Ph.D., vice president of research & development at 22nd Century Group. "Our patent application describes eight promoters, which are essentially molecular on/off switches, covering all of the major steps in the cannabinoid biosynthesis pathway. Typically, developing hemp/cannabis plants with new cannabinoid or terpene profiles could take 10 to 20 years using traditional breeding methods. Now, with the combined technologies and know-how of 22nd Century and KeyGene, we expect to shorten the development timeline to create new, differentiated, hemp/cannabis plant lines in just 4 to 5 years. Doing so will provide the Company and its potential licensees and customers with significant competitive advantage as hemp/cannabis continues to penetrate the life science, consumer product, and pharmaceutical markets.

At 22nd Century Group, we take a scientific and solutions-oriented approach to advancing ground-breaking, plant-based technology. We are excited to secure this patent, and we believe that it demonstrates our unique and leading role in plant science innovation within the $100 billion global hemp/cannabis market, said James A. Mish, chief executive officer of 22nd Century Group.

The new patent, published as U.S. Patent No. 10,787,674 B2 and entitled "Trichome specific promoters for the manipulation of cannabinoids and other compounds in glandular trichomes," enables 22nd Century to develop and deliver new hemp/cannabis plants that are designed to produce cannabinoids more efficiently. The Company can potentially increase the yield of plants, stabilize the level of cannabinoids that are produced, and create custom cannabinoid profiles optimized for specific therapeutic uses. 22nd Century will also be able to potentially modulate the terpene levels within the plant increasing them to deliver new strains of cannabis for the adult-use/recreational market and reducing them to remove the odor and taste for improved application in foods and beverages.

Cannabinoids, such as CBD, CBC, and CBG, are valuable compounds that hold great promise for the development of new medicines and other therapeutic applications. Cannabis sativa is the only plant species that produces significant amounts of these compounds including more than one hundred different cannabinoids in varying quantities. In nature, cannabis plants restrict production of these potentially toxic compounds to the trichomes which are tiny hair-like stems and globes that grow on the surface of the plant. To successfully manipulate cannabinoids, the Companys new technology activates molecular promoters, on/off switches, specifically and only in the plants trichomes where the majority of cannabinoids are produced. These regulatory sequences dynamically enhance or restrict gene expression levels, controlling the expression of genetic information that leads to the production of cannabinoids.

About 22nd Century Group,Inc.22nd Century Group, Inc. (NYSE American: XXII) is a leading plant biotechnology company focused on technologies that alter the level of nicotine in tobacco plants and the level of cannabinoids in hemp/cannabis plants through genetic engineering, gene-editing, and modern plant breeding. 22nd Centurys primary mission in tobacco is to reduce the harm caused by smoking through the Companys proprietary reduced nicotine content tobacco cigarettes containing 95% less nicotine than conventional cigarettes. The Companys primary mission in hemp/cannabis is to develop and commercialize proprietary hemp/cannabis plants with valuable cannabinoid profiles and desirable agronomic traits.

Learn more atxxiicentury.com, on Twitter@_xxiicenturyand onLinkedIn.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking StatementsExcept for historical information, all of the statements, expectations, and assumptions contained in this press release are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements typically contain terms such as anticipate, believe, consider, continue, could, estimate, expect, explore, foresee, goal, guidance, intend, likely, may, plan, potential, predict, preliminary, probable, project, promising, seek, should, will, would, and similar expressions. Actual results may differ materially from those explicit or implicit in forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially are set forth in Risk Factors in the Companys Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 11, 2020 and on Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q. All information provided in this release is as of the date hereof, and the Company assumes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law.

Investor Relations & Media Contact:Mei KuoDirector, Communications & Investor Relations22nd Century Group, Inc.(716) 300-1221mkuo@xxiicentury.com

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22nd Century Group Achieves Breakthrough Hemp/Cannabis GMO Technology; Granted New Patent for Controlling Genes Responsible for Production of CBD,...

These concerns have proven to be well founded. Many species of insects no longer respond to the effects of pesticides. World pesticide use has increased dramatically, but the percentage of crops lost to pests has not declined. Insects consume as much as one-third of the Asian rice crop annually, and in the United States losses of fruit and vegetable crops from plant diseases may exceed 20 percent. Clearly, just pouring on more chemicals is no answer.

From Food Irradiation: Will It Keep the Doctor Away? November/December 1997:

Nearly 200 people in the US, most of them children or elderly, die each week from illnesses they contract from food. This spring, President Clinton called for new steps using cutting-edge technology to keep our food safe. One of the technologies that Clinton singles out is food irradiation.

It will probably take some truly traumatic E. coli outbreak before the food industry gets serious about irradiation, says James Tillotson, director of the Food Policy Institute at Tufts University. Without such a crisis, consumers wouldnt think of demanding irradiated food and companies that explore irradiation [would be] open to attacks by activist groups. No one is willing to get that kind of attention, he says, even when they might be doing the best thing for consumers.

From Why We Will Need Genetically Modified Foods, January/February 2014:

Plant scientists are careful to note that no magical gene can be inserted into a crop to make it drought tolerant or to increase its yieldeven resistance to a disease typically requires multiple genetic changes. But many of them say genetic engineering is a versatile and essential technique. Its an overwhelmingly logical thing to do, says Jonathan Jones, a scientist at the Sainsbury Laboratory in the U.K. The upcoming pressures on agricultural production, he says, will affect millions of people in poor countries. At the current level of agricultural production, theres enough food to feed the world, says Eduardo Blumwald, a plant scientist at the University of California, Davis. But when the population reaches nine billion? he says. No way, Jos.

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From the archives - MIT Technology Review

DUBLIN--(BUSINESS WIRE)--The "Growth Opportunities in Digital, Microbiome-based, and Preventive Healthcare Technologies 2020" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

This edition of the Life Science, Health & Wellness Technology Opportunity Engine (TOE) provides insights across recent innovations in digital health, microbiome, and flu vaccines technologies. The TOE also provides insights across latest advancements for chronic pain management and COVID-19 testing.

The TOE will feature disruptive technology advances in the global life sciences industry. The technologies and innovations profiled will encompass developments across genetic engineering, drug discovery and development, biomarkers, tissue engineering, synthetic biology, microbiome, disease management, as well as health and wellness among several other platforms.

The Health & Wellness cluster tracks developments in a myriad of areas including genetic engineering, regenerative medicine, drug discovery and development, nanomedicine, nutrition, cosmetic procedures, pain and disease management and therapies, drug delivery, personalized medicine, and smart healthcare.

Key Topics Covered:

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/v6l8dq

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At research pens in Chile researchers develop strains of farmed Atlantic salmon with improved traits such as growth and health.

By Erik StokstadNov. 19, 2020 , 2:00 PM

Two years ago, off the coast of Norway, the blue-hulled Ro Fjell pulled alongside Ocean Farm 1, a steel-netted pen the size of a city block. Attaching a heavy vacuum hose to the pen, the ships crew began to pump brawny adult salmon out of the water and into a tank below deck. Later, they offloaded the fish at a shore-based processing facility owned by SalMar, a major salmon aquaculture company.

The 2018 harvest marked the debut of the worlds largest offshore fish pen, 110 meters wide. SalMars landmark facility, which dwarfs the typical pens kept in calmer, coastal waters, can hold 1.5 million fishwith 22,000 sensors monitoring their environment and behaviorthat are ultimately shipped all over the world. The fish from Ocean Farm 1 were 10% larger than average, thanks to stable, favorable temperatures. And the deep water and strong currents meant they were free of parasitic sea lice.

Just a half-century ago, the trade in Atlantic salmon was a largely regional affair that relied solely on fish caught in the wild. Now, salmon farming has become a global business that generates $18 billion in annual sales. Breeding has been key to the aquaculture boom. Ocean Farm 1s silvery inhabitants grow roughly twice as fast as their wild ancestors and have been bred for disease resistance and other traits that make them well suited for farm life. Those improvements in salmon are just a start: Advances in genomics are poised to dramatically reshape aquaculture by helping improve a multitude of species and traits.

Genetic engineering has been slow to take hold in aquaculture; only one genetically modified species, a transgenic salmon, has been commercialized. But companies and research institutions are bolstering traditional breeding with genomic insights and tools such as gene chips, which speed the identification of fish and shellfish carrying desired traits. Top targets include increasing growth rates and resistance to disease and parasites. Breeders are also improving the hardiness of some species, which could help farmers adapt to a shifting climate. And many hope to enhance traits that please consumers, by breeding fish for higher quality fillets, eye-catching colors, or increased levels of nutrients. There is a paradigm shift in taking up new technologies that can more effectively improve complex traits, says Morten Rye, director of genetics at Benchmark Genetics, an aquaculture breeding company.

After years of breeding, Atlantic salmon grow faster and larger than their wild relatives.

Aquaculture breeders can tap a rich trove of genetic material; most fish and shellfish have seen little systematic genetic improvement for farming, compared with the selective breeding that chickens, cattle, and other domesticated animals have undergone. Theres a huge amount of genetic potential out there in aquaculture species thats yet to be realized, says geneticist Ross Houston of the Roslin Institute.

Amid the enthusiasm about aquacultures future, however, there are concerns. Its not clear, for example, whether consumers will accept fish and shellfish that have been altered using technologies that rewrite genes or move them between species. And some observers worry genomic breeding efforts are neglecting species important to feeding people in the developing world. Still, expectations are high. The technology is amazing, its advancing very quickly, the costs are coming down, says Ximing Guo, a geneticist at Rutgers University, New Brunswick. Everybody in the field is excited.

Fish farmingmay not have roots as old as agriculture, but it dates back millennia. By about 3500 years ago, Egyptians were raising gilt-head sea bream in a large lagoon. The Romans cultivated oysters. And carp have been grown and selectively bred in China for thousands of years. Few aquaculture species, however, saw systematic, scientific improvement until the 20th century.

One species that has received ample attention from breeders is Atlantic salmon, which commands relatively high prices. Farming began in the late 1960s, in Norway. Within 10 years, breeding had helped boost growth rates and harvest weight. Each new generation of fishit takes salmon 3 to 4 years to maturegrows 10% to 15% faster than its forebears. My colleagues in poultry can only dream of these kinds of percentages, says Robbert Blonk, director of aquaculture R&D at Hendrix Genetics, an animal breeding firm. During the 1990s, breeders also began to select for improved disease resistance, fillet quality, delayed sexual maturation (which boosts yields), and other traits.

Another success story involves tilapia, a large group of freshwater species that doesnt typically bring high prices but plays a key role in the developing world. An international research center in Malaysia, now known as WorldFish, began a breeding program in the 1980s that quickly doubled the growth rate of one commonly raised species, Nile tilapia. Breeders also improved its disease resistance, a task that continues because of the emergence of new pathogens, such as tilapia lake virus.

Genetically improved farmed tilapia was a revolution in terms of tilapia production, says Alexandre Hilsdorf, a fish geneticist at the University of Mogi das Cruzes in Brazil. China, a global leader in aquaculture production, has capitalized on the strain, building the worlds largest tilapia hatchery. It raises billions of young fish annually.

Now, aquaculture supplies nearly half of the fish and shellfish eaten worldwide (see chart, below), and production has been growing by nearly 4.5% annually over the past decadefaster than most sectors of the farmed food sector. That expansion has come with some collateral damage, including pollution from farm waste, heavy catches of wild fish to feed to penned salmon and other species, and the destruction of coastal wetlands to build shrimp ponds. Nevertheless, aquaculture is now poised for further acceleration, thanks in large part to genomics.

Aquaculture is rivaling catches from wild fisheries and is projected to increase. Much of the growth comes from freshwater fish in Asia, such as grass carp, yet most research has focused on Atlantic salmon and other high-value species. Genomic technology is now spreading to shrimp and tilapia.

(GRAPHIC) N. DESAI/SCIENCE; (DATA, TOP TO BOTTOM) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF HE UNITED NATIONS; HOUSTON et al., NATURE REVIEWS GENETICS 21, 389 (2020)

Breeders are most excited about a technique called genomic selection. To grasp why, it helps to understand how breeders normally improve aquaculture species. They start by crossing two parents and then, out of hundreds or thousands of their offspring, select individuals to test for traits they want to improve. Advanced programs make hundreds of crosses in each generation and choose from the best performing families for breeding. But some tests mean the animal cant later be used for breeding; measuring fillet quality is lethal, for instance, and screening for disease resistance means the infected individual must remain quarantined. As a result, when researchers identify a promising animal, they must pick a sibling to use for breedingand hope that it performs just as well. You dont know whether theyre the best of the family or the worst,says Dean Jerry, an aquaculture geneticist at James Cook University, Townsville, who works with breeders of shrimp, oysters, and fish.

With genomic selection, researchers can identify siblings with high-performance traits based on genetic markers. All they need is a small tissue samplesuch a clipping from a finthat can be pureed and analyzed. DNA arrays, which detect base-pair changes called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), allow breeders to thoroughly evaluate many siblings for multiple traits. If the pattern of SNPs suggests that an individual carries optimal alleles, it can be selected for further breeding even if it hasnt been tested. Genomic analyses also allow breeders to minimize inbreeding.

Cattle breeders pioneered genomic selection. Salmon breeders adopted it a few years ago, followed by those working with shrimp and tilapia. There is a big race from industry to implement this technology, says geneticist Jos Yez of the University of Chile, who adds that even small-scale producers are now interested in genetic improvement. As a rough average, the technique increases selection accuracy and the amount of genetic improvement by about 25%, Houston says. It and other tools are helping researchers pursue goals such as:

This trait improves the bottom line, allowing growers to produce more frequent and bigger hauls. Growth is highly heritable and easy to measure, so traditional breeding works well. But breeders have other tactics for boosting growth, including providing farmers with fish of a single sex. Male tilapia, for example, can grow significantly faster than females. Another strategy is to hybridize species. The dominant farmed catfish in the United States, a hybrid of a female channel catfish and a male blue catfish, grows faster and is hardier.

Inducing sterility stimulates growth, too, and has helped raise yields in shellfish, particularly oysters. In the 1990s, Guo and Standish Allen, now at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, figured out a new way to create triploid oysters, which are infertile because they have an extra copy of each chromosome. These oysters dont devote much energy to reproduction, so they reach harvest size sooner, reducing exposure to disease. (When oysters reproduce, more than half their body consists of sperm or eggs, which no one wants to eat.)

Looking ahead, researchers are exploring gene transfer or gene editing to further enhance gains. And one U.S. company, AquaBounty, is just beginning to sell the worlds first transgenic food animal, an Atlantic salmon, that it claims is 70% more productive than standard farmed salmon. But the fish is controversial and has faced consumer resistance and regulatory hurdles.

Disease is often the biggest worry and expense for aquaculture operations. In shrimp, outbreaks can slash overall yield by up to 40% annually and can wipe out entire operations. Vaccines can prevent some diseases in fish, but not invertebrates, because their adaptive immune systems are less developed. So, for all species, resistant strains are highly desirable.

To improve disease resistance, researchers need a rigorous way to test animals. Thanks to a collaboration with fish pathologists at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Benchmark Genetics was able to screen tilapia for susceptibility to two major bacterial diseases by delivering a precise dose of the pathogen and then measuring the response. They identified genetic markers correlated with infection and used genomic selection to help develop a more resistant strain. USDA scientists have also worked with Hendrix Genetics to increase the survival of trout exposed to a different bacterial pathogen from 30% to 80% in just three generations.

The fecundity of most aquatic species, like this trout (left), helps breeding efforts. Salmon eggs, 0.7 millimeters wide (right), are robust and easy for molecular biologists to work with.

Perhaps the most celebrated success has been in salmon. After researchers discovered a genetic marker for resistance to infectious pancreatic necrosis, companies quickly bred strains that can survive this deadly disease. Oyster breeders, meanwhile, have had success in developing strains resistant to a strain of herpes that devastated the industry in France, Australia, and New Zealand.

A big problem for Atlantic salmon growers is the sea louse. The tiny parasite clings to the salmons skin, inflicting wounds that damage or kill fish and make their flesh worthless. Between fish losses and the expense of controlling the parasites, lice cost growers more than $500 million a year in Norway alone. Lice are attracted to fish pens and can jump to wild salmon that pass by.

For years farmers have relied on pesticides to fight lice, but the parasite has become resistant to many chemicals. Other techniques, such as pumping salmon into heated water, which causes the lice to drop off, can stress the fish.

Researchers have found that some Atlantic salmon are better than others at resisting lice, and breeders have been trying to improve this trait. So far, theyve had modest success. Better understanding why several species of Pacific salmon are immune to certain lice could lead to progress. Scientists are exploring whether sea lice are attracted to certain chemicals released by Atlantic salmon; if so, its possible these could be modified with gene editing.

No sex on the farm. Thats a goal with many aquaculture species, because reproduction diverts energy from growth. Moreover, fertile fish that escape from aquaculture operations can cause problems for wild relatives. When wild fish breed with their domesticated cousins, for instance, the offspring are often less successful at reproducing.

Salmon can be sterilized by making them triploid, typically by pressurizing newly fertilized embryos in a steel tank when the chromosomes are replicating. But this can have side effects, such as greater susceptibility to disease. Anna Wargelius, a molecular physiologist at Norways Institute of Marine Research, and colleagues have instead altered the genes of Atlantic salmon to make them sterile, using the genome editor CRISPR to knock out a gene calleddeadend. In 2016, they showed that these fish, though healthy, lack germ cells and dont sexually mature. Now, theyre working on developing fertile broodstock that produce these sterile offspring for hatcheries. Embryos with the knocked-out genes should develop into fertile adults if injected with messenger RNA, according to a paper the group published last month inScientific Reports. When these fish mature later in December, they will try to breed them. It looks very promising, Wargelius says.

Another approach would not involve genetic modifications. Fish reproductive physiologists Yonathan Zohar and Ten-Tsao Wong of the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, are using small molecule drugs to disrupt early reproductive development so that fish mature without sperm or eggs.

Cooks and diners hate bones. Nearly half of the top species in aquaculture are species of carp or their relatives, which are notorious for the small bones that pack their flesh. These bones cant be easily removed during processing, so you cant just get a nice, clean fillet, says Benjamin Reading, a reproductive physiologist at North Carolina State University.

Researchers are studying the biology of these fillet bones to see whether they might one day be removed through breeding or genetic engineering. A few years ago, Hilsdorf heard that a Brazilian hatchery had discovered mutant brood stock of a giant Amazonian fish, the widely farmed tambaqui, that lacked these fillet bones. After trying and failing to breed a boneless strain, hes studying tissue samples from the mutants for clues to their genetics.

Geneticist Ze-Xia Gao of Huazhong Agricultural University is focusing on blunt snout bream, a carp that is farmed in China. Guided by five genetic markers, she and colleagues are breeding the bream to have few fillet bones. It could take 8 to 10 years to achieve, she says. They have also had some success with gene editingtheyve identified and knocked out two genes that control the presence of fillet bonesand they plan to try the approach in other carp species. I think it will be feasible, Gao says.

Aquaculture projects worldwide are hustling to domesticate new speciesa kind of gold rush rare in terrestrial farming. In New Zealand, researchers are domesticating native species because they are already adapted to local conditions. The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research began to breed the Australasian snapper in 2004. Early work concentrated on simply getting the fish to survive and reproduce in a tank. One decade later, researchers started to breed for improved growth, and theyve since increased juvenile growth rates by 20% to 40%.

Genomic techniques have proved critical. Snapper are mass spawners, so it was hard for breeders to identify the parents of promising offspring, which is crucial for optimizing selection and avoiding inbreeding. DNA screening solved that problem, because the markers reveal ancestry. The institute is also breeding another local fish, the silver trevally, aiming for a strain that will reproduce in captivity without hormone implants. Its a long-term effort to breed a wild species to make it suitable for aquaculture, says Maren Wellenreuther, an evolutionary geneticist at the New Zealand institute and the University of Auckland.

These breeding effortsrequire money. Despite the growth of aquaculture, the fields research funding lags the amounts invested in livestock, although some governments are boosting investments.

Looking globally, geneticist Dennis Hedgecock of Pacific Hybreed, a small U.S. company that is developing hybrid oysters, sees a huge disparity between breeding investment in developed countrieswhich produce a fraction of total harvests but have the biggest research budgetsand the rest of the world. Simply applying classical breeding techniques could rapidly improve production, especially in the developing world, he says. Yet the hundreds of species now farmed could overwhelm breeding programs, especially those aimed at enhancing disease resistance, Hedgecock adds. The growth and the production is outstripping the scientific capability of dealing with the diseases, he says, adding that a focus on fewer species would be beneficial.

For genomics to help, experts say costs must continue to come down. One promising development in SNP arrays, they note, is a technique called imputation, in which cheaper arrays that search for fewer genetic changes are combined with a handful of higher cost chips that probe the genome in more detail. Such developments suggest genomic technology is at a pivot point where youre going to see it used broadly in aquaculture, says John Buchanan, president of the Center for Aquaculture Technologies, a contract research organization.

Many companies are already planning for larger harvests. SalMar will decide next year whether it will order a companion to Ocean Farm 1. It has already drawn up plans for a successor that can operate in the open ocean and would be more than twice the size, big enough to hold 3 million to 5 million salmon at a time.

See more here:
New genetic tools will deliver improved farmed fish, oysters, and shrimp. Here's what to expect - Science Magazine

Classified information: Millions and millions are spent on genetic engineering projects, but research into the risks of genome changes and into detection methods that make it possible to detect genetically modified organisms, for example in food, is completely underfunded.

Genetic engineering on the plate or in the field: Most people reject that. The nature awareness study is a regular survey of how citizens feel about environmental protection, nature and food security. For years, a very clear majority of those surveyed have been in favor of the fact that foods must be clearly labeled if they contain genetically modified organisms. Farmers for feed and seeds are also calling for this. And more than 80 percent of those surveyed generally reject genetic engineering in food.

The federal government now had to admit with great reluctance that tax money is generously distributed for research into new genetic engineering processes, while research funding on risks or detection methods is skimpy. Harald Ebner, spokesman for the Greens for genetic engineering policy, sums it up: While the federal government is nurturing research on new genetic engineering processes such as CRISPR / Cas & Co( (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) with more than 27 million euros, detection and risk research is currently in progress times 2 million available! This reveals a huge imbalance to the detriment of environmental and health care and to the detriment of the enforcement of the rule of law . Such one-sided research funding in an area that is massively funded by the biotechnology industry itself is in clear contradiction to the governments consumer protection mandate, emphasizes Harald Ebner.

The crux of the matter is: So far there are hardly any detection methods with which a gene change that was carried out using methods of the new genetic engineering can be determined. Labeling is therefore only possible if the manufacturer expressly indicates this. Contamination, however, would not be noticed during controls. And this despite the fact that new genetic engineering methods are already being used in the fields of seeds and animal feed. Nevertheless, the federal government is saving funding for research into detection methods not to mention risk research. So were walking blindly into a genetic engineering adventure.

No wonder the federal government initially classified this information as classified, i.e. secret not to be published!

More on this and a more comprehensive statement in the background here:

Regarding genetic engineering in agriculture and nutrition (so-called agro-genetic engineering), the EU applies that organisms such as seeds, plants, animals, or even feed and, of course, especially food must be labeled if they contain genetically modified organisms or if such animal feed has been used. This is to protect the freedom of choice of farmers and consumers. The European Court of Justice ruled in 2018 that this labeling requirement also expressly applies to methods of new genetic engineering, such as CRISPR/Cas&Co. There is a catch: Up to now, there have hardly been any detection procedures for organisms that have been modified using the methods of the new genetic engineering, so that labeling cannot be carried out safely.

The EU Commission was commissioned to promote relevant evidence research and to present a study by April 2021 on the status of the research. In order to be able to offer this study, the EU Commission has sent a questionnaire with relevant questions about research and research funding to each individual member state.

Harald Ebner, spokesman for the Green Group for genetic engineering policy, has sent a so-called written question to the federal government on exactly this state of research and research funding in Germany. The answer came and is very informative but it was classified as classified, i.e. secret, not for publication. If the federal government really wants to conduct the discourse with the citizens on the new methods of genetic engineering seriously and objectively, it should also pour pure wine for the consumer, explains Harald Ebner and refers to the concerns of the citizens if there are possible consequences of genetically modified plants and animals.

Precisely because, the overwhelming majority in this country rejects genetic engineering, from field to fork, transparency, for example, about the use of taxpayers money to promote research in this area, is the top priority. Otherwise one could already get the impression that information is to be hidden that contradicts the will of consumers for a comprehensive technical impact assessment in dealing with the new genetic engineering methods.

It was only through a parliamentary procedure, a minor inquiry, that the answer from the federal government, more precisely from the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture, was now public.

Harald Ebner MdB, spokesman for genetic engineering and bioeconomy policy, explains the answer from the federal government, which has now finally become publicly available:

The answer proves what we have been criticizing for years: while the federal government is nurturing research on new genetic engineering processes such as CRISPR / Cas & Co with over 27 million euros, just 2 billion euros are available for detection and risk research. This reveals a huge imbalance to the detriment of environmental and health care and to the detriment of the enforcement of the rule of law. Such one-sided research funding in an area that is massively funded by the biotechnology industry itself is in clear contradiction to the governments consumer protection mandate. What is fatal is that the federal government itself has to admit that the inspection and control of organisms that have been produced by new genetic engineering processes would only be possible if detection methods were available. The federal government must protect the freedom of choice of farmers and consumers and ensure that genetic engineering law is implemented. What is urgently needed now is an immediate program for the promotion of detection methods and risk research in order to finally provide the still-young technology with an appropriate technology impact assessment. It is also noteworthy that the federal government, of all people, is dispelling the myth that the new genetic engineering could open up business areas for many small and medium-sized breeding companies. Because that is by no means the case: The Federal Government assumes that, just as with the old genetic engineering, there will also be concentration processes on the market with organisms that have been produced using new methods.

Press releasefrom Harald Ebner Member of the Bundestag

Translation by Lulith V., from the voluntary Pressenza translation team. We are looking for volunteers!

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Genetic engineering research is a secret: How the federal government and the EU want to let us run blindly into a high-risk adventure - Pressenza,...

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Existing guidelines are adequate for evaluating risks associated with gene-drive modified insects, but further guidance is needed for some areas, most notably for environmental risk assessments, according to an opinion of the EUs food safety agency (EFSA).

After being mandated by the European Commission, EFSAs experts on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) published the scientific opinion related to engineered gene drives on Thursday (12 November), specifically focusing on gene drive modified disease-transmitting insects, primarily mosquitoes.

The evaluation was requested to explore the issue ahead of the consideration of any possible applications of the technology and is also designed to support the EU in discussions on the biosafety of GMOs in international fora such as the United Nations.

It found that while existing guidelines are sufficient for evaluating risks associated with technology, further guidance is needed for some areas, such as molecular characterisation, environmental risk assessment and post-market environmental monitoring.

Synthetic gene drives are a new form of genetic engineering, created via the genetic engineering method CRISPR/CAS9, and are intended to permanently modify or eradicate populations, or even whole species, in the wild.

The idea of gene drive technology is to force the inheritance of detrimental genetic traits. In this way, scientists hope to reprogramme or eradicate species such as disease-carrying insects and invasive species.

This is a key distinction between gene-drive organisms (GDOs) and genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which are explicitly designed to contain the spread of modified traits.

Scientists say that gene drive technology could play a key role in suppressing or modifying mosquito populations, thus potentially eradicating the life-threatening diseases they carry, such as malaria.

Recently, Imperial College London created a modification that was able to eliminate populations of malaria-carrying mosquitoes in lab experiments, funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation under the Target Malariaproject.

The technology is also being explored to control agricultural pests, eradicate invasive species, and rescue endangered species, with research rapidly evolving in this area.

After over 78 environmental and agricultural organisations signing a letter this week calling for a moratorium on gene drive technology, EURACTIV took a closer look at the controversial technology to find out about what it is and the implications it holds.

However, the report acknowledges there is concern that this emerging technology may have possible and irreversible side effects.

While Mareike Imken of the German association Save our Seeds welcomed EFSAs conclusion that existing guidelines for genetically engineered insects are insufficient for undertaking environmental risk assessments, she raised concerns that the report failed to acknowledge other key issues.

EFSA does not acknowledge a key challenge for the risk assessment and monitoring of genetically engineered gene drive organisms so-called next-generation effects, she highlighted.

These next-generation effects would encompass unintended changes to the biological characteristics in the offspring of GDOs, which she said would likely happen due to the repeated and uncontrollable process of genetic engineering that gene drives set in motion in nature.

The likely impossibility to model and predict next-generation-effects, as already observed in the offspring of genetically engineered plants, calls for the establishment of cut-off-criteria for risk assessment.

She added that decision-making about this technology needs to be informed by more than risk assessment, stressing that there is an urgent need for a broader political debate and processes for participatory and inclusive societal deliberation around the desirability, costs and benefits of this technology.

[Edited by Zoran Radosavljevic]

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Further guidance required for assessment of gene drive technology, says EFSA - EURACTIV