Category Archives: New Mexico Stem Cells

Seeking The Best Stem Cell Treatment in Mexico?

Stem Cell therapy is a relatively new medical development and is possibly the gateway into revolutionizing medicine as we know it. Unfortunately, stem cell research is still limited and therefore the treatments are not authorized to be readily available to the common public. This problem is most prevalent in the United States of America where the FDA has raised concerns about the therapy and its consequences.

This is where medically advanced yet economical countries like Mexico become hubs for medical tourism. Before we get into why Mexico is probably your best option for venturing into stem cell treatments, let us get some know-how on Stem Cell Therapy as a whole.

Medical tourism has been attracting patients from all over the world. As stem cell therapies are still experiential in the United States, stem cell treatment Mexico makes a solid choice for people looking for better help for various conditions.

With the procedure being approved for some time now, there are numerous stem cell clinics in Mexico where patients will benefit from the best services and therapeutic care.

For instance, at The Holistic Sanctuary, the amenities, 5 star accommodation, and therapies are powerful, attracting patients from all over the world. The stem cell protocol is personalized for every patient. The staff-to-patient ratio is small highest in the world so that every patient is well taken care of by our compassionate, loving, and professional staff.

The professionals in the team are specialized and experienced and are ready to act when the need arises. The members of our Mexico stem cell therapy center are dedicated to their patients and make sure that stem cell therapy goes according to plan. The stem cell aftercare program runs efficiently too.

Mexico is probably the no.1 destination for medical tourism, with 8 million medical tourists every year only in Baja, California. The warmth of the personnel, the great weather, and the easy border crossing make it easy for the American citizens to travel to Mexico. At Holistic Sanctuary, the scenery is fantastic, and patients get to recover in an oceanfront facility, all clients get private rooms with private bathrooms while enjoying a lovely view from their rooms. They need to book their flight from anywhere in the US and land in San Diego international airport, next our private driver will pick you up and bring you straight to the center.

Nevertheless, stem cell therapy Mexico cost will make total sense for people traveling for medical issues. U.S. cost, it makes sense that treatments and stem cells therapy in Mexico.

Comparing the stem cell therapy costs doesnt come easy, though, as stem cell therapies are still somewhat new. Stem cell Mexico costs will differ from one clinic to another. Some may pay $1,000 for a single visit when we use PRP, the patients blood is used, whereas $25,000 will be the price for protocols with stem cells from MCS umbilical cord stem cells at optimal doses upto 400 million cells over a 2 day treatment. at our clinic in Mexico. It is illegal to use more than 100,000 stem cells in the US, which makes our stem cell clinic the obvious choice.

Complementary therapies boost stem cell production, increasing the efficiency of stem cell treatment. At the Holistic Sanctuary, HBOT therapy, ozone therapy, NAD+ IV are also used. Plus, the body is prepared before the stem cell injections with a natural detox, and proprietary vitamin IV drips being administered to the patients.

Even if stem cell therapy gives impressive results, the methods efficiency depends on many factors, and healthy dieting is one of them. At Holistic Sanctuary, the patients switch to a 100% organic non-GMO meals, 80% raw plant-based diet, which will give the body the nutrients, minerals, and vitamins it needs to reverse their illness and maximize their healing.

All of these details will be included without extra charge of stem cell therapy in Mexico, so you have to check with the representatives at the clinic how much you will pay. The staff at Holistic Sanctuary is ready to answer your questions at any time. The therapeutic plan is personalized, as only the therapies that work for your case will be used, affecting the final price of your stem cell Mexico cure.

Its not only the centers location that impacts the final price, but also some essential aspects. The type of cells that will be used, the number of sessions needed for the medical procedure are also crucial.

Keep in mind that the method is still new, and medical professionals who help are highly specialized. Professionals will collect the adult stem cells, then expand the cells in the laboratory. Once the cells are ready for treatment, only the viable ones will be used.

Even if the procedure is typically safe with a low risk for side effects, patients still require close monitoring. At the Holistic Sanctuary, emergency doctors and nurses are ready to provide medical help if something goes wrong.

All in all, price shouldnt be the deciding factor when you choose the best treatment for you. Even if the costs may look high, its better that you see the whole picture, what the added benefits are.

Most of the stem cell therapies are still considered experimental, so the stem cell therapy costs will not be covered by the insurance. The big-pharma industry is still strong, and its quite tricky for new therapies to become legal, despite the high efficiency and long-lasting results.

Numerous studies reveal the effects of stem cell therapies, with the risks for side effects being less concerning than with other treatments or medication.

Even if the insurance company does not cover for the procedure, it may still cover the doctor consult and spending associated with the protocol. You should get in touch with your insurance company for the details.

Stem cells are unprocessed, naturally occurring, basic cells in the human body from which all the other cells and tissues in the body are derived. They divide to form daughter cells and these daughter cells can either form new stem cells or differentiate into specialized cells with defined functions. The specialized cells form the basis for all the tissues and organs in the body, including the brain, the heart, the kidneys, the lungs, etc.

Because these stem cells can differentiate into other cells, it has come to light that using them medically can help with regenerating tissues in the body which have been damaged beyond repair.

Stem cells can come from the embryo, the bone marrow, or the umbilical cord.

These cells have piqued the interests of scientists worldwide not only because of the treatment potential that they can offer, but stem cells can also be used for further researching diseases and to test the effect of certain medications on the body.

Mesenchymal stem cells are adult stem cells that can be isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue (fat cells), and tissues from the umbilical cord and amniotic fluid. It was previously assumed that adult stem cells can only be used to create blood cells. However, the latest research has conclusively shown that even adult stem cells can possibly help repair tissues in the muscles and the heart as well.

In theory, since stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell in the body, they can be guided into specific differentiation under specialized laboratory conditions. These differentiated stem cells can then be used to regenerate cells in damaged and diseased parts of the body. Therefore, diseases that previously had no known cure can be guided towards treatment. People with the following conditions will especially be able to reap the benefits: diabetes, Alzheimers disease, Parkinsons disease, arthritis, stroke, and even cancer.

Stem cells can come from adults as mesenchymal stem cells that come from bone marrow or adipose tissues or as perinatal stem cells that come from the umbilical cord. We can also obtain stem cells from the embryo, known as embryonic stem cells but their ethical implications prevent many doctors and professionals from bringing these cells into use.

So far, stem cell therapy using mesenchymal stem cells has been successful in treating conditions such as leukemia, neuroblastoma, and multiple myeloma. Stem cells from the umbilical cord or adult stem cells can be used to treat these neoplastic conditions of the blood.

There is much advancement in using Stem Cell therapy for treating autoimmune diseases such as Lyme Disease and Multiple Sclerosis as well. In fact, many highly-qualified doctors in Mexico perform these procedures with satisfying results for the patients.

Stem cells have also been successfully used for skin grafting and repairing damaged tissue in other parts of the body such as the eye and the spinal cord.

The future of stem cell therapy aims to nullify the need for organ donors for organ transplants. Since donors are limited in supply and stem cells can be potentially manipulated into forming fully-functioning organs, maybe in the near future, we will be able to see stem cells being used for organ transplants.

Embryonic stem cells come from, as the name suggests, the embryo. The embryo forms when an egg from the ovaries is fertilized using the sperm from the testes. Embryonic stem cells naturally occur in the body for a very short time before they differentiate into the different tissues and organs in the body as the fetus grows.

Unlike mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells can be guided to regenerate essentially any part of the body, including the brain and the lungs, and the heart, using an in-vitro fertilized embryo kept in favorable conditions in a lab. Embryonic stem cells are only authorized for use when the in-vitro embryo is no longer needed. This poses ethical concerns regarding their use.

Other than that, embryonic stem cells can pose other problems too. Such as differentiating into cells different from the ones that are needed spontaneously. They may also cause bigger problems such as tumors in the area they are injected instead of performing a reparative function. Lastly, embryonic stem cells can also stimulate an immune response from the body, if they consider the cells to be foreign particles.

There is much more research needed to be able to use embryonic cells with complete control, and therefore, we do not condone their use at present time. Most clinics in Mexico that run legally with top-of-the-line treatment also do not offer embryonic stem-cell therapy. Currently, there are very few clinics if any in the US that make any use of Embryonic Stem Cell Therapy within FDA regulation.

There is no doubt that stem cell therapy has shown a lot of promise, but just like any treatment, it is not a miraculous cure for any disease or condition. In fact, even the best stem cell clinics in Mexico and the US will tell you to come in with realistic expectations.

If a clinic does offer its treatment as a one-stop solution to all problems, we suggest you stay away from it.

First of all, stem cell therapy has been in practice for a few years now, and not too many cases have been successful so far. You can mainly use stem cells safely for problems such as leukemia and simpler procedures such as bone, skin, and corneal injuries.

If you go to illegally running, unapproved clinics in the US for treatment, you will be risking your health

In addition to this, it takes plenty of effort to manipulate stem cells in the lab so that they can differentiate into the specific cells we are looking for. In this time, the cells can become contaminated or if even a minor fault shows up the treatment could go completely awry.

Your body can also have an immune response to the cells that are injected into them, which can do more harm than good. Sometimes even more unfavorable effects can occur like stem cells to repair corneal injury can cause blindness or those injected elsewhere can cause tumors.

Therefore, only highly regulated clinics with learned doctors can provide the care that is needed for proper stem cell therapy to take place, and only when it is required. You can find trained medical professionals who have experience in dealing with stem cell therapy all over Mexico since the practice is much more common there than it is in the USA.

Healthcare in the US is astronomically expensive and the common public simply cannot afford much of it unless they have health insurance. Even after health insurance, many people find the treatments prescribed to be quite expensive.

The problem with treatments that are still in their experimental stage, such as stem cell therapy, is that health insurance does not cover them. Government-funded programs and other aid services also do not cover the costs of unregulated treatments and treatments that are still being tested.

Naturally, this makes stem cell therapy in the US to be very out-of-reach for most people. They have to find ways to fund the treatment themselves or raise money through other means. In fact, turning to tourism for medical needs to Mexico or anywhere else in the world is actually much cheaper for many patients.

Other than that, the agency regulating Stem Cell therapy throughout the United States is the FDA. FDA is known for highly regulating treatments and drugs throughout the USA and without their authorization, no treatment is readily or legally available to the people in the country.

In fact, the reason that insurance for stem cell therapy is not available in the United States is also attributed to the FDA. Unless FDA approves treatment plans, they cannot be covered by health insurance or other government-funded means of receiving treatment.

The simple route that stem cells take before getting to the patient show you why they cost so much. The tissues are acquired by doctors all around the world, who send them to laboratories that specialize in stem cells. These labs are usually very high maintenance and their staff consists of highly trained professionals who help in the processing of the cells. These labs are also regulated by the FDA. Then, the cells make it to stem-cell clinics around the world.

The donors are not readily available and the process required to acquire the stem cells is very laborious, so naturally, the treatment is expensive.

But this is not all, since the FDA has not properly approved stem cell therapy, the patients in need of it are forced to rely on prescription medication till they get authorized. The biggest problem with prescription medicines is side effects. In fact, with heavy prescription medication, such as those required for neurological disorders, you often need medication to relieve the side effects which further adds to the costs and takes a toll on the patients. Patients also die quite often from the effects of prescription medication.

Since stem-cell therapy is so heavily controlled by the FDA, it cannot find enough room to grow as a potential treatment plan for patients either. In fact, the treatment that is available to most patients includes mainly autologous treatments and you cannot use stem cells to treat multiple conditions at once.

Stem cell research has been in the papers in the United States since the past decade and it is still not readily available, so we can conclude that it will be a long time before stem cells revolutionize medicine, at least in the United States.

One reason why it is believed that the FDA is so harsh with stem cell therapy is to protect Pharma companies. Since the potential that stem cell research shows indicate that it can render many medications useless, and therefore pharma companies will incur heavy losses. In Mexico and other countries, there is no monopoly on medications run by pharma companies and therefore the care provided is much more patient-centric.

If you do find stem cell therapy centers in the USA that are ready to perform any procedure, they will possibly be off the FDA radar. Even though the FDA is extremely rigid with its regulations, there is no doubt that they are still a trusted authority.

So if a clinic is running without any regulations by the FDA, the treatment they provide will be very risky and their sources will be unknown too.

Mexico is the most popular destination in the world for medical tourism. They are neighbors of America so you can say that you may find the same level of care at a much lower price point and with a lot more humanity!

Most healthcare found in Mexico is about 80% cheaper than it is in the United States. That fact in itself drives people to medical tourism, especially from America!.

The same goes for stem cell research, it is much more affordable to the general public in Mexico than it is in the US. You will find that a single visit for stem cell therapy in Mexico will cost anywhere from $1000 to $25,000 while in the US a single visit starts from $8000-$10,000.

Mexico is much more compassionate towards their patients as well. They aim to provide highly effective treatments at the lowest possible price point. The reason why Mexico can provide such a high level of care at a low price is the absence of regulations from agencies such as the FDA.

Perhaps, a reason even bigger than the cost which compels people to travel from the US to Mexico is the absence of overwhelming regulations. And it is not that Mexico has unregulated clinics offering shady treatments, Mexico has its equivalent of FDA known as Comisin Federal para la Proteccin contra Riesgos Sanitarios or COFEPRIS.

Granted, there are many unregulated and sub-par clinics offering stem cell treatments in Mexico just like the US, but a little bit of research will help you avoid any such risks. You can still find excellent stem cell centers throughout Mexico.

There are quite a few licenses and authorities a clinic in Mexico needs to provide risky treatments such as stem cell therapy, and here are a few of them:

And many others. So it is not as if Mexico is going forward without the help of legal aid, the process is just much milder and patient-friendly as compared to that in the USA.

You can say that one reason why stem cell treatments are so expensive in the USA is also because of the costs that it takes to get around the overwhelming and complex protocol that warrants authorization of treatment.

Another big reason why Mexico can provide a greater level of care in the stem cell therapy department as compared to the USA is because of how they treat their patients.

Whereas in the USA the treatment follows a certain protocol that is set by the government, in Mexico, it is the doctor that plans the treatment out and it is different for every patient. The treatment plan takes into account the patients condition, their pre-existing conditions, and even their budget.

Doctors, nurses, and other medical staff in Mexico also offer a more holistic approach to patient care and this helps them to get more involved with the patient which helps them feel better. The medical staff in Mexico is much more compassionate and empathic as compared to those in the USA.

The United States of America is supposed to be the most medically advanced country in the world but in terms of stem cell therapy, Mexico just might have them beat because of how much more they have experimented with Stem Cell Therapy.

The best stem cell clinics in Mexico offer treatments for autoimmune diseases such as Lupus, ALS, Lyme Disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. If this treatment is sourced in the USA it will cost no less than $150,000 while in Mexico, the best stem cell therapy clinics offer this treatment for a fraction of that price.

Another consideration is the number of stem cells you can source at a time. In the USA you cannot use more than 100,000 cells at a time while in Mexico, you can go up to 100 or even 350 million cells in one go. Naturally, the more cells you have at your disposal, the quicker and more effective the treatment will be.

There is still one common ground between stem cell treatment in Mexico and the USA, and that is the prevalence of unregulated stem cell centers. They offer cheap, unregulated treatments that can do more harm than good. Often these clinics are seen marketing stem cell therapy as a miraculous cure for every disease in the world. So do your research on the clinics you choose before you commit to them.

Stem Cell Therapy is a rapidly evolving field in medicine and it shows a lot of promise to revolutionize the world of medicine as we know it. It can be used to treat tumors, autoimmune diseases, and it can also be used for grafting purposes.

The treatment prospects are bleak In the United States, because of rigid regulations and strict protocols by the FDA and therefore getting treatment there is difficult for patients. The available treatment can only be useful in very limited conditions. People, therefore, travel to Mexico for cost-effective treatments, less rigid protocols, and holistic care.

We hope that in the future such advanced treatments are readily available and within the reach of the common public.

The Holistic Sanctuary has a stem cell therapy clinic based in Mexico where you can go without fear of your illness and walk out a new person. The Holistic Sanctuary does not needlessly inject stem-cells in patients without proper examinations. In fact, we gauge the situation and craft a specific treatment plan for every patient and only then decide if stem cell therapy is required. In addition, we couple stem cell therapy with our highly effective holistic treatment methods. We have implemented the largest number of treatments compared to all centers that call themselves holistic. We do: hyperbaric oxygen, ozone therapy, proprietary IV drips, NAD IV, colonics, liver detox, parasite and candida detox, GABA repair, organic foods, plant medicine, sacred plant medicine, pineal gland stimulation, massage, Yoga, Reiki, and more. Read more about our core methods.

The Holistic Sanctuary is certified for treating a wide variety of conditions including Lyme Disease, Leukemia, neuropathy, ALS, Cancer, Multiple Sclerosis, Arthritis, Autism, Aids-HIV, and ADHD. We perform their treatments while giving their patients as much comfort as they desire. Our treatment center can be your one-stop solution to any debilitating condition.

Stem cell therapy works with the help of mesenchymal or embryonic stem cells, which can be manipulated to differentiate into specific cells inside the body. These cells can then help in repairing damaged or diseased tissues in the body. The therapy can work for leukemia, lymphomas, skin grafting, eye injuries, and other conditions.

Stem cell therapy as a whole is a very safe process, especially if it only consists of grafting. In the hands of trained professionals, the therapy will most likely not be detrimental.

Stem Cell therapy in Mexico is very safe and just as effective as that in the United States, if not better. There are more regulated and experienced professionals in Mexico since practicing this treatment in Mexico is not as torturous as it is in the USA.

New studies have shown that the success rate of stem-cell therapy in regulated clinics and hospitals is around 82% for known treatments such as osteoarthritis, which is an excellent success rate.

Read more here:
Stem Cell Treatment Mexico - The Holistic Sanctuary

SAN DIEGO, July 12, 2022 /CNW/ -- Novastem, the largest stem cell clinic in Mexico, has launched a brand new protocol aimed at American and Canadian stroke patients. The stem cell protocol accelerates physical recovery after a stroke, and in some cases, when applied early enough, may stop the advancement of all sorts of damage.

Novastem in Tijuana Mexico helps stroke patients with breakthrough stem cell protocol, led by Dr Vanessa Felix.

Novastem's unique stem cell protocol is not FDA-approved which is why patients must travel to Mexico to receive it.

Back in December of 2014, Novastem administered their stem cells to Canadian hockey legend Gordie Howe after he suffered a series of strokes earlier that year.

Howe had several small strokes in the summer of 2014, and in October, he suffered a serious one. At 86, his right side was paralyzed and he could not remember the names of his children, New York magazine reported.

The stem cells migrated to his brain where they multiplied, ultimately helping his brain recover from the damage caused by the stroke; Howe's condition improved within 24 hours and Howe was finally able to walk.

The treatment was not FDA-approved, which is why Howe had to go to Tijuana, Mexico for the treatment.

"To my mind, the relationship between his stem cell treatment and his response was very clear," Murray Howe told USA TODAY Sports on Feb. 26, 2015. "It was literally eight hours. I've been a practicing physician for 28 years now, and I've taken care of many stroke patients. All of his caregivers all of them had taken care of stroke patients. None of them had ever seen anything like this."

Now, as of July 2022, Dr Vanessa Felix, the clinical director at Novastem, has developed a protocol that is widely available for patients, specially the ones that have been told by their primary care physicians that there's no hope left for their case.

"With the growing demand for alternative stroke treatments, Novastem has been receiving more and more patients looking for the exact same treatment Gordie Howe received in 2015. We have since then evolved into a different, more stable and replicable protocol that can help patients suffering from the stroke symptoms." comments Dr Felix.

Story continues

Novastem's unique stem cell protocol is not FDA-approved which is why patients interested in receiving it must travel to Tijuana, Mexico. Novastem is located twenty five minutes south of San Diego International Airport, which makes it an ideal location for travelers worldwide. To learn more, please visit novastem.com.

Media Contact: Rafael Cuadras619-617-7884rcuadras@patronusdigitalventures.com

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SOURCE Novastem

Cision

View original content to download multimedia: http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/July2022/12/c9341.html

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Stem Cell Clinic in Mexico That Successfully Treated Gordie Howe ...

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Global Biobanking Market

Global Biobanking Market

Dublin, Aug. 12, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- The "Global Biobanking Market (2022-2027) by Product & Service, Sample, Storage, Application, Geography, Competitive Analysis and the Impact of Covid-19 with Ansoff Analysis" report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering.

The Global Biobanking Market is estimated to be USD 2.52 Bn in 2022 and is expected to reach USD 3.65 Bn by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 7.71%.

Market Dynamics

Market dynamics are forces that impact the prices and behaviors of the stakeholders. These forces create pricing signals which result from the changes in the supply and demand curves for a given product or service. Forces of Market Dynamics may be related to macro-economic and micro-economic factors.

There are dynamic market forces other than price, demand, and supply. Human emotions can also drive decisions, influence the market, and create price signals. As the market dynamics impact the supply and demand curves, decision-makers aim to determine the best way to use various financial tools to stem various strategies for speeding the growth and reducing the risks.

Company Profiles

The report provides a detailed analysis of the competitors in the market. It covers the financial performance analysis for the publicly listed companies in the market. The report also offers detailed information on the companies' recent development and competitive scenario. Some of the companies covered in this report are AMS Biotechnology, Bay Biosciences, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Bioivt & Elevating Science, Boca Biolistics, etc.

Countries Studied

America (Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, United States, Rest of Americas)

Europe (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Rest of Europe)

Middle-East and Africa (Egypt, Israel, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, Rest of MEA)

Asia-Pacific (Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Taiwan, Rest of Asia-Pacific)

Story continues

Competitive Quadrant

The report includes Competitive Quadrant, a proprietary tool to analyze and evaluate the position of companies based on their Industry Position score and Market Performance score. The tool uses various factors for categorizing the players into four categories. Some of these factors considered for analysis are financial performance over the last 3 years, growth strategies, innovation score, new product launches, investments, growth in market share, etc.

Ansoff Analysis

The report presents a detailed Ansoff matrix analysis for the Global Biobanking Market. Ansoff Matrix, also known as Product/Market Expansion Grid, is a strategic tool used to design strategies for the growth of the company. The matrix can be used to evaluate approaches in four strategies viz. Market Development, Market Penetration, Product Development and Diversification. The matrix is also used for risk analysis to understand the risk involved with each approach.

The analyst analyses the Global Biobanking Market using the Ansoff Matrix to provide the best approaches a company can take to improve its market position. Based on the SWOT analysis conducted on the industry and industry players, the analyst has devised suitable strategies for market growth.

Why buy this report?

The report offers a comprehensive evaluation of the Global Biobanking Market. The report includes in-depth qualitative analysis, verifiable data from authentic sources, and projections about market size. The projections are calculated using proven research methodologies.

The report has been compiled through extensive primary and secondary research. The primary research is done through interviews, surveys, and observation of renowned personnel in the industry.

The report includes an in-depth market analysis using Porter's 5 forces model and the Ansoff Matrix. In addition, the impact of Covid-19 on the market is also featured in the report.

The report also includes the regulatory scenario in the industry, which will help you make a well-informed decision. The report discusses major regulatory bodies and major rules and regulations imposed on this sector across various geographies.

The report also contains the competitive analysis using Positioning Quadrants, the analyst's Proprietary competitive positioning tool.

Key Topics Covered:

1 Report Description

2 Research Methodology

3 Executive Summary

4 Market Dynamics4.1 Drivers4.1.1 Growing Cost-Effective Drug Discovery and Development and 4.1.2 Genomic Research Activities 4.1.3 Advances in Biobanking and Growing Trend of Conserving Cord Blood Stem Cells of Newborns 4.1.4 Government and Private Funding to Support Regenerative Medicine Research4.2 Restraints4.2.1 High Cost of Automation4.2.2 Issues Related to Biospecimen Sample Procurement4.3 Opportunities4.3.1 Emerging Countries 4.3.2 Growing Focus on the R&D of Cell Therapies4.4 Challenges4.4.1 Long-Term Sustainability of Biobanks

5 Market Analysis5.1 Regulatory Scenario5.2 Porter's Five Forces Analysis5.3 Impact of COVID-195.4 Ansoff Matrix Analysis

6 Global Biobanking Market, By Product & Service6.1 Introduction6.2 Equipment6.2.1 Storage Equipment6.2.2 Sample Analysis Equipment6.2.3 Sample Processing Equipment6.2.4 Sample Transport Equipment6.3 Consumables6.3.1 Storage Consumables6.3.2 Analysis Consumables6.3.3 Processing Consumables6.3.4 Collection Consumables6.4 Services6.4.1 Storage Services6.4.2 Processing Services6.4.3 Transport Services6.4.4 Supply Services

7 Global Biobanking Market, By Sample7.1 Introduction7.2 Blood Products7.3 Human Tissues7.4 Cell Lines7.5 Nucleic Acids7.6 Biological Fluids7.7 Human Waste Products

8 Global Biobanking Market, By Storage8.1 Introduction8.2 Manual Storage8.3 Automated Storage

9 Global Biobanking Market, By Application9.1 Introduction9.2 Regenerative Medicine 9.3 Life Science Research 9.4 Clinical Research

10 Americas Biobanking Market10.1 Introduction10.2 Argentina10.3 Brazil10.4 Canada10.5 Chile10.6 Colombia10.7 Mexico10.8 Peru10.9 United States10.10 Rest of Americas

11 Europe's Biobanking Market11.1 Introduction11.2 Austria11.3 Belgium11.4 Denmark11.5 Finland11.6 France11.7 Germany11.8 Italy11.9 Netherlands11.10 Norway11.11 Poland11.12 Russia11.13 Spain11.14 Sweden11.15 Switzerland11.16 United Kingdom11.17 Rest of Europe

12 Middle East and Africa's Biobanking Market12.1 Introduction12.2 Egypt12.3 Israel12.4 Qatar12.5 Saudi Arabia12.6 South Africa12.7 United Arab Emirates12.8 Rest of MEA

13 APAC's Biobanking Market13.1 Introduction13.2 Australia13.3 Bangladesh13.4 China13.5 India13.6 Indonesia13.7 Japan13.8 Malaysia13.9 Philippines13.10 Singapore13.11 South Korea13.12 Sri Lanka13.13 Thailand13.14 Taiwan13.15 Rest of Asia-Pacific

14 Competitive Landscape14.1 Competitive Quadrant14.2 Market Share Analysis14.3 Strategic Initiatives14.3.1 M&A and Investments14.3.2 Partnerships and Collaborations14.3.3 Product Developments and Improvements

15 Company Profiles15.1 AMS Biotechnology15.2 Bay Biosciences15.3 Becton, Dickinson and Company 15.4 Bioivt & Elevating Science15.5 Boca Biolistics15.6 CTI Biotech15.7 Cureline15.8 Cureline15.9 Firalis 15.10 Geneticist 15.11 Greiner Holding AG 15.12 Hamilton Company 15.13 Merck KGaA 15.14 Panasonic Healthcare Holdings 15.15 Promega 15.16 Proteogenex15.17 Qiagen N.V. 15.18 Tecan Trading 15.19 Thermo Fisher Scientific 15.20 US Biolab Corp15.21 VWR International

16 Appendix

For more information about this report visit https://www.researchandmarkets.com/r/wsjf7c

Attachment

Read more:
The Worldwide Biobanking Industry is Expected to Reach $3.6 Billion by 2027 - Yahoo Finance

Novastem's unique stem cell protocol is not FDA-approved which is why patients must travel to Mexico to receive it.

Howe had several small strokes in the summer of 2014, and in October, he suffered a serious one. At 86, his right side was paralyzed and he could not remember the names of his children, New York magazine reported.

The stem cells migrated to his brain where they multiplied, ultimately helping his brain recover from the damage caused by the stroke; Howe's condition improved within 24 hours and Howe was finally able to walk.

The treatment was not FDA-approved, which is why Howe had to go to Tijuana, Mexico for the treatment.

"To my mind, the relationship between his stem cell treatment and his response was very clear," Murray Howe told USA TODAY Sports on Feb. 26, 2015. "It was literally eight hours. I've been a practicing physician for 28 years now, and I've taken care of many stroke patients. All of his caregivers all of them had taken care of stroke patients. None of them had ever seen anything like this."

Now, as of July 2022, Dr Vanessa Felix, the clinical director at Novastem, has developed a protocol that is widely available for patients, specially the ones that have been told by their primary care physicians that there's no hope left for their case.

"With the growing demand for alternative stroke treatments, Novastem has been receiving more and more patients looking for the exact same treatment Gordie Howe received in 2015. We have since then evolved into a different, more stable and replicable protocol that can help patients suffering from the stroke symptoms." comments Dr Felix.

Novastem's unique stem cell protocol is not FDA-approved which is why patients interested in receiving it must travel to Tijuana, Mexico. Novastem is located twenty five minutes south of San Diego International Airport, which makes it an ideal location for travelers worldwide. To learn more, please visit novastem.com.

Media Contact: Rafael Cuadras619-617-7884[emailprotected]

SOURCE Novastem

See more here:
Stem Cell Clinic in Mexico That Successfully Treated Gordie Howe Launches Massive Program For American and Canadian Stroke Patients - PR Newswire

The Latest research study released by AMA Viral Gene Therapy Market, Global Outlook and Forecast Market with 100+ pages of analysis on business Strategy taken up by key and emerging industry players and delivers know how of the current market development, landscape, technologies, drivers, opportunities, market viewpoint and status. Understanding the segments helps in identifying the importance of different factors that aid the market growth. Some of the Major Companies covered in this Research are Biogen (United States), Novartis AG (Switzerland), Gilead Sciences, Inc. (United States), Spark Therapeutics, Inc. (United States), Orchard Therapeutics plc. (United Kingdom), MolMed S.p.A. (Italy), AnGes, Inc. (Japan), Bluebird bio, Inc. (United States), Human Stem Cells Institute (Russia), Dynavax Technologies (United States).

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Modified viruses are used as drug delivery vehicles to insert particular DNA sequencesencoding genes, regulatory RNAs, or other therapeutic substratesinto cells in viral-vector gene treatments. Gene therapies are potential treatments for a wide range of disorders, with the goal of fundamentally treating the diseases origins rather than just alleviating the symptoms. They might help with a variety of previously treatable illnesses, including hematological, ophthalmic, neurological, and malignancies.

Market Drivers

Influencing Market Trend

Opportunities:

Challenges:

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Which market aspects are illuminated in the report?

Executive Summary: It covers a summary of the most vital studies, the Global Viral Gene Therapy market increasing rate, modest circumstances, market trends, drivers and problems as well as macroscopic pointers.

Study Analysis: Covers major companies, vital market segments, the scope of the products offered in the Global Viral Gene Therapy market, the years measured and the study points.

Company Profile: Each Firm well-defined in this segment is screened based on a products, value, SWOT analysis, their ability and other significant features.

Manufacture by region: This Global Viral Gene Therapy report offers data on imports and exports, sales, production and key companies in all studied regional markets

Highlighted of Global Viral Gene Therapy Market Segments and Sub-Segment:

Viral Gene Therapy Market by Key Players: Biogen (United States), Novartis AG (Switzerland), Gilead Sciences, Inc. (United States), Spark Therapeutics, Inc. (United States), Orchard Therapeutics plc. (United Kingdom), MolMed S.p.A. (Italy), AnGes, Inc. (Japan), Bluebird bio, Inc. (United States), Human Stem Cells Institute (Russia), Dynavax Technologies (United States),

Viral Gene Therapy Market by: by Vector Type (Viral Vector {Lentivirus, Adeno-Associated Virus, Retrovirus & Gamma retrovirus, Modified Herpes Simplex, Adenovirus Virus}, Non-Viral Vector {Oligonucleotides, non-viral vectors (plasmids and RNAi)), Distribution Channel (Hospitals, Clinics, Others), Method (IN Vivo, Ex-Vivo), Therapeutic Area (Cardiovascular Diseases, Genetic Disorders, Autoimmune Disorders, Dermatological Disorders, Metabolic Disorders, Hematological Disorders, Muscle-related Diseases, Oncological Disorders, Ophthalmic Disease)

Viral Gene Therapy Market by Geographical Analysis: Americas, United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, APAC, China, Japan, Korea, Southeast Asia, India, Australia, Europe, Germany, France, UK, Italy, Russia, Middle East & Africa, Egypt, South Africa, Israel, Turkey & GCC Countries

The study is a source of reliable data on: Market segments and sub-segments, Market trends and dynamics Supply and demand Market size Current trends/opportunities/challenges Competitive landscape Technological innovations Value chain and investor analysis.

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Interpretative Tools in the Market: The report integrates the entirely examined and evaluated information of the prominent players and their position in the market by methods for various descriptive tools. The methodical tools including SWOT analysis, Porters five forces analysis, and investment return examination were used while breaking down the development of the key players performing in the market.

Key Growths in the Market: This section of the report incorporates the essential enhancements of the marker that contains assertions, coordinated efforts, R&D, new item dispatch, joint ventures, and associations of leading participants working in the market.

Key Points in the Market: The key features of this Viral Gene Therapy market report includes production, production rate, revenue, price, cost, market share, capacity, capacity utilization rate, import/export, supply/demand, and gross margin. Key market dynamics plus market segments and sub-segments are covered.

Basic Questions Answered*who are the key market players in the Viral Gene Therapy Market?*Which are the major regions for dissimilar trades that are expected to eyewitness astonishing growth for the*What are the regional growth trends and the leading revenue-generating regions for the Viral Gene Therapy Market?*What are the major Product Type of Viral Gene Therapy?*What are the major applications of Viral Gene Therapy?*Which Viral Gene Therapy technologies will top the market in next 5 years?

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Table of Content

Chapter One: Industry Overview

Chapter Two: Major Segmentation (Classification, Application and etc.) Analysis

Chapter Three: Production Market Analysis

Chapter Four: Sales Market Analysis

Chapter Five: Consumption Market Analysis

Chapter Six: Production, Sales and Consumption Market Comparison Analysis

Chapter Seven: Major Manufacturers Production and Sales Market Comparison Analysis

Chapter Eight: Competition Analysis by Players

Chapter Nine: Marketing Channel Analysis

Chapter Ten: New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis

Chapter Eleven: Manufacturing Cost Analysis

Chapter Twelve: Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers

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A market study Global examines the performance of the Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage market 2022. It encloses an in-depth analysis of the Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage market state and the competitive landscape globally. The Global Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage Market can be obtained through the market details such as growth drivers, latest developments, Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage market business strategies, regional study, and future market status. The report also covers information including Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage industry latest opportunities and challenges along with the historical and Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage market future trends. It focuses on the Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage market dynamics that is constantly changing due to the technological advancements and socio-economic status.

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Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage market:AmericordCryobankChina Cord Blood CorporationCelularityLifebankUSAAmericord RegistryReeLabsPluristem TherapeuticsPSTIOcata TherapeuticsMesoblast LimitedCaladrius BiosciencesCBR Systems, Inc.CordlifeCryo-CellStemcyteViacordSmart Cells International Ltd.Cryoviva IndiaCells4LifeH&B Group

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Placental Subtopotent Stem CellsPlacental Hematopoietic Stem CellsPlacental Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC)Placental Maternal Pluripotent Stem Cells

Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage

Cell TherapyBeauty ProductsOther

North America Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage Market(United States, North American country and Mexico),Europe Market(Germany, Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage France Market, UK, Russia and Italy),Asia-Pacific market (China, Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage Japan and Korea market, Asian nation and Southeast Asia),South America Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage Regions inludes(Brazil, Argentina, Republic of Colombia etc.),Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage Africa (Saudi Arabian Peninsula, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa)

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Global Placental Stem Cell Collection and Storage Market is Key Driver for the Industry with forecast to 2029 | Cordlife, Cryo-Cell, Stemcyte, Viacord...

From left-to-right: Carol Greider, Jane Luu, May-Britt Moser, Radia Perlman, Barbara Askins, Uma Chowdhry, Susan Solomon, andMaureenRaymo.

They say that success is the best revenge.

For every woman who has ever felt exasperated by the various speculations regarding the existence or non-existence of innate differences between the sexes with respect to mathematical ability, what better rebuttal could there be than a list like this one?

The very fact that these fifty women have achieved what they have shows the superficiality of the whole debate. It ought to be clear by now that the mature expression of sophisticated human capacities depends upon a complex interaction between biological endowment and cultural and educational opportunity (that is, nature and nurture).

And if someone were to object that these fifty women are not typical well, the men who could be accounted the peers of these women would constitute a tiny minority of their sex, as well! Very high achievement, by its very nature, is something out of the ordinary.

Even readers who may have no interest at all in the nature-nurture problem and its echo in our present culture wars ought to take notice of this list. Why is that?

Consider this. Practically everyone allows that the fields of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) hold the key to the economic future of our country. Moreover, today well over half of all college graduates are female. In fact, women have been increasing their numbers in other academic fields by leaps and bounds in recent years; in STEM fields, not so much.

Therefore, we submit that the entrance of women into STEM fields in greater numbers is of vital importance to our national interest.

Also note that in order to compile this list, we had no recourse at all to affirmative action. There was simply no need for it. If anyone finds our list empowering, we are happy for them, but that is not really the main point.

We simply looked for the best women in their respective fields women who have gotten where they are by simply plowing through whatever obstacles may have stood in their path. Women with a lot of innate talent, certainly, but who have also put in a great deal of extremely hard work.

In other words, what our list shows to todays young women and whoever else may be interested is that it can be done. If a young woman has a taste and a talent for math and science and a capacity to stick with it to accomplish her goals that is really all she needs. At the end of the day, everything else is sound and fury signifying very little.

In short, the highly accomplished women on this list provide the best sort of role models for mathematically and scientifically inclined younger women. They say it loud and clear, for all the world to hear:

Just get out of my way, and let me get on with the work!

Note: We have tried to balance our list which is alphabetical among the various STEM fields, and within the exact sciences, among the main disciplines, such as physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, and geology. To be selected for inclusion on this list, the woman had of course to be still living as of the date of publication, and also be born after 1937 (and thus be under the age of eighty). We reluctantly decided to institute an age requirement in order ensure a list with more younger scholars still engaged in active research. We hope to revisit the path-breaking achievements of older women scientists on another occasion.

Askins (ne Scott) was born in Belfast, Tennessee. After first working as a teacher and raising a family, she went back to school and took her bachelors and masters of science degrees from the University of Alabama in Huntsville. She was then employed as a physical chemist by NASAs Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville.

Askins is best known for inventing the autoradiograph, a method of greatly enhancing the density and contrast of photographic images by exposing the silver in the emulsion of a photographic negative to radiation, and then creating a second image by exposing a second emulsion to the radiation from the first one. Askinss process was initially applied with great success in astronomy, to images taken through light telescopes. Subsequently, it found wide application in medical technology, in the enhancement of X-ray images. In 1978, Askins was named Inventor of the Year by the Association for the Advancement of Inventions and Innovations the first woman to receive the honor.

Bertozzi was born in Boston, Massachusetts. She received her AB summa cum laude in chemistry from Harvard University. She received her Ph.D. in chemistry in 1993 from University of CaliforniaBerkeley, where she worked with Mark Bednarsky on the synthesis of oligosaccharide analogs. She joined the Berkeley faculty in 1996. Today, she is Anne T. and Robert M. Bass Professor in the School of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University, as well as Director of the Bertozzi Research Lab in the Department of Chemistry at Stanford. In addition, since 2000 she has been a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.

Bertozzis research focuses on the role of glycans (polysaccharides) in cell surface receptors, especially the connection between cell-signaling disruption and diseases like cancer and arthritis. Her lab is perhaps best known for developing powerful new research tools for cell biology, notably so-called bioorthogonal chemical reporters, which are man-made chemical handles that can be altered by means of externally controlled but non-perturbing reactions within the living system basically a new way of designing macromolecules to order. Bertozzis new method has been essential, among other things, to the development of modern forms of fluorescent labeling of macromolecules for purposes of advanced imaging. Bertozzi has won numerous prizes and awards, and is involved in several start-ups and other commercial ventures connected to her pioneering work.

Blackburn was born in Hobart, Tasmania, in Australia. When she was sixteen, her family relocated to Melbourne, where she attended high school, and obtained her bachelors and masters of science degrees from the University of Melbourne. Next, she traveled to the United Kingdom, where she enrolled in Darwin College, Cambridge, obtaining her Ph.D. in 1974 for work on bacteriophage viruses. After graduating, she taught at University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, where her ground-breaking work on telomeres was done. She is currently President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California.

In 2009, Blackburn was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Carol W. Greider (see below on this list) and Jack W. Szostak, for her discovery of telomerase, a member of the reverse transcriptase family of enzymes. Telomeres are non-coding buffer regions at the ends of chromosomes which become shortened during chromosome replication. Telomerase controls the bonding of new nucleotide units to the shortened telomere regions after completion of cell replication, a function that is vital to the longevity of the cell. in 2002, Blackburn was appointed to the Presidents Council on Bioethics by President George W. Bush. She supported the use of human embryonic stem cells in biomedical research, which put her at odds with the majority of the Council. In 2004, she was removed from her position on the Council by President Bush amid heated public controversy.

Blau was born in London, but earned her bachelors degree from the University of York in the United Kingdom. She obtained her MA and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University, where she worked under Fotis C. Kafatos. After a postdoc as University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, she joined Stanford University in 1978, where she received an endowed chair in the Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology in 1999. In 2002, she was appointed as the founding Director of the Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology at Stanford.

Blau is best known for her experiments with heterokaryons (fusions of differentiated cells from two different species), work which proved that even mature, differentiated cells retain the latent capacity for the expression of different cell types, and that mature cell type could in fact be reversed something that had previously been assumed to be impossible. Her work also showed that the maintenance of the differentiated cell state is the result of a continuing, active process which points to a new, more dynamic vision of all living processes. Blaus work is considered to be fundamental to the young but burgeoning fields of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. Her work also has profound implications for our eventual understanding of the physiological basis of cancer.

Breazeal was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico. She received her bachelor of science degree in electrical and computer engineering from University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara in 1989, and her doctor of science degree in electrical engineering and computer science from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2000. At MIT, Breazeal worked in the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory under Rodney A. Brooks, fabled pioneer of the actionist approach to robotics. For her doctoral dissertation, she developed Kismet (see video clip, below), a highly expressive humanoid robot capable of unscripted, emotionally intuitive, and hence lifelike interaction with human beings.

Following the breakthrough with Kismet, Breazeal helped develop a number of more sophisticated robots utilizing similar principles, including Cog, Leonardo, and Nexi. The general term now in use for these more-advanced descendants of Kismet is MDS (mobile, dexterous, social) robots. Several commercial spin-offs have been derived from her work, as well, including the personal trainer, Autom, the interactive robot companion, Huggable, and the enhanced video-conferencing system, MeBot. Breazeal is currently Director of the Personal Robots Group under the aegis of MITs famed Media Lab.

Buck was born in Seattle, Washington. She received her bachelor of science degree in psychology and microbiology from the University of Washington at Seattle in 1975, and her Ph.D. in immunology from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas in 1980. At the latter institution, she worked under Ellen S. Vitetta, co-discoverer of the cytokine Interleukin-4, which plays an essential role in the formation of T cells. After a couple of years of postdoctoral research at Columbia University, Buck joined Richard Axels lab at Columbias Institute of Cancer Research.

Inspired by the pioneering work of Solomon H. Snyder during the 1970s on the opioid receptor in the brain (as well as the receptors for many other major neurotransmitters), Buck and Axel decided to try to map an entire sensory system at the molecular level. They chose the olfactory system in rats for its relative simplicity. Beginning in 1991, they began publishing work that eventually identified genes and gene families responsible for coding for more than 1,000 different neural receptors (sensors) in the olfactory receptor cells at the back of the nose at the base of the brain. For this ground-breaking work, Buck and Axel received the 2004 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. In 1991, Buck joined the Neurobiology Department of Harvard Medical School, where she soon became head of her own lab. There, she traced the molecular basis of olfaction still further, showing how information from the various receptor cells are integrated in the olfactory bulb before being passed on to higher-level structures in the brain for interpretation. Buck is currently a Full Member of the Basic Sciences Division at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle.

Burnell (ne Bell) was born in Lurgan, Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. She became interested in astronomy at an early age. She took her bachelors degree in physics in 1965 from the University of Glasgow, and received her Ph.D. in 1969 from the University of Cambridge. While at Cambridge and still known as Jocelyn Bell she was enlisted by her doctoral advisor, Antony Hewish, to work with Martin Ryle and others on the construction and testing of a new radio telescope designed to study the then-recently discovered radio sources known as quasi-stellar objects, or quasars. In 1967, while poring over data from the new telescope, Bell discovered a never-before-observed type of signal being emitted with great regularity at the rate of about one and one-third pulses per second. She immediately showed the strange signal to her advisor, and the two worked closely together to try to understand what she had found.

Initially given the facetious name of LGM-1 (for little green men) by Bell and Hewish, their discovery was soon conjectured by Thomas Gold to be caused by a highly magnetized, rapidly rotating neutron star. This conjecture proved to be correct, and the phenomenon then became officially known as a pulsating star, or pulsar. In 1968, Bell married Martin Burnell and, after taking her degree the following year, at first worked only part-time. Eventually, the couple divorced and Burnell resumed a full-time academic career, initially as Professor of Physics at the Open University (1991 2001). After occupying a visiting professorship at Princeton University, she next served as Dean of Science at the University of Bath (2001 2004). During this time, she also served as President of the Royal Astronomical Society (2002 2004), and later as President of the Institute of Physics (2008 2010). She is currently Visiting Professor of Astrophysics at the University of Oxford. Though passed over for the Nobel Prize for Physics awarded to Hewish and Ryle in 1974, Burnell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2003 and was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 2007, among many other honors too numerous to mention.

Burns was born in Torrington, Wyoming (a small town of less than 7,000 souls). She earned her bachelors degree from Florida International University in Miami, and a Ph.D. in organic chemistry from Iowa State University. She then did post-doctoral work at the University of Montpellier, France. In 1983, she joined the French division of the American company, Dow Corning, as a researcher specializing in organosilicon chemistry (the chemistry of organometallic compounds containing carbon silicon bonds). While still working for the company as a research scientist, Burns invented several new types of heat-resistant synthetic rubber made from silicone (a polymer consisting of long silicon oxygen chains, as well as carbon atoms). She holds three patents for these inventions.

Burns soon made the transition at Dow Corning from the laboratory bench to the corporate suite. In 1997, she moved to Brussels, where she oversaw important aspects of the companys European operations. In 2000, she returned to the United States in order to assume the role of Executive Vice President of the company, and to serve on its board of directors. In 2003, she was named President and Chief Operating Officer of Dow Corning, and in 2004 she added CEO to her titles, serving in that capacity until her retirement in 2011. She was also Chairman of the company from 2006 until her retirement. Under Burnss leadership, Dow Corning began developing new uses for organosilicon compounds in cutting-edge areas like solar energy and biotechnology.

Caraiani was born in Bucharest, Romania. She earned her bachelors degree summa cum laude from Princeton University in 2007. At Princeton, she wrote her senior thesis on Galois representations under the supervision of Andrew Wiles, widely known for having completed a proof in 1995 of Fermats Last Theorem. Caraiani did her doctoral work at Harvard under the supervision of Wiless former student, Richard Taylor. Her doctoral dissertation concerned local-global compatibility in the Langlands correspondence. After graduating in 2012, she first taught briefly at the University of Chicago, before returning to Princeton University from 2013 to 2016. While at Princeton, she also served as a Veblen Research Instructor in Mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS). Since 2016, Caraiani has been a Bonn Junior Fellow at the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics (HCM), a highly prestigious mathematics research institute located in Bonn, Germany. She has also been invited for shorter visits to the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute at University of CaliforniaBerkeley and the cole Normale Suprieure in Paris.

So far, Caraiani has worked primarily on problems at the interface of the Langlands correspondence with arithmetic algebraic geometry. (The local Langlands correspondences are a part of the overarching Langlands program, which explores conjectured deep connections among diverse areas of mathematics, such as number theory, algebra, and analysis.) Regarding the direction of her future research, Caraiani has said that she hopes to extend the results, in work done jointly with Peter Scholze, about torsion in the cohomology of compact unitary Shimura varieties to the non-compact case. In the spring of 2018, Caraiani is due to take up a position as a von Neumann Fellow at the IAS.

Charlesworth (ne Maltby) was born in the United Kingdom. She received her Ph.D. in genetics in 1968 from Cambridge University. Married to the geneticist Brian Charlesworth in 1967, for many years she followed in the wake of his career, holding only temporary positions at a number of institutions, including Cambridge University, the University of Chicago, Liverpool University, the University of Sussex, and the University of North Carolina, before finally received a full-time appointment as Assistant Professor at the University of Chicago in 1988. In 1997, she moved to the University of Edinburgh, where she is currently a Professorial Research Fellow.

Charlesworth has made signal contributions to our understanding of population genetics and evolution, especially in relation to genetic recombination, sex chromosomes, and mating systems in both plants and animals. More particularly, her work on linkage disequilibrium in the genome region containing the self-incompatibility alleles of the plant Arabidopsis lyrata has been widely recognized as highly original and important. Charlesworth has published more than 300 research papers, which have been cited more than 10,000 times. In 2005, she was named a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Chowdhry was born in Mumbai (then Bombay), India. She received her bachelors degree from the Indian Institute of Science in Mumbai in 1968. In 1970, she received a masters degree in engineering from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), in Pasadena, California. After working for two years with the Ford Motor Company, she returned to graduate school, taking her Ph.D. in materials science from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1976. The following year, Chowdhry joined the DuPont company as a research scientist at the DuPont Experimental Facility in Wilmington, Delaware.

While still at the laboratory bench, Chowdhry worked primarily on developing new ceramic materials for the field of high-temperature superconductivity. This work generated over fifty research papers and twenty patents. In addition to her work on ceramics and superconductors, she has also worked in the areas of catalysis, proton conductors, microelectronics, and nanotechnology. In 2002, she was named DuPonts Vice President of Global, Central Research & Development. In 2006, she became Senior Vice President of the company, as well as Chief Science and Technology Officer, positions she continued to hold until her retirement in 2010. In 2003, Chowdhry was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Cummings was born in a small town in Tennessee. Cummings received her bachelors degree in mathematics from the United States Naval Academy in 1988. She received her masters degree in space systems engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School in 1994, and her Ph.D. in Systems Engineering from the University of Virginia in 2004. From 1988 until 1999, Cummings was a naval officer and military pilot. In 1989, she was one of the first women to land a supersonic jet fighter a Boeing F/A-18 Hornet on the deck of an aircraft carrier.

Cummings began her academic career while still in the Navy, at Pennsylvania State University, afterwards also teaching at Virginia Tech. In 2010, MIT appointed her an Associate Professor in its Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, where she was Director of the Humans and Automation Lab in the Engineering Systems Division. She is currently Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science at Duke University, where once again she is Director of the Humans and Autonomy Lab (the new incarnation of the lab she previously headed up at MIT). She also holds joint appointments with Dukes Institute of Brain Sciences and Electrical and Computer Engineering Department. Cummingss research extends across several fields, including human interaction with autonomous vehicle systems, modeling human interaction with complex systems, and decision support design for time-pressured, uncertain systems. In addition, she has a strong interest in the ethics of technology, including the impact of technology on society.

Curry took her bachelors degree in geography from Northern Illinois University in 1974, and her Ph.D. in geophysical sciences from the University of Chicago in 1982. In 2017, under intense pressure and amid public controversy, she resigned her long-time position as Professor in the School of Atmospheric Sciences at Georgia Tech University, where she had served as Chair of the School from 2002 until 2013. Prior to coming to Georgia Tech, Curry had been Professor of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at the University of Colorado-Boulder, and before that had taught at a number of other prestigious universities, including Penn State, Purdue, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She has published nearly 200 peer-reviewed papers, and is co-author or -editor of three important textbooks: with Vitaly I. Khvorostyanov, Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Microphysics of Clouds (Cambridge University Press, 2014); with James R. Holton and John Pyle, Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences (Academic Press, 2003); and with Peter J. Webster, Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans (Academic Press, 1998). Curry has served on NASAs Advisory Council Earth Science Subcommittee, on the Climate Working Group of the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and on the National Academies Space Studies Board and Climate Research Group. In 2004, she was elected a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, and in 2007, a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

In spite of these solid credentials and achievements and despite her entrenched position within the institutions of mainstream American academic climatology Curry came under vitriolic attack for publicly censuring what she perceives as the growing politicization of climate science, which she feels has resulted in claims that are not adequately supported scientifically, in the stifling of needed further research, and in intimidation, fear, and conformity throughout the discipline. It was this courageous public stance including an op-ed piece in the Wall Street Journal in 2014 and culminating in congressional testimony in 2015 and again in 2017 that eventually led to her resignation from her tenured position at Georgia Tech earlier this year.

Donald (ne Griffith) was born in London. She was educated at the Camden School for Girls and Girton College, University of Cambridge. She took her bachelors degree in theoretical physics from the latter institution, where she went on to take her Ph.D. in 1977 for work on electron microscopy. After postdoctoral work at Cornell University in the US, where she switched the focus of her research from metals to polymers, she returned to Cambridge in 1981, and two years later became a member of the world-renowned Cavendish Laboratory there, forever associated with the name of Ernest Rutherford. Since 1998, she has been Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Cambridge, where she is also Master of Churchill College.

Donald works within the Soft Matter and Biological Physics group at the Cavendish Laboratory. Over the years, she has moved from the study of nonliving polymer and colloidal systems to research on the soft-matter properties of living systems, especially protein aggregation. Of the many techniques at the disposal of the soft-matter physicist, she is particularly noted for her work using the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), a device which allows for the study of untreated or wet specimens, and hence is of particular value for studying the physics of biological systems (macromolecules, organelles, and cells). Donalds work has placed her at the forefront of efforts to develop and institutionalize the burgeoning new field of biological physics. In 1999, she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS), and in 2010, she was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE).

Doudna was born in Washington, DC, but spent most of her childhood in Hilo, Hawaii. She earned her bachelors degree in chemistry in 1985 from Pomona College and her Ph.D. in biological chemistry and molecular pharmacology in 1989 from Harvard Medical School. At Harvard, she worked on ribozymes under Jack W. Szostak. She did post-doctoral work on the same topic at the University of Colorado-Boulder under Thomas R. Cech, who had just won the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his co-discovery of the catalytic properties of RNA. After several years at Yale, Doudna moved to the University of California-Berkeley in 2002 in order to be near the synchrotron at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. She is currently Professor of Chemistry and of Molecular and Cell Biology in the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at University of CaliforniaBerkeley. She has published nearly 200 research papers and is co-author of a popular molecular biology textbook. However, Doudna is undoubtedly best-known for her recent involvement in the development of a powerful new method of gene editing that in a few short years has already revolutionized genetic engineering, and whose future contributions to medicine therapy as well as basic research are incalculable.

The method is called CRISPR/Cas9. CRISPR stands for clustered, regularly spaced, short palindromic repeats, and is basically a region of the bacterial chromosome that acts as a spacer between different coding regions, or genes. Cas9 is an enzyme produced by certain bacteria that acts like scissors, cutting a chromosome at the CRISPR region. The discovery of this pair of structures and how they operate together has made it possible for the first time for scientists to contemplate editing genes virtually at will. Teaming up with Emmanuelle Charpentier, now of Ume University in Sweden, Doudna published a seminal paper on the CRISP/Cas9 technique in 2012. Since then, however, other labs have claimed to have made similar discoveries independently, and there has been a considerable amount of legal wrangling over priority, the outcome of which has many important implications not just for the Nobel Prize and other forms of recognition but potentially for biotech ventures that may someday be worth billions of dollars.

As the daughter of physicist Sidney Drell, Persis Drell grew up on the campus of Stanford University, where today she is Provost. She earned her bachelors degree in mathematics and physics in 1977 from Wellesley College, and her Ph.D. in atomic physics in 1983 from University of CaliforniaBerkeley. She did post-doctoral work at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and in 1988, she took a position as Assistant Professor at Cornell, where she was appointed a full Professor 1998. In 2002, she moved to Stanford University as Professor and Associate Director of Research at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). In 2007, she was named Director of SLAC, a position she held until 2012.

During her tenure as Director, Drell oversaw the so-called BaBar experiment conducted at SLAC by an international consortium of over 500 scientists, which was designed to study the relationship between matter and anti-matter by investigating the phenomenon of charge parity violation. The name of this important experiment (inspired by Babar the Elephant) comes from the symbols B and B (B-bar), standing for the B meson and its antiparticle, respectively. In 2014, Drell was named Dean of Stanfords School of Engineering, with joint appoints as James and Anna Marie Spilker Professor, Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, and Professor of Physics. In 2017, she became Provost of Stanford University.

Faber was born in Boston, Massachusetts. She took her bachelors degree from Swarthmore College in 1966, with a major in physics and minors in mathematics and astronomy. She received her Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1972, with a dissertation on optical observational astronomy. In 1972, she became the first woman to join the staff of the Lick Observatory at University of CaliforniaSanta Cruz. In 1976, working with one of her graduate students, Robert Jackson, Faber observed a correlation now known as the Faber-Jackson relation between the brightness and spectra of galaxies and the orbital speeds and motions of the stars within them. In the early 1980s, now collaborating with Martin Reese and others, she published an influential series of articles on cold dark matter, proving that dark matter could not be composed of fast-moving neutrinos, and thus that the hot dark matter hypothesis must be wrong.

Next, Faber became closely involved with the development of the two Keck telescopes atop Mauna Kea, the tallest volcano on earth, on the Big Island of Hawaii. Then as now, the Kecks are the worlds most powerful optical instruments. Their highly innovative design includes a ten-meter primary mirror consisting of thirty-six hexagonal segments. Faber was crucial in selling the concept behind the original Keck instrument to governments and private funding agencies around the world, changing forever the face of optical astronomy. She remained closely involved with the development of the second-generation Keck II telescope, as well as with plans for the wide-field planetary camera for the Hubble Space Telescope. When a flaw was discovered in the Hubbles main optical system, Faber was charged with putting together a team, which diagnosed the cause as spherical aberration, thus permitting a technical fix to salvage the mission. The Hubble went on to a long and fruitful career producing many outstanding images of the far reaches of the universe. Faber is currently University Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at University of CaliforniaSanta Cruz.

Freedman was born in Toronto, where she received her bachelors degree in astronomy from the University of Toronto in 1979. She remained there for her graduate work, as well, taking her Ph.D. in astronomy and astrophysics from the same university in 1984. Upon graduation, she joined the staff of the Carnegie Observatories, which operate the telescopes at Las Campanas, high in the Andes mountains of northern Chile, but whose headquarters are in Pasadena, California. She worked there first as a post-doc, then three years later as a regular faculty member, becoming the first woman on the permanent staff. While at the Carnegie, where in 2003 she became the Crawford H. Greenewalt Chair and Director of Observatories, Freedman worked on refining estimates of the size and age of the universe based on improved observations of Cepheid variable stars. The known relation between the periodicity of the rotation and the brightness of these stars has long been one of the main tools astronomers use to calculate intergalactic distances.

After the Hubble Space Telescope became operational in the mid-1990s, Freedman was selected to be co-leader of the Intergalactic Distance Scale project, an international team tasked with using the Hubbles greatly increased observational power to refine the value of the Hubble constant, a key value upon which depends the rate of the cosmic expansion, and thus our knowledge of the size and age of the universe. For the past fifteen years or so, Freedman has been involved with another international team planning and building the next generation of earth-based, optical telescopes, the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT). With seven segments collectively equivalent to an 80-ft. primary mirror, the GMT is being built at the Las Campanas site in the Andes under the auspices of the Carnegie Observatories. When fully operational around 2025, the GMT will be the worlds largest optical instrument, with a resolving power an order of magnitude greater than the Hubbles. In 2014, Freedman moved to the University of Chicago, where she the John & Marion Sullivan University Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics.

Freese was born in Freiburg, Germany (West Germany, at the time). Brought to the US at the age of nine, she received her bachelors degree in physics in 1977 from Princeton University (the second woman there to major in the subject), her masters degree in physics in 1981 from Columbia, and her Ph.D. in physics in 1984 from the University of Chicago, where David Schramm directed her dissertation. After post-docs at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, and at University of CaliforniaBerkeley, she was hired as an Assistant Professor at MIT, where she taught from 1987 until 1991. Subsequently, she moved to the University of Michigan, where she is currently George E. Uhlenbeck Professor of Physics.

Freeses main area of research has been on the dark matter/dark energy problem. In particular, she has made several proposals for ways to detect dark matter experimentally, which have led directly to the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the AmundsenScott South Pole Station in Antarctica, and a worldwide consortium of efforts to detect a dark matter wind as the Earth and the solar system orbit the Milky Way galaxy. Her work has definitely ruled out the MACHO (massive compact halo object) theory of dark matter, thus giving support to WIMPs (weakly interacting massive particles). In more recent theoretical work, Freese has advanced several conjectures regarding dark matter, including a model known as the Cardassian expansion which replaces dark matter with a modification of Einsteins field equations, and another hypothesis known as dark stars, which if confirmed would be a new type of star powered by dark matter annihilation rather than fusion. Finally, Freese has also worked on improving the inflationary version of the Big Bang model of the origin of the universe. Her proposal, known as natural inflation, is a theoretically well-motivated idea that uses axion-like particles to provide the required flat potentials to drive the cosmic expansion. In 2013, the European Space Agencys Planck Satellite observed data which are consistent with Freeses natural inflation model.

Geller was born in Ithaca, New York. She received her bachelors degree in physics in 1970 from University of CaliforniaBerkeley, and her Ph.D. in physics in 1975 from Princeton, where she worked with P.J.E. Peebles. After post-docs at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and the Institute for Astronomy at the University of Cambridge, she returned to Harvard, where she served as an Assistant Professor of Astronomy from 1980 until 1983. She then moved to the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (a partner in the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics), where she has worked ever since as a member of the permanent scientific staff. Geller is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, of the American Physical Society, and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as a member of the physics section of the US National Academy of Sciences. She has also received numerous prizes and lectureships, including the Newcomb Cleveland Prize (AAAS) in 1989, a MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 1990, the Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (American Astronomical Society) in 2010, the Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize (American Physical Society) in 2013, and the Karl Schwarzschild Medal (German Astronomical Society) in 2014.

In order to help promote public interest in astronomy and physics, Geller lectures frequently all around the world, and has made a number of educational short films and videos. Her particular field of expertise is the large-scale structure of the universe, and her best-known scientific achievement is the creation of pioneering maps of galaxy clusters and other super-galactic structures. One such effort, the Second Center for Astrophysics Redshift Survey (CfA2) conducted in 1989 by a team of American astronomers headed up by Geller and John Huchra, led to the discovery of the Great Wall, an enormous filament of galaxies that is one of the largest known material objects in the universe.

Gianotti was born in Rome. She received her Ph.D. in experimental particle physics in 1989 from the University of Milan. After graduation, she occupied a number of post-doc positions. In 1994, she was appointed a research physicist in the Physics Department of the Conseil Europen pour la Recherche Nuclaire (CERN) near Geneva now known officially as the European Organization for Nuclear Research (but retaining the original acronym) and site of the Large Hadron Collider, currently the worlds largest particle accelerator. Gianotti has worked at CERN ever since. She has served on the scientific advisory boards or councils of numerous international organizations, including the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in France, Fermilab in the US, the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) in Germany, and the European Physical Society.

Gianotti is a corresponding member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei the most prestigious scientific society in her native Italy, which traces its roots back to the time of Galileo as well as a foreign associate member of the US National Academy of Sciences and the French Academy of Science. Moreover, in 2013, she won the Italian Physical Societys prestigious Enrico Fermi Prize. Gianotti has been involved with many important experiments at CERN over the years, but she is no doubt best known for her work as project leader of one of the two teams at CERN which undertook the search for the Higgs boson, beginning in 2009. The team she led in preparing, running, and analyzing the experiment on the Large Hadron Collider comprised some 3000 physicists from thirty-eight different countries. In July of 2012, it fell to Gianotti to make the announcement to the world that the Higgs boson had indeed been detected. In 2016, she began a five-year term as Director-General of CERN.

Greider was born in San Diego, California, and raised mostly in Davis (where her father was a physics professor). She took her bachelors degree in biology in 1983 from University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara. During this period, she spent time at the University of Gttingen in Germany, where as an undergraduate she already made important discoveries. Greider obtained her Ph.D. in molecular biology in 1987 from University of CaliforniaBerkeley, where she worked under Elizabeth Blackburn (see above on this list). When she joined Blackburns laboratory for her doctoral work in April of 1984, Greider focused on the search for the enzyme believed to be implicated in adding new nucleotide bases to the ends of chromosomes to replace ones lost during DNA replication. Working with the fresh-water protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila as a model organism, Greider obtained the first results indicating that the enzyme now known as telomerase might be the molecule they were seeking on Christmas Day of 1984.

After six months of additional experimenting for the sake of verification, Greider and Blackburn published their ground-breaking paper on telomere terminal transferase (as they originally styled the molecule) in December of 1985. Many years later in 2009, the grad student and her advisor shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (along with Jack W. Szostak, who had been working along similar lines independently). After completing her dissertation, Greider worked at the world-renowned Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island. During her time at CSHL, she worked extensively on the connection between telomeres and longevity in multicelluar aninmals, using so-called telomerase knockout mice (mice genetically altered not to produce telomerase) as her model organism. She also became involved in efforts to develop new technologies based on her discoveries, notably by joining the Scientific Advisory Board of Geron Corporation. Since 2014, Greider has been Bloomberg Distinguished Professor and Daniel Nathans Professor and Director of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Johns Hopkins University, as well as heading up the Greider Lab there.

Hau was born in the small city of Velje in Denmark. She received her bachelors, masters, and Ph.D. degrees in physics all from the University of Aarhus. While working on her dissertation (on using silicon crystals as electrical conductors), she did research for seven months at CERN near Geneva. After graduating in 1991, she joined the Rowlands Institute for Science in Cambridge, Massachusetts, as a scientific staff member. Both at the Rowlands and after moving to Harvard in 1999 on a two-year fellowship (at the end of which she was awarded tenure), Hau began working on a pair of exotic phenomena: Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC), which occur in certain materials at ultra-low temperatures (~2 K), giving rise to unusual properties such as superfluidity; and slow light, in which the group velocity of photons interacting with a medium may be reduced far below the familiar value c the speed of light in a vacuum. Haus original application to the National Science Foundation (NSF) to fund her work on BEC was rejected on the grounds that her background was in theoretical physics and she did not have the experience to do such difficult experimental work.

Nothing daunted, she plunged ahead, gained alternative funding, and became one of the first researchers in the world to create a so-called pure BEC from a highly dilute gas (as opposed to helium-4, which is a liquid). However, she is best known for her pathbreaking work on slow light. In 1999, she and her team at Harvard used a BEC to slow a beam of light down to seventeen meters per second. Two years later, they succeeded in stopping light in its tracks. In her more recent work, Hau has been exploring novel interactions between ultracold atoms, slow light, and nanoscale systems. Her new work is thought to have great potential to revolutionize a number of different fields, from energy (photovoltaic cells, synthetic biofuels) to advanced forms of astronomical instrumentation to quantum computing. Hau is currently the Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics and of Applied Physics at Harvard University.

Jablonka (ne Tavori) was born in Poland. With her family, she emigrated to Israel in 1957. She received her bachelors degree in biology in 1976 and her masters degree in microbiology in 1980, both from Ben-Gurion University. Her masters thesis won Israels Landau Prize for outstanding masters of science work. In 1988, she earned her Ph.D. in Genetics from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, where she worked under the supervision of Howard Cedar. Her dissertation won her nations Marcus Prize for outstanding Ph.D. work. While a Ph.D. student, Jablonka served as an Assistant Professor at Ben-Gurion University, teaching courses on genetics, microbiology, and biochemistry. Both before and after obtaining her PhD, she had a series of research assistantships and teaching fellowships, notably at the Van Leer Institute in Jerusalem, the Medical Research Councils Mammalian Development Unit in London, and the Edelstein Center for the History and Philosophy of Science, Technology, and Medicine at the Hebrew University.

After teaching for several years in the Biology Department at Tel Aviv University, Jablonka moved to the Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas there, where she is currently a Professor and lectures mainly on the history and philosophical foundations of biology. In the years since, she has had numerous visiting professorships, including at Bielefeld University in Germany and University of CaliforniaBerkeley in the US. Jablonka is mainly known for her pathbreaking work on the integration of epigenetics (AKA Lamarckian inheritance) and evolutionary theory. She is a major contributor to what has come to be called the the extended evolutionary synthesis (EES). The author or co-author of more than fifty peer-reviewed papers, Jablonka has co-authored three influential textbooks: (with Marion J. Lamb) Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension (Oxford University Press, 1995); (also with Lamb) Evolution in Four Dimensions: Genetic, Epigenetic, Behavioral, and Symbolic Variation in the History of Life, 2nd ed. (MIT Press, 2005); and (with Eytan Avital) Animal Traditions: Behavioural Inheritance in Evolution (Cambridge University Press, 2000).

Al-Kharafi was born in Kuwait. She received her bachelors of science degree in 1967 from Ain Shams University in Cairo. She then received her masters degree in 1972 and her Ph.D. in 1975, both from Kuwait University. While still in graduate school, she helped organize the new Corrosion and Electrochemistry Research Laboratory at Kuwait University. After graduating, she taught in the same universitys Department of Chemistry from 1975 until 1981, where she became department Chair in 1984 and a full Professor of Chemistry in 1987. From 1986 until 1989, she served as Dean of the Faculty of Science. In 1993, she was appointed Rector (an office later known as President) of Kuwait University, to help reconstruct the university in the aftermath of the trauma of the First Gulf War (19901991). The first woman to lead a major university in the Middle East, al-Kharafi remained in the post of President until 2002.

In her scientific work, al-Kharafi was primarily engaged in the study of corrosion in various technological systems, including engine cooling systems, distillation units for crude oil, and high temperature geothermal brines. She also worked on the electrochemical behavior of a wide variety of metals and metal alloys, from aluminum to vanadium to cadmium to low-carbon steel. Moreover, she collaborated in the discovery of a new class of molybdenum-based catalysts, which can be used to enhance the octane rating of gasoline without the use of undesirable benzene by-products. Al-Kharafi currently serves as a member of several boards of directors, including those of the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science and of the Kuwait-MIT Center for Natural Resources and the Environment. In addition, she is Vice-President of the World Academy of Sciences.

King was born in Evanston, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. She received her bachelors degree in mathematics in 1966 from Carlteon College, and her Ph.D. in genetics in 1973 from University of CaliforniaBerkeley, where she worked under Allan Wilson. Kings dissertation consisted of a comparative protein analysis of humans and chimpanzees, on the basis of which she was the first researcher to determine that the two species share the vast majority of their genes in common. (Her original figure of 99% has been revised downward only slightly over the years to around 97%.) After a post-doc at University of CaliforniaSan Francisco, King joined the University of CaliforniaBerkeley faculty as a professor of genetics and epidemiology, a position she held from 1976 until 1995, when she moved to the University of Washington. In 1990, while still at Berkeley, she discovered that a single gene on chromosome seventeen (later called BRCA-1) plays an important role in many types of breast cancer.

Not only did Kings discovery lead to genetic tests that have enabled women with a family history of breast cancer to obtain more complete information about their own prospects for coming down with the disease, the techniques she developed in the isolation of BRCA-1 have also proven extremely useful to countless other researchers working on a host of other genetic illnesses. In the intervening years, King has branched out considerably, working on the genetics of other conditions, such as deafness, but also on projects such as using genetics to help identify the remains of those killed in civil conflicts in Argentina, El Salvador, and elsewhere, as well as to reconstruct prehistoric human migration patterns. A member of the National Academy of Sciences since 2005, and recipient of the Gruber Foundation Genetics Prize (2004), the Lasker Award (2014), and honorary doctorates too numerous to mention, King is currently the American Cancer Society Research Professor at the University of Washington.

Klein was born in Wilmington, Delaware. She obtained her bachelors degree in metallurgy in 1973 and her Ph.D. in ceramics in 1977, both from the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at MIT. Upon graduating in 1977, she joined the School of Engineering at Rutgers University, receiving tenure there in 1981 (the first woman to do so). She has been a visiting scientist at Sandia National Laboratory in Albuquerque, New Mexico, at the University of Grenoble in France, and at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel. Kleins field of scientific expertise lies in the sol-gel process, a method for producing solid materials such as glasses, ceramics, and organic-inorganic hybrid compounds from small molecules. Sol-gel processing methods refined by her have been applied to the development of a host of new devices, including ceramic membranes, solid electrolytes, fuel cell components, and planar waveguides.

Kleins best-known scientific contribution is probably her work on electrochromic window coatings. These are ceramic coatings that can be lightened or darkened through the use of a manually controlled dimmer attached to a battery. Reflecting away heat while still transmitting light in summer, as well as permitting solar heating in winter, such coatings are more versatile and efficient than traditional blinds and tintings, thus saving on heating and cooling costs. Klein is currently Distinguished Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at Rutgers University, as well as Graduate Director of the university, President of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP) there, and co-editor of the Journal of the American Ceramics Society.

Klinman was born in Philadelphia. She took her bachelors degree in 1962 and her Ph.D. in 1966, both from the University of Pennsylvania. She did post-doctoral research at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, where she worked with David H. Samuel, and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Philadelphia, where she worked with Irwin Rose. Klinman stayed on as a permanent scientific staff member of the Institute for Cancer Research, where she worked for many years, before moving to University of CaliforniaBerkeley in 1978. Klinmans scientific career has been devoted to the study of enzyme catalysis. In her early work, she developed kinetic isotope effects for use as an experimental probe for studying the extremely rapid individual steps involved in enzyme action. In 1990, while working with a particular copper-containing amine oxidase present in bovine blood plasma, her team discovered the presence of the topaquinone (TPQ) molecule at the enzymes active site, thus demonstrating the existence of a new class of enzymes (quinoenzymes) that require protein-derived cofactors for proper functioning.

Klinmans pathbreaking work on quinoenzymes has opened up a whole new field of study with significant theoretical and therapeutic implications. Her most recent work focuses on the role of quantum mechanical tunneling in enzyme-catalyzed hydrogen activation reactions a phenomenon she studies with new technological probes also developed by her team. In 2012, Klinman was awarded the National Medal of Science, while in 2015, she received the Mildred Cohn Award in Biological Chemistry from the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Klinman is currently Professor of the Graduate School and Chancellors Professor at University of CaliforniaBerkeley, where she leads the Klinman Lab in the College of Chemistry.

Liskov (ne Huberman) was born in Los Angeles, California, but grew up in the San Francisco area. She earned her bachelors degree in mathematics (with a minor in physics) in 1961 from University of CaliforniaBerkeley. She applied to the Mathematics Department at Princeton University for graduate school, but they were still not accepting female graduate students at the time. She was accepted by Berkeley, but Liskov chose instead to go to work for the Mitre Corporation, a not-for-profit, research-and-development government contractor based in the Boston area. It was at Mitre that Liskov became interested in the still-infant field of computer programming. After a year, she moved to Harvard, where she worked on the problem of automated natural language translation. After a time, she decided to go back to school, and earned her Ph.D. in computer science from Stanford University in 1968 one of the first women anywhere to earn a doctorate in that field. At Stanford, Liskov worked closely with the artificial intelligence (AI) pioneer, John McCarthy; her dissertation was titled A Program to Play Chess Endgames. Upon graduation, she returned to Mitre, where she worked for many years as a member of their permanent research staff.

Among Liskovs many achievements in the fields of computer science and engineering are the following: the Venus operating systems (a low-cost, interactive time-sharing system); implementation of the CLU programming language and its extension, Argus (the first high-level language to support distributed programs, employing the technique of promise pipelining); and Thor (an object-oriented database system). She is also known for the eponymous Liskov Substitution Principle, an important logical/mathematical procedure in the implementation of any object-oriented programming system. In 2004, Liskov received the John von Neumann Medal bestowed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), while in 2008 she won the Alan M. Turing Award bestowed by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) two of the highest honors in her field. Liskov is currently Institute Professor at MIT, as well as Ford Professor of Engineering in MITs Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department in the School of Engineering.

Luu (ne Luu Le Hang) was born in Saigon, in what is now the Socialist Republic of Vietnam but was at the time the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). In April of 1975, the 11-year-old Luu fled South Vietnam with her family. After some time first in a refugee camp, then with relatives living in Paducah, Kentucky, the family finally settled in Ventura, California, where Luu attended high school. She obtained a bachelors degree in physics in 1984 from Stanford University. After some time at University of CaliforniaBerkeley, she moved to MIT, where she received her Ph.D. in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Science in 1990. After several post-docs, Luu taught at Harvard and at Leiden University in the Netherlands, before returning to MIT, where she is currently a technical staff member in the Active Optical Systems Group at Lincoln Laboratory.

Mayer was born in Wausau, Wisconsin. She took her bachelors degree in symbolic systems in 1997 and her masters degree in computer science in 1999, both from Stanford University. For both degrees, she specialized in artificial intelligence (AI), including developing a travel advice software system with a natural language user interface. Upon graduation, Mayer interned at SRI International in Menlo Park, California, and at UBS Financials research lab based in Zurich, Switzerland. Next, she turned down an offer to teach at Carnegie Mellon University in order to join the then-new Google company as employee number twenty. Mayer was the companys first female engineer. She started out writing code, as well as supervising small teams tasked with the design and development of Googles search offerings. Mayer holds several patents in artificial intelligence and interface design. Moving quickly into management, Mayer placed her own personal stamp on the company, especially as the person mainly responsible for the elegant, minimalist look of Googles home page, with a single search bar centered on the page surrounded by white space. From there, she went on to oversee the launch and development of many of Googles iconic products, overseeing the development of a host of new AI-based initiatives, including Google AdWords, Google Search, Google Images, Google Maps, Google Product Search, Google Toolbar, iGoogle, and Gmail, among others.

In 2005, Mayer was named Vice President of Search Products and User Experience at Goggle. In 2011, she spearheaded Googles $125 million acquisition of the survey site, Zagat, to bolster Google Maps. During her years at Google, Mayer also frequently functioned as one of the companys most prominent spokespersons. In 2012, she was appointed President and CEO of Yahoo! However, as a result of an ultimately unsuccessful $1+ billion acquisition of Tumblr undertaken to buoy the companys sagging fortunes, as well as other controversial cost-saving and performance-enhancing measures, she became unpopular with the companys rank-and-file. Mayer resigned from Yahoo! in June of 2017, in conjunction with the companys sale to Verizon Communications. Mayer, who currently resides in San Francisco, has a net worth estimated to be around $540 million.

Miller was home-schooled in the small town of Niskayuna, near Schenectady in upstate New York. She competed on the US team at the 45th International Mathematical Olympiad in 2004 in Athens, Greece, where she won a gold medal a first ever for an American woman. She received her bachelors degree summa cum laude in mathematics in 2008 from Harvard University, where while still a undergraduate she published two papers on modular forms in number theory, and a third paper giving the best known upper bounds on superpatterns in the theory of permutation patterns. While at Harvard, she also won the Elizabeth Lowell Putnam Prize for three years running (2005 2007), equaling a record previously set by Ioana Dumitriu. Her senior thesis, Explicit Class Field Theory in Function Fields: Gross-Stark Units and Drinfeld Modules, won the Hoopes Prize. Following her bachelors degree, Miller attended Cambridge University in England for a year on a Churchill Scholarship.

Miller earned her Ph.D. in 2014 from Princeton University, where she worked under the supervision of Fields Medalist, Manjul Bhargava. Her dissertation was titled, Counting Simple Knots via Arithmetic Invariants. Knot theory is a sub-discipline of topology with potentially important applications in quantum field theory, condensed-matter theory, and other areas of theoretical physics. After receiving her PhD, Miller returned to Harvard where she is currently a Benjamin Peirce and NSF Postdoctoral Fellow. She continues to work on algebraic number theory, arithmetic invariant theory, and their connections with classical knot invariants.

Morel was born in Issy-les-Moulineaux, a southeastern suburb of Paris. She completed her undergraduate work at the cole Normale Suprieure, and earned her Ph.D. in 2005 at the Universit de Paris-Sud XI under the direction of Grard Laumon. Her dissertation, titled Complexes dintersection des compactifications de Baily-Borel - le cas des groupes unitaires sur Q [Intersection Complexes of Baily-Borel Compactifications The Case of Unitary Groups Over Q], relates to a problem in the Langlands Program, an ambitious group of conjectures which seeks to unite various fields of mathematics such as algebraic number theory, algebraic geometry, and representation theory (a generalization of group theory) into a sort of Grand Unified Theory of mathematics.

After completing her PhD, Morel spent three years (from 2006 until 2009) at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, in the US. In 2009, she accepted a teaching position at Harvard University. In 2012, Morel moved to Princeton University, where she is currently a Professor of Mathematics. Since moving to Princeton, she has also been the beneficiary of two years additional affiliation with the IAS (2010 2011; 2012 2013). Moreover, between 2006 and 2011, Morel was a Clay Research Fellow under the auspices of the Clay Mathematics Institute (CMI) in Peterborough, New Hampshire. Morel continues to do research and publish on the Langlands Program.

Moser was born in Fosnavg, a small town on one of the westernmost islands off the coast of Norway. She attended the University of Oslo, where she began to study the link between brain and behavior in the laboratory of Terje Sagvolden. It was also at this time that she met her future husband and close scientific collaborator, Edvard I. Moser (the couple married in 1985). She received her undergraduate degree in general sciences with a special emphasis on neurobiology in 1983. For her masters degree, she worked in the laboratory of Per Andersen, graduating in psychology and neurobiology in 1990. For her PhD, Moser continued working in the Andersen lab, where she now focused on the the role of the hippocampus and associated neural structures in learning. During this time, she also did a stint in the lab of Richard G. Morris at the University of Edinburgh. It was Morris who had originally conceived of the water maze a specialized device for studying the process of learning in rats which Moser adapted for her own work.

Moser received her doctorate in neurophysiology in 1995, after which she occupied a short post-doctoral visiting fellowship at University College London to study with the renowned neuroscientist, John OKeefe. In 1996, she was appointed Associate Professor of Biological Psychology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Trondheim, where she advanced to the rank of full Professor in 2000. In 2002, the group she spearheaded at NTNU became known as the Centre for the Biology of Memory. Moser also helped establish the Institute for Systems Neuroscience at NTNU in 2007. She is currently Head of Department at NTNUs Centre for Neural Computation. In 2005, Moser and her team discovered what are now known as grid cells in the entorhinal cortex, a structure within the medial temporal lobe connecting the neocortex to the hippocampus. Basically, they demonstrated that when a rat learns to navigate a maze, an isomorphic pattern of neural circuitry is established in this structure. For this pathbreaking work, Moser shared in the 2014 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (along with her husband and John OKeefe).

Nsslein-Volhard (ne Volhard) was born near Magdeburg, Germany. She studied general science at the Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universitt in Frankfurt, before moving to Eberhard-Karls-Universitt in Tbingen, where she received her undergraduate degree in biochemistry in 1968. For her graduate work, she remained in Tbingen; however, she now began attending the lectures of Gerhard Schramm, Heinz Schaller, and other eminent scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Virus Research (later rechristened the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology). She obtained her Ph.D. in genetics there in 1973 under the supervision of Schaller. For her dissertation, she studied the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA molecule in Escherichia coli. Techniques she developed at this time for purifying RNA polymerase opened up new avenues for genetics research extending in many different directions.

After graduating, Nsslein-Volhard received a post-doc to work with world-renowned developmental biologist Walter Gehring at the University of Basel in Switzerland. It was in Gehrings laboratory that she undertook the painstaking work of genetic screening of mutations involving the bicaudal gene in the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) on which her reputation is based. Her landmark 1977 paper, Genetic analysis of pattern-formation in the embryo of Drosophila melanogaster. turned the field of developmental biology on its ear. Scientists were now able to intervene in the development of the vertebrate embryo in a controlled way, allowing them for the first time to study the mechanistic details of embryonic development. In 1978, Nsslein-Volhard accepted a position at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) in Heidelberg, where she continued her groundbreaking work on Drosophila embryos, making many additional advances. In 1981, she moved to the Friedrich Miescher Laboratory, back in Tbingen, before being appointed in 1986 Director of the newly renamed Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, where she remains until today as an emerita researcher. In 1995, Nsslein-Volhard shared in the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (with Edward B. Lewis and Eric Wieschaus) for her work on the genetic control of early embryonic development.

Perlman was born in Portsmouth, Virginia, and grew up near Asbury Park, New Jersey. She entered MIT to study mathematics for her bachelors degree, but ended up debugging programs for the LOGO group within the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (as it was then known) to earn some money. LOGO was an early educational robotics language. It was while working for this group under the supervision of Seymour Papert that Perlman was inspired to design a child-friendly version of LOGO called TORTIS (Toddlers Own Recursive Turtle Interpreter System), which was an interactive robot with a special keyboard that preschoolers could use to learn the basics of programming. Historians have acclaimed TORTIS as a pioneering example of tangible computing, as the field has come to be known. Perlman has stated that she failed to follow up on TORTIS for fear that the involvement of small children might prevent her from being taken seriously as a scientist. After earning her bachelors and masters degrees in mathematics from MIT, she obtained her Ph.D. in computer science in 1988 from the same institution.

After graduating, she went to work for Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), where she made most of the conceptual innovations for which she is famous. These include protocols she designed in the 1980s (IS-IS), which continue to be used for routing Internet Protocol (IP) to this day. She is perhaps best known for inventing the Spanning Tree Algorithm, which transformed Ethernet from its originally limited scalability into a protocol capable of handling large clouds. She later improved on this work by designing TRILL (TRansparent Interconnection of Lots of Links), which allows Ethernet to make optimal use of bandwidth. On account of these and other fundamental contributions to digital network infrastructure, she is often referred to as the Mother of the Internet a sobriquet she modestly rejects. Perlman has written two influential college textbooks her 1992 classic, Interconnections: Bridges, Routers, Switches, and Internetworking Protocols, brought simplifying clarity to a confused field and holds over one hundred patents. She is currently employed by Dell EMC.

Porco was born in the Bronx, in New York City. She earned her bachelors degree in 1974 from State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook. She received her Ph.D. in 1983 in the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences from California Institute of Technology (CalTech), in Pasadena, California, where she wrote her dissertation on the discoveries made by NASAs unmanned spacecraft, Voyagers 1 and 2, while exploring the rings of Saturn. Immediately upon graduation, Porco joined the University of Arizonas Department of Planetary Sciences, and was appointed a member of the Voyager Imaging Team. In 1986, she was an active member of the team managing Voyager 2s encounter with Uranus, and in 1989, she headed up the Rings Working Group within the Imaging Team participating in Voyager 2s encounter with Neptune. Among the many Voyager-based discoveries attributable to Porco and her team are eccentric spokes among the rings of Saturn, the Uranian moons Cordelia and Ophelia, which shepherd Uranuss rings, and the Neptunian moon Galatea, which performs a similar function for Neptunes ring arcs.

In 1990, Porco was named leader of the Imaging Team for the Cassini space probe, which was inserted into orbit around Saturn and deployed the Huygens probe into the upper atmosphere of Saturns largest moon, Titan. During this mission, Porcos team discovered several new moons in orbit around Saturn, as well as new features of its ring system, a hydrocarbon lake on Titan, and water geysers on the moon Enceladus. In 1993, Porco coauthored a paper predicting that acoustic oscillations within Saturn are responsible for creating particular features in its ring system. This prediction was confirmed in 2013 by data collected by the Cassini spacecraft, proving that planetary rings can be used as a sort of seismograph to record oscillatory motions within a host planet. Most recently, Porco served as a member of the Imaging Team for the recent Pluto flyby mission. The author of more than 110 scientific papers, and one of the worlds experts on planetary ring formations, Porco is currently Senior Research Scientist at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado.

Randall was born in Queens, in New York City. She received her bachelors degree in physics from Harvard University in 1983, and her Ph.D. in theoretical particle physics in 1987 from the same university, where Howard Georgi served as her dissertation advisor. After graduating, Randall held a postdoctoral fellowship at University of CaliforniaBerkeley and at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory until 1990, after which she returned to Harvard for a year as a member of the exclusive Junior Fellows program there. In 1991, she accepted a position as Assistant Professor of Physics at MIT, where she was promoted to Associate Professor in 1995. In 1998, Randall moved to the Princeton Department of Physics as a full Professor. After another brief stint at MIT, in 2001 she joined the Harvard Physics Department, which has been her home base ever since. She is currently the Frank B. Baird, Jr., Professor of Science in the Physics Department at Harvard, where she is also a member of the Center for the Fundamental Laws of Nature/High Energy Theory Group.

Randall works on elementary particles and fundamental forces, and has studied a wide variety of theories and models, the most recent of which involve extra dimensions of space. Moreover, she has made major contributions to such areas of theoretical physics as the standard model, the Higgs boson, supersymmetry, grand unified theories (GUTs), general relativity, cosmological inflation, baryogenesis, and dark matter. With more than 160 scientific papers to her credit, Randall is also the author of four books aimed at a popular audience, including most recently Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs: The Astounding Interconnectedness of the Universe (Ecco, 2015). In addition, she wrote the libretto for an opera, Hypermusic Prologue by Hctor Parra, based on an earlier book of hers, Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions (Ecco, 2005). Elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2008, for a time in the early 2000s Randall was one of the worlds most-cited active theoretical physicists.

Raymo was born in Los Angeles. She received her bachelors degree in geology in 1982 from Brown University. She went on to earn two masters degrees, in 1985 and 1988, from Columbia Universitys Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, as well as a Ph.D. in 1989 from the same institution. After graduating, she spent a year at the University of Melbourne in Australia. Between 1991 and 2011, Raymo taught at University of CaliforniaBerkeley (briefly), at MIT, and at Boston University. For a number of years during this period, she was also an Adjunct Scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. In 2011, she returned to the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, where she is currently Lamont Research Professor and Director of the Lamont-Doherty Core Repository.

Over the course of her career, Raymo has participated in or led field expeditions to Tibet, Patagonia, South Africa, southern India, and Western Australia, among other places. Her particular area of interest lies in understanding the causal factors responsible for the earths climate variation over geological time. This involves many different factors, including variations in the earths orbit (and thus distance from the sun), variations in solar activity, plate tectonics, and the evolution of life (and thus its contribution to the physics and the chemical composition of the land surface, the oceans, and the atmosphere). One of Raymos signal contributions to the field is her Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis (developed with William Ruddiman and Philip Froehlich). This hypothesis states that during mountain formation (tectonic uplift), such as on the Tibetan plateau, many minerals that become exposed at the surface interact with atmospheric CO2 in a process of chemical weathering, leading to a net loss of carbon to the atmosphere and a lowering of the earths mean surface temperature. The hypothesis has proved to be quite complicated in its details, and thus difficult to test. It is still being hotly debated. In 2014, Raymo received two of the most prestigious awards in her field: the Milutin Milankovic Medal of the European Geosciences Union and the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London. In 2016, she was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

Seager was born in Toronto, Ontario, in Canada. She earned her bachelors degree in mathematics and physics in 1994 from the University of Toronto. For he graduate work, she moved to Harvard University, where she received her Ph.D. in astronomy in 1999. For her dissertation, Extrasolar Planets under Strong Stellar Irradiation, she worked on developing theoretical models of the atmospheres of extrasolar planets, or exoplanets, under the direction of Dimitar Sasselov. After graduating, she was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow for three years at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. She also held a position as a Senior Research Staff member at the Carnegie Institution of Washington through 2006. In 2007, Seager joined MIT as a Associate Professor; she became a full Professor there in 2010. She is currently the Class of 1941 Professor of Physics and Planetary Science at MIT.

Seager has been at the forefront of efforts to discover and study exoplanets, particularly by analyzing their atmospheres through spectroscopic analysis. The difficulty this presents lies in the extreme faintness of the light reflected by extrasolar planets in relation to the light from the nearby stars they orbit. Seager has worked on several NASA missions past, ongoing, and in the planning stages. A future mission she is currently involved in developing will deploy a novel mechanical device to occlude starlight in order to make the closer study of exoplanets feasible. (See the video clip below for details.) Named a MacArthur Fellow in 2013, Seager is also known for the Seager Equation, a revised version of the famous Drake Equation, which provided a formula for estimating the probability of the existence of extraterrestrial life in the universe. She has co-edited (with L. Drake Deming) the volume of conference proceedings, Scientific Frontiers in Research on Extrasolar Planets (Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2003), and authored two popular college textbooks: Exoplanets (University of Arizona Press, 2010) and Exoplanet Atmospheres: Physical Processes (Princeton UP, 2010).

Shotwell was born in Libertyville, Illinois. She received her bachelor of science degree from Northwestern University, and her masters degree in in mechanical engineering and applied mathematics from the same university. She is currently the President and Chief Operating Officer of SpaceX, a private corporation which provides spacecraft- and rocket-manufacturing and -launching services to both government and private-sector customers. SpaceX, founded in 2002 by the companys current CEO, Elon Musk, was the first private company to send a liquid-fuel rocket into earth orbit (2008) and to reach the International Space Station (2012), as well as the first group, period, to effect a propelled vertical landing of a rocket booster (2015) and to develop an integrated, vertical take-off and landing, reusable rocket system (2017).

Shotwell has been with SpaceX from the companys inception in 2002, when she was brought on board as Vice President of Business Development. Before joining SpaceX, she had worked briefly for the Chrysler Corporation, and, from 1988 until 1998, for the Aerospace Corporation, a federally funded, non-profit, research and development center. During this time, she wrote dozens of technical papers developing new concepts and analyzing operational risks in many different fields of space flight, from small spacecraft design to space shuttle integration, and from infrared signature target modeling to thermal analysis in relation to reentry vehicles. Between 1998 and 2002, she served as Director of the space systems division of Microcosm, Inc. During her early years at SpaceX, Shotwell oversaw the development of the highly successful Falcon family of launch vehicles, culminating in a commercial resupply services contract with the International Space Station. The first resupply mission was launched atop a fully reusable Falcon-9 rocket in 2012. She is currently overseeing ambitious plans to send a manned spacecraft into earth orbit next year (2018), with the eventual goal of a manned mission to Mars by 2024.

Silverstein earned her bachelors degree in physics in 1992 from Harvard University, and her Ph.D. in physics in 1996 from Princeton University, where she studied with Ed Witten. After a post-doc at Rutgers University, in 1997 she was appointed an Assistant Professor at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) now known as the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory which is a federally owned particle accelerator laboratory operated by Stanford University. During this early stage of her career, Silverstein was also appointed a MacArthur Fellow and a Member of the Institute for Advanced Study, both in 1999. In 2001, she was promoted to Associate Professor status at SLAC, where she became a full Professor in 2006. During a sabbatical year (2009 2010), she was a Visiting Professor at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics and in the Department of Physics in University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara.

Silversteins work focuses on the nature of the fundamental laws of physics, as well as the origin and early evolution of the universe. She has made important theoretical contributions to a number of different areas of current research, including the cosmic microwave background radiation, cosmic inflation, dark energy, supersymmetry breaking, the dynamics of interacting scalar fields, the unification of string vacua, and the origin of the hierarchical structure of the universe from the Planck scale to the cosmological horizon. Silverstein is perhaps best known for her work (with Allan Adams and Joseph Polchinski) on closed string tachyon condensation, resulting in the resolution of certain spacetime singularities. She is currently Professor of Physics at SLAC. Sycara has also been very active professionally, serving

Solomon was born in Chicago, Illinois. She received her bachelors degree in chemistry in 1977 from the Illinois Institute of Technology and her Ph.D. in chemistry in 1981 from University of CaliforniaBerkeley. Upon graduating, Solomon went to work for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in Boulder, Colorado, where she spent the bulk of her career. There, she worked in the Aeronomy Laboratory, the Earth System Research Laboratory, and at the time of her retirement in 2011, was head of the Chemistry and Climate Processes Group. That year, she joined MITs Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences. It was while working for NOAA during the 1980s that Solomon did the work upon which her reputation primarily rests. In the 1970s, it had been observed that the ozone layer on the stratosphere which screens deadly cosmic radiation and upon which all life on earth depends was becoming depleted. The problem was especially acute over Antarctica, giving rise to the phrase ozone hole.

Solomon and her team at NOAA began to study the problem and came up with what proved to be the correct causal mechanism: the interaction of atmospheric ozone with man-made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which were present at that time in a wide variety of refrigerants and aerosol propellants. To test the theory, Solomon led expeditions to Antarctica in 1986 and 1987, personally carrying out observations showing that the abundance of chlorine compounds there is about one hundred times greater than expected, thus confirming the CFC theory of the etiology of the Antarctic ozone hole. As a result of Solomons work (as well as that of James Lovelock and others), several international treaties were signed in the late 1980s phasing out the production and commercial use of CFCs. By the early twenty-first century, it had become clear that the strategy was working stratospheric ozone depletion was being reversed. Solomon, who is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1999, is currently the Ellen Swallow Richards Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Science at MIT.

Soto received her bachelors degree in biology from the Colegio Padre Elizalde in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and her MD from the University of Buenos Aires. After obtaining her MD, Soto took a research position with the Institut National de la Sant et de la Recherche Mdicale (INSERM), Unit 34, in Lyon. It was there, in 1976, that Soto together with her lifelong scientific collaborator and partner, Carlos Sonnenschein first became convinced that the received view of the endocrine regulation of cell proliferation was seriously flawed. In a nutshell, Soto and Sonnenschein argued that cell proliferation occurs, not as a result of direct endocrine (especially, sex hormone) stimulation, but rather by means of a default homeodynamic process that is foundational to all cellular life. According to their theory, the endocrine system exercises only negative feedback control by blocking the action of blood plasma borne inhibitors. The implications of their ideas, which have received experimental confirmation but remain controversial, are wide-ranging.

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This article is about the medical therapy. For the cell type, see Stem cell.

Use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition

Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.[1] As of 2016[update], the only established therapy using stem cells is hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.[2] This usually takes the form of a bone-marrow transplantation, but the cells can also be derived from umbilical cord blood. Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells as well as to apply stem-cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases[3] and conditions such as diabetes and heart disease.

Stem-cell therapy has become controversial following developments such as the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and their use of techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells. This controversy is often related to abortion politics and to human cloning. Additionally, efforts to market treatments based on transplant of stored umbilical cord blood have been controversial.

For over 30 years, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been used to treat people with conditions such as leukaemia and lymphoma; this is the only widely practiced form of stem-cell therapy.[4][5][6] During chemotherapy, most growing cells are killed by the cytotoxic agents. These agents, however, cannot discriminate between the leukaemia or neoplastic cells, and the hematopoietic stem cells within the bone marrow. This is the side effect of conventional chemotherapy strategies that the stem-cell transplant attempts to reverse; a donor's healthy bone marrow reintroduces functional stem cells to replace the cells lost in the host's body during treatment. The transplanted cells also generate an immune response that helps to kill off the cancer cells; this process can go too far, however, leading to graft vs host disease, the most serious side effect of this treatment.[7]

Another stem-cell therapy, called Prochymal, was conditionally approved in Canada in 2012 for the management of acute graft-vs-host disease in children who are unresponsive to steroids.[8] It is an allogenic stem therapy based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from the bone marrow of adult donors. MSCs are purified from the marrow, cultured and packaged, with up to 10,000 doses derived from a single donor. The doses are stored frozen until needed.[9]

The FDA has approved five hematopoietic stem-cell products derived from umbilical-cord blood, for the treatment of blood and immunological diseases.[10]

In 2014, the European Medicines Agency recommended approval of limbal stem cells for people with severe limbal stem cell deficiency due to burns in the eye.[11]

Stem cells are being studied for a number of reasons. The molecules and exosomes released from stem cells are also being studied in an effort to make medications.[12] In addition to the functions of the cells themselves, paracrine soluble factors produced by stem cells, known as the stem cell secretome, have been found to be another mechanism by which stem cell-based therapies mediate their effects in degenerative, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases.[13]

To be used for research or treatment applications, large numbers of high-quality stem cells are needed. Thus, it is necessary to develop culture systems which produce pure populations of tissue-specific stem-cells in vitro without the loss of stem-cell potential. Two main approaches are taken for this purpose: two-dimensional and three-dimensional cell culture.[14]

Cell culture in two dimensions has been routinely performed in thousands of laboratories worldwide for the past four decades. In two-dimensional platforms, cells are typically exposed to a solid, rigid flat surface on the basal side and to liquid at the apicalsurface. Inhabiting such a two-dimensional rigid substrate requires a dramatic adaption for the surviving cells because they lack the extracellular matrix that is unique to each cell type and which may alter cell metabolism and reduce its functionality.[14]

Three-dimensional cell culture systems may create a biomimicking microenvironment for stem cells, resembling their native three-dimensional extracellular matrix (ECM). Advanced biomaterials have significantly contributed to three-dimensional cell culture systems in recent decades, and more unique and complex biomaterials have been proposed for improving stem-cell proliferation and controlled differentiation. Among them, nanostructured biomaterials are of particular interest because they have the advantage of a high surface-to-volume ratio, and they mimic the physical and biological features of natural ECM at the nanoscale.[14]

Research has been conducted on the effects of stem cells on animal models of brain degeneration, such as in Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease.[15][16][17] Preliminary studies related to multiple sclerosis have been conducted,[18][19][20] and a 2020 phase 2 trial found significantly improved outcomes for mesenchymal stem cell treated patients compared to those receiving a sham treatment.[21] In January 2021 the FDA approved the first clinical trial for an investigational stem cell therapy to restore lost brain cells in people with advanced Parkinsons disease.[22]

Healthy adult brains contain neural stem cells, which divide to maintain general stem-cell numbers, or become progenitor cells. In healthy adult laboratory animals, progenitor cells migrate within the brain and function primarily to maintain neuron populations for olfaction (the sense of smell). Pharmacological activation of endogenous neural stem cells has been reported to induce neuroprotection and behavioral recovery in adult rat models of neurological disorder.[23][24][25]

Stroke and traumatic brain injury lead to cell death, characterized by a loss of neurons and oligodendrocytes within the brain. Clinical and animal studies have been conducted into the use of stem cells in cases of spinal cord injury.[26][27][28][20]

A small-scale study on individuals 60 year or older with aging frailty showed, after intravenous treatment with MSCs from healthy young donors, showed significant improvements in physical performance measures.[29]

Stem cells are studied in people with severe heart disease.[30] The work by Bodo-Eckehard Strauer[31] was discredited by identifying hundreds of factual contradictions.[32] Among several clinical trials reporting that adult stem cell therapy is safe and effective, actual evidence of benefit has been reported from only a few studies.[33] Some preliminary clinical trials achieved only modest improvements in heart function following use of bone marrow stem cell therapy.[34][35]

Stem-cell therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction usually makes use of autologous bone-marrow stem cells, but other types of adult stem cells may be used, such as adipose-derived stem cells.[36]

Possible mechanisms of recovery include:[15]

In 2013, studies of autologous bone-marrow stem cells on ventricular function were found to contain "hundreds" of discrepancies.[37] Critics report that of 48 reports, just five underlying trials seemed to be used, and that in many cases whether they were randomized or merely observational accepter-versus-rejecter, was contradictory between reports of the same trial. One pair of reports of identical baseline characteristics and final results, was presented in two publications as, respectively, a 578-patient randomized trial and as a 391-subject observational study. Other reports required (impossible) negative standard deviations in subsets of people, or contained fractional subjects, negative NYHA classes. Overall, many more people were reported as having receiving stem cells in trials, than the number of stem cells processed in the hospital's laboratory during that time. A university investigation, closed in 2012 without reporting, was reopened in July 2013.[38]

In 2014, a meta-analysis on stem cell therapy using bone-marrow stem cells for heart disease revealed discrepancies in published clinical trial reports, whereby studies with a higher number of discrepancies showed an increase in effect sizes.[39] Another meta-analysis based on the intra-subject data of 12 randomized trials was unable to find any significant benefits of stem cell therapy on primary endpoints, such as major adverse events or increase in heart function measures, concluding there was no benefit.[40]

The TIME trial, which used a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial design, concluded that "bone marrow mononuclear cells administration did not improve recovery of LV function over 2 years" in people who had a myocardial infarction.[41] Accordingly, the BOOST-2 trial conducted in 10 medical centers in Germany and Norway reported that the trial result "does not support the use of nucleated BMCs in patients with STEMI and moderately reduced LVEF".[42] Furthermore, the trial also did not meet any other secondary MRI endpoints,[43] leading to a conclusion that intracoronary bone marrow stem cell therapy does not offer a functional or clinical benefit.[44]

The specificity of the human immune-cell repertoire is what allows the human body to defend itself from rapidly adapting antigens. However, the immune system is vulnerable to degradation upon the pathogenesis of disease, and because of the critical role that it plays in overall defense, its degradation is often fatal to the organism as a whole. Diseases of hematopoietic cells are diagnosed and classified via a subspecialty of pathology known as hematopathology. The specificity of the immune cells is what allows recognition of foreign antigens, causing further challenges in the treatment of immune disease. Identical matches between donor and recipient must be made for successful transplantation treatments, but matches are uncommon, even between first-degree relatives. Research using both hematopoietic adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells has provided insight into the possible mechanisms and methods of treatment for many of these ailments.[45]

Fully mature human red blood cells may be generated ex vivo by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are precursors of red blood cells. In this process, HSCs are grown together with stromal cells, creating an environment that mimics the conditions of bone marrow, the natural site of red-blood-cell growth. Erythropoietin, a growth factor, is added, coaxing the stem cells to complete terminal differentiation into red blood cells.[46] Further research into this technique should have potential benefits to gene therapy, blood transfusion, and topical medicine.

In 2004, scientists at King's College London discovered a way to cultivate a complete tooth in mice[47] and were able to grow bioengineered teeth stand-alone in the laboratory. Researchers are confident that the tooth regeneration technology can be used to grow live teeth in people.

In theory, stem cells taken from the patient could be coaxed in the lab turning into a tooth bud which, when implanted in the gums, will give rise to a new tooth, and would be expected to be grown in a time over three weeks.[48] It will fuse with the jawbone and release chemicals that encourage nerves and blood vessels to connect with it. The process is similar to what happens when humans grow their original adult teeth. Many challenges remain, however, before stem cells could be a choice for the replacement of missing teeth in the future.[49][50]

Heller has reported success in re-growing cochlea hair cells with the use of embryonic stem cells.[51]

In a 2019 review that looked at hearing regeneration and regenerative medicine, stem cell-derived otic progenitors have the potential to greatly improve hearing.[52]

Since 2003, researchers have successfully transplanted corneal stem cells into damaged eyes to restore vision. "Sheets of retinal cells used by the team are harvested from aborted fetuses, which some people find objectionable." When these sheets are transplanted over the damaged cornea, the stem cells stimulate renewed repair, eventually restore vision.[53] The latest such development was in June 2005, when researchers at the Queen Victoria Hospital of Sussex, England were able to restore the sight of forty people using the same technique. The group, led by Sheraz Daya, was able to successfully use adult stem cells obtained from the patient, a relative, or even a cadaver. Further rounds of trials are ongoing.[54]

People with Type 1 diabetes lose the function of insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreas.[55] In recent experiments, scientists have been able to coax embryonic stem cell to turn into beta cells in the lab. In theory if the beta cell is transplanted successfully, they will be able to replace malfunctioning ones in a diabetic patient.[56]

Use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from adult stem cells is under preliminary research for potential orthopedic applications in bone and muscle trauma, cartilage repair, osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc surgery, rotator cuff surgery, and musculoskeletal disorders, among others.[57] Other areas of orthopedic research for uses of MSCs include tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.[57]

Stem cells can also be used to stimulate the growth of human tissues. In an adult, wounded tissue is most often replaced by scar tissue, which is characterized in the skin by disorganized collagen structure, loss of hair follicles and irregular vascular structure. In the case of wounded fetal tissue, however, wounded tissue is replaced with normal tissue through the activity of stem cells.[58] A possible method for tissue regeneration in adults is to place adult stem cell "seeds" inside a tissue bed "soil" in a wound bed and allow the stem cells to stimulate differentiation in the tissue bed cells. This method elicits a regenerative response more similar to fetal wound-healing than adult scar tissue formation.[58] Researchers are still investigating different aspects of the "soil" tissue that are conducive to regeneration.[58] Because of the general healing capabilities of stem cells, they have gained interest for the treatment of cutaneous wounds, such as in skin cancer.[59]

Destruction of the immune system by the HIV is driven by the loss of CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues. Viral entry into CD4+ cells is mediated by the interaction with a cellular chemokine receptor, the most common of which are CCR5 and CXCR4. Because subsequent viral replication requires cellular gene expression processes, activated CD4+ cells are the primary targets of productive HIV infection.[60] Recently scientists have been investigating an alternative approach to treating HIV-1/AIDS, based on the creation of a disease-resistant immune system through transplantation of autologous, gene-modified (HIV-1-resistant) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (GM-HSPC).[61]

Stem cells are thought to mediate repair via five primary mechanisms: 1) providing an anti-inflammatory effect, 2) homing to damaged tissues and recruiting other cells, such as endothelial progenitor cells, that are necessary for tissue growth, 3) supporting tissue remodeling over scar formation, 4) inhibiting apoptosis, and 5) differentiating into bone, cartilage, tendon, and ligament tissue.[62][63]

To further enrich blood supply to the damaged areas, and consequently promote tissue regeneration, platelet-rich plasma could be used in conjunction with stem cell transplantation.[64][65] The efficacy of some stem cell populations may also be affected by the method of delivery; for instance, to regenerate bone, stem cells are often introduced in a scaffold where they produce the minerals necessary for generation of functional bone.[64][65][66][67]

Stem cells have also been shown to have a low immunogenicity due to the relatively low number of MHC molecules found on their surface. In addition, they have been found to secrete chemokines that alter the immune response and promote tolerance of the new tissue. This allows for allogeneic treatments to be performed without a high rejection risk.[68]

The ability to grow up functional adult tissues indefinitely in culture through Directed differentiation creates new opportunities for drug research. Researchers are able to grow up differentiated cell lines and then test new drugs on each cell type to examine possible interactions in vitro before performing in vivo studies. This is critical in the development of drugs for use in veterinary research because of the possibilities of species-specific interactions. The hope is that having these cell lines available for research use will reduce the need for research animals used because effects on human tissue in vitro will provide insight not normally known before the animal testing phase.[69]

Stem cells are being explored for use in conservation efforts. Spermatogonial stem cells have been harvested from a rat and placed into a mouse host and fully mature sperm were produced with the ability to produce viable offspring. Currently research is underway to find suitable hosts for the introduction of donor spermatogonial stem cells. If this becomes a viable option for conservationists, sperm can be produced from high genetic quality individuals who die before reaching sexual maturity, preserving a line that would otherwise be lost.[70]

Most stem cells intended for regenerative therapy are generally isolated either from the patient's bone marrow or from adipose tissue.[65][67] Mesenchymal stem cells can differentiate into the cells that make up bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, as well as muscle, neural and other progenitor tissues. They have been the main type of stem cells studied in the treatment of diseases affecting these tissues.[71][72] The number of stem cells transplanted into damaged tissue may alter the efficacy of treatment. Accordingly, stem cells derived from bone marrow aspirates, for instance, are cultured in specialized laboratories for expansion to millions of cells.[65][67] Although adipose-derived tissue also requires processing prior to use, the culturing methodology for adipose-derived stem cells is not as extensive as that for bone marrow-derived cells.[73] While it is thought that bone-marrow-derived stem cells are preferred for bone, cartilage, ligament, and tendon repair, others believe that the less challenging collection techniques and the multi-cellular microenvironment already present in adipose-derived stem cell fractions make the latter the preferred source for autologous transplantation.[64]

New sources of mesenchymal stem cells are being researched, including stem cells present in the skin and dermis which are of interest because of the ease at which they can be harvested with minimal risk to the animal.[74] Hematopoietic stem cells have also been discovered to be travelling in the blood stream and possess equal differentiating ability as other mesenchymal stem cells, again with a very non-invasive harvesting technique.[75]

There has been more recent interest in the use of extra embryonic mesenchymal stem cells. Research is underway to examine the differentiating capabilities of stem cells found in the umbilical cord, yolk sac and placenta of different animals. These stem cells are thought to have more differentiating ability than their adult counterparts, including the ability to more readily form tissues of endodermal and ectodermal origin.[68]

There is widespread controversy over the use of human embryonic stem cells. This controversy primarily targets the techniques used to derive new embryonic stem cell lines, which often requires the destruction of the blastocyst. Opposition to the use of human embryonic stem cells in research is often based on philosophical, moral, or religious objections.[76] There is other stem cell research that does not involve the destruction of a human embryo, and such research involves adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells.

On 23 January 2009, the US Food and Drug Administration gave clearance to Geron Corporation for the initiation of the first clinical trial of an embryonic stem-cell-based therapy on humans. The trial aimed to evaluate the drug GRNOPC1, embryonic stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, on people with acute spinal cord injury. The trial was discontinued in November 2011 so that the company could focus on therapies in the "current environment of capital scarcity and uncertain economic conditions".[77] In 2013 biotechnology and regenerative medicine company BioTime (AMEX:BTX) acquired Geron's stem cell assets in a stock transaction, with the aim of restarting the clinical trial.[78]

Scientists have reported that MSCs when transfused immediately within few hours post thawing may show reduced function or show decreased efficacy in treating diseases as compared to those MSCs which are in log phase of cell growth (fresh), so cryopreserved MSCs should be brought back into log phase of cell growth in invitro culture before administration. Re-culturing of MSCs will help in recovering from the shock the cells get during freezing and thawing. Various MSC clinical trials which used cryopreserved product immediately post thaw have failed as compared to those clinical trials which used fresh MSCs.[79]

Research has been conducted on horses, dogs, and cats can benefit the development of stem cell treatments in veterinary medicine and can target a wide range of injuries and diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke, tendon and ligament damage, osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis and muscular dystrophy both in large animals, as well as humans.[80][81][82][83] While investigation of cell-based therapeutics generally reflects human medical needs, the high degree of frequency and severity of certain injuries in racehorses has put veterinary medicine at the forefront of this novel regenerative approach.[84] Companion animals can serve as clinically relevant models that closely mimic human disease.[85][86]

Veterinary applications of stem cell therapy as a means of tissue regeneration have been largely shaped by research that began with the use of adult-derived mesenchymal stem cells to treat animals with injuries or defects affecting bone, cartilage, ligaments and/or tendons.[87][71][88] There are two main categories of stem cells used for treatments: allogeneic stem cells derived from a genetically different donor within the same species[67][89] and autologous mesenchymal stem cells, derived from the patient prior to use in various treatments.[64] A third category, xenogenic stem cells, or stem cells derived from different species, are used primarily for research purposes, especially for human treatments.[69]

Bone has a unique and well documented natural healing process that normally is sufficient to repair fractures and other common injuries. Misaligned breaks due to severe trauma, as well as treatments like tumor resections of bone cancer, are prone to improper healing if left to the natural process alone. Scaffolds composed of natural and artificial components are seeded with mesenchymal stem cells and placed in the defect. Within four weeks of placing the scaffold, newly formed bone begins to integrate with the old bone and within 32 weeks, full union is achieved.[90] Further studies are necessary to fully characterize the use of cell-based therapeutics for treatment of bone fractures.

Stem cells have been used to treat degenerative bone diseases. The normally recommended treatment for dogs that have LeggCalvePerthes disease is to remove the head of the femur after the degeneration has progressed. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells have been injected directly in to the head of the femur, with success not only in bone regeneration, but also in pain reduction.[90]

Autologous stem cell-based treatments for ligament injury, tendon injury, osteoarthritis, osteochondrosis, and sub-chondral bone cysts have been commercially available to practicing veterinarians to treat horses since 2003 in the United States and since 2006 in the United Kingdom. Autologous stem cell based treatments for tendon injury, ligament injury, and osteoarthritis in dogs have been available to veterinarians in the United States since 2005. Over 3000 privately owned horses and dogs have been treated with autologous adipose-derived stem cells. The efficacy of these treatments has been shown in double-blind clinical trials for dogs with osteoarthritis of the hip and elbow and horses with tendon damage.[91][92]

Race horses are especially prone to injuries of the tendon and ligaments. Conventional therapies are very unsuccessful in returning the horse to full functioning potential. Natural healing, guided by the conventional treatments, leads to the formation of fibrous scar tissue that reduces flexibility and full joint movement. Traditional treatments prevented a large number of horses from returning to full activity and also have a high incidence of re-injury due to the stiff nature of the scarred tendon. Introduction of both bone marrow and adipose derived stem cells, along with natural mechanical stimulus promoted the regeneration of tendon tissue. The natural movement promoted the alignment of the new fibers and tendocytes with the natural alignment found in uninjured tendons. Stem cell treatment not only allowed more horses to return to full duty and also greatly reduced the re-injury rate over a three-year period.[68]

The use of embryonic stem cells has also been applied to tendon repair. The embryonic stem cells were shown to have a better survival rate in the tendon as well as better migrating capabilities to reach all areas of damaged tendon. The overall repair quality was also higher, with better tendon architecture and collagen formed. There was also no tumor formation seen during the three-month experimental period. Long-term studies need to be carried out to examine the long-term efficacy and risks associated with the use of embryonic stem cells.[68] Similar results have been found in small animals.[68]

Osteoarthritis is the main cause of joint pain both in animals and humans. Horses and dogs are most frequently affected by arthritis. Natural cartilage regeneration is very limited. Different types of mesenchymal stem cells and other additives are still being researched to find the best type of cell and method for long-term treatment.[68]

Adipose-derived mesenchymal cells are currently the most often used for stem cell treatment of osteoarthritis because of the non-invasive harvesting. This is a recently developed, non-invasive technique developed for easier clinical use. Dogs receiving this treatment showed greater flexibility in their joints and less pain.[93]

Stem cells have successfully been used to ameliorate healing in the heart after myocardial infarction in dogs. Adipose and bone marrow derived stem cells were removed and induced to a cardiac cell fate before being injected into the heart. The heart was found to have improved contractility and a reduction in the damaged area four weeks after the stem cells were applied.[94]

A different trial is underway for a patch made of a porous substance onto which the stem cells are "seeded" in order to induce tissue regeneration in heart defects. Tissue was regenerated and the patch was well incorporated into the heart tissue. This is thought to be due, in part, to improved angiogenesis and reduction of inflammation. Although cardiomyocytes were produced from the mesenchymal stem cells, they did not appear to be contractile. Other treatments that induced a cardiac fate in the cells before transplanting had greater success at creating contractile heart tissue.[95]

Recent research, such as the European nTRACK research project, aims to demonstrate that multimodal nanoparticles can structurally and functionally track stem cell in muscle regeneration therapy. The idea is to label stem cells with gold nano-particles that are fully characterised for uptake, functionality, and safety. The labelled stem cells will be injected into an injured muscle and tracked using imaging systems.[96] However, the system still needs to be demonstrated at lab scale.

Spinal cord injuries are one of the most common traumas brought into veterinary hospitals.[90] Spinal injuries occur in two ways after the trauma: the primary mechanical damage, and in secondary processes, like inflammation and scar formation, in the days following the trauma. These cells involved in the secondary damage response secrete factors that promote scar formation and inhibit cellular regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells that are induced to a neural cell fate are loaded onto a porous scaffold and are then implanted at the site of injury. The cells and scaffold secrete factors that counteract those secreted by scar forming cells and promote neural regeneration. Eight weeks later, dogs treated with stem cells showed immense improvement over those treated with conventional therapies. Dogs treated with stem cells were able to occasionally support their own weight, which has not been seen in dogs undergoing conventional therapies.[97][98][99]

In a study to evaluate the treatment of experimentally induced MS in dogs using laser activated non-expanded adipose derived stem cells. The results showed amelioration of the clinical signs over time confirmed by the resolution of the previous lesions on MRI. Positive migration of the injected cells to the site of lesion, increased remyelination detected by Myelin Basic Proteins, positive differentiation into Olig2 positive oligodendrocytes, prevented the glial scar formation and restored axonal architecture.[20]

Treatments are also in clinical trials to repair and regenerate peripheral nerves. Peripheral nerves are more likely to be damaged, but the effects of the damage are not as widespread as seen in injuries to the spinal cord. Treatments are currently in clinical trials to repair severed nerves, with early success. Stem cells induced to a neural fate injected in to a severed nerve. Within four weeks, regeneration of previously damaged stem cells and completely formed nerve bundles were observed.[74]

Stem cells are also in clinical phases for treatment in ophthalmology. Hematopoietic stem cells have been used to treat corneal ulcers of different origin of several horses. These ulcers were resistant to conventional treatments available, but quickly responded positively to the stem cell treatment. Stem cells were also able to restore sight in one eye of a horse with retinal detachment, allowing the horse to return to daily activities.[75]

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, there was an initial wave of companies and clinics offering stem cell therapy, while not substantiating health claims or having regulatory approval.[100] By 2012, a second wave of companies and clinics had emerged, usually located in developing countries where medicine is less regulated and offering stem cell therapies on a medical tourism model.[101][102] Like the first wave companies and clinics, they made similar strong, but unsubstantiated, claims, mainly by clinics in the United States, Mexico, Thailand, India, and South Africa.[101][102] By 2016, research indicated that there were more than 550 stem cell clinics in the US alone selling generally unproven therapies for a wide array of medical conditions in almost every state in the country,[103] altering the dynamic of stem cell tourism. In 2018, the FDA sent a warning letter to StemGenex Biologic Laboratories in San Diego, which marketed a service in which it took body fat from people, processed it into mixtures it said contained various forms of stem cells, and administered it back to the person by inhalation, intravenously, or infusion into their spinal cords; the company said the treatment was useful for many chronic and life-threatening conditions.[104]

Costs of stem cell therapies range widely by clinic, condition, and cell type, but most commonly range between $10,000-$20,000.[105] Insurance does not cover stem cell injections at clinics so patients often use on-line fundraising.[106] In 2018, the US Federal Trade Commission found health centers and an individual physician making unsubstantiated claims for stem cell therapies, and forced refunds of some $500,000.[107] The FDA filed suit against two stem cell clinic firms around the same time, seeking permanent injunctions against their marketing and use of unapproved adipose stem cell products.[108]

Although according to the NIH no stem cell treatments have been approved for COVID-19 and the agency recommends against the use of MSCs for the disease,[109] some stem cell clinics began marketing both unproven and non-FDA-approved stem cells and exosomes for COVID-19 in 2020.[110] The FDA took prompt action by sending letters to the firms in question.[111][112] The FTC also warned a stem cell firm for COVID-19-related marketing.[113][114]

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Stem-cell therapy - Wikipedia

Stem Cell Therapy Market Research Report by Cell Source (Adipose tissue-derived MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells),, Bone marrow-derived MSCs,, and Placental/umbilical cord-derived MSCs), by Type (Allogeneic Stem Cell Therapy and Autologous Stem Cell Therapy), by Therapeutic Application, by End-User, by Region (Americas, Asia-Pacific, and Europe, Middle East & Africa) - Global Forecast to 2026 - Cumulative Impact of COVID-19

New York, Oct. 13, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Reportlinker.com announces the release of the report "Stem Cell Therapy Market Research Report by Cell Source, by Type, by Therapeutic Application, by End-User, by Region - Global Forecast to 2026 - Cumulative Impact of COVID-19" - https://www.reportlinker.com/p06175517/?utm_source=GNW

The Global Stem Cell Therapy Market size was estimated at USD 202.87 million in 2020 and expected to reach USD 240.88 million in 2021, at a CAGR 19.07% to reach USD 578.27 million by 2026.

Market Statistics:The report provides market sizing and forecast across five major currencies - USD, EUR GBP, JPY, and AUD. It helps organization leaders make better decisions when currency exchange data is readily available. In this report, the years 2018 and 2019 are considered historical years, 2020 as the base year, 2021 as the estimated year, and years from 2022 to 2026 are considered the forecast period.

Market Segmentation & Coverage:This research report categorizes the Stem Cell Therapy to forecast the revenues and analyze the trends in each of the following sub-markets:

Based on Cell Source, the market was studied across Adipose tissue-derived MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells),, Bone marrow-derived MSCs,, and Placental/umbilical cord-derived MSCs.

Based on Type, the market was studied across Allogeneic Stem Cell Therapy and Autologous Stem Cell Therapy.

Based on Therapeutic Application, the market was studied across Cardiovascular Diseases Surgeries, Inflammatory & Autoimmune Diseases, Musculoskeletal Disorders, Neurological Disorders, Other Therapeutic Applications, and Wounds & Injuries.

Based on End-User, the market was studied across Academic and Research Centers, Ambulatory Surgical Centers (ASCs), and Hospitals & Clinics.

Based on Region, the market was studied across Americas, Asia-Pacific, and Europe, Middle East & Africa. The Americas is further studied across Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and United States. The United States is further studied across California, Florida, Illinois, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. The Asia-Pacific is further studied across Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand. The Europe, Middle East & Africa is further studied across France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Spain, United Arab Emirates, and United Kingdom.

Cumulative Impact of COVID-19:COVID-19 is an incomparable global public health emergency that has affected almost every industry, and the long-term effects are projected to impact the industry growth during the forecast period. Our ongoing research amplifies our research framework to ensure the inclusion of underlying COVID-19 issues and potential paths forward. The report delivers insights on COVID-19 considering the changes in consumer behavior and demand, purchasing patterns, re-routing of the supply chain, dynamics of current market forces, and the significant interventions of governments. The updated study provides insights, analysis, estimations, and forecasts, considering the COVID-19 impact on the market.

Competitive Strategic Window:The Competitive Strategic Window analyses the competitive landscape in terms of markets, applications, and geographies to help the vendor define an alignment or fit between their capabilities and opportunities for future growth prospects. It describes the optimal or favorable fit for the vendors to adopt successive merger and acquisition strategies, geography expansion, research & development, and new product introduction strategies to execute further business expansion and growth during a forecast period.

FPNV Positioning Matrix:The FPNV Positioning Matrix evaluates and categorizes the vendors in the Stem Cell Therapy Market based on Business Strategy (Business Growth, Industry Coverage, Financial Viability, and Channel Support) and Product Satisfaction (Value for Money, Ease of Use, Product Features, and Customer Support) that aids businesses in better decision making and understanding the competitive landscape.

Market Share Analysis:The Market Share Analysis offers the analysis of vendors considering their contribution to the overall market. It provides the idea of its revenue generation into the overall market compared to other vendors in the space. It provides insights into how vendors are performing in terms of revenue generation and customer base compared to others. Knowing market share offers an idea of the size and competitiveness of the vendors for the base year. It reveals the market characteristics in terms of accumulation, fragmentation, dominance, and amalgamation traits.

Competitive Scenario:The Competitive Scenario provides an outlook analysis of the various business growth strategies adopted by the vendors. The news covered in this section deliver valuable thoughts at the different stage while keeping up-to-date with the business and engage stakeholders in the economic debate. The competitive scenario represents press releases or news of the companies categorized into Merger & Acquisition, Agreement, Collaboration, & Partnership, New Product Launch & Enhancement, Investment & Funding, and Award, Recognition, & Expansion. All the news collected help vendor to understand the gaps in the marketplace and competitors strength and weakness thereby, providing insights to enhance product and service.

Company Usability Profiles:The report profoundly explores the recent significant developments by the leading vendors and innovation profiles in the Global Stem Cell Therapy Market, including Advanced Cell Technology, Inc., AlloSource, Inc., Anterogen Co., Ltd., Bioheart Inc., BioTime, Inc., BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics Inc., Celgene Corporation, Cellartis AB, CellGenix GmbH, Cellular Engineering Technologies Inc., Gamida Cell Ltd, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Holostem Terapie Avanzate Srl, JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Lonza Group AG, Medipost Co., Ltd., Nuvasive, Inc., Osiris Therapeutics, Inc., Pharmicell Co., Ltd., Pluristem Therapeutics Inc., PromoCell GmbH, RTI Surgical, Inc., STEMCELL Technologies, Inc., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Vericel Corporation, and VistaGen Therapeutics, Inc..

The report provides insights on the following pointers:1. Market Penetration: Provides comprehensive information on the market offered by the key players2. Market Development: Provides in-depth information about lucrative emerging markets and analyze penetration across mature segments of the markets3. Market Diversification: Provides detailed information about new product launches, untapped geographies, recent developments, and investments4. Competitive Assessment & Intelligence: Provides an exhaustive assessment of market shares, strategies, products, certification, regulatory approvals, patent landscape, and manufacturing capabilities of the leading players5. Product Development & Innovation: Provides intelligent insights on future technologies, R&D activities, and breakthrough product developments

The report answers questions such as:1. What is the market size and forecast of the Global Stem Cell Therapy Market?2. What are the inhibiting factors and impact of COVID-19 shaping the Global Stem Cell Therapy Market during the forecast period?3. Which are the products/segments/applications/areas to invest in over the forecast period in the Global Stem Cell Therapy Market?4. What is the competitive strategic window for opportunities in the Global Stem Cell Therapy Market?5. What are the technology trends and regulatory frameworks in the Global Stem Cell Therapy Market?6. What is the market share of the leading vendors in the Global Stem Cell Therapy Market?7. What modes and strategic moves are considered suitable for entering the Global Stem Cell Therapy Market?Read the full report: https://www.reportlinker.com/p06175517/?utm_source=GNW

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Stem Cell Therapy Market Research Report by Cell Source, by Type, by Therapeutic Application, by End-User, by Region - Global Forecast to 2026 -...

Bob Schulz knew something was wrong when he had a hard time walking up the hill while golfing in December 2018. At 73, he still walked the 18 holes at the Albuquerque, New Mexico, golf course every week. After a chest X-ray, his doctor sent him to the hospital immediately. Two liters of fluid were removed from Scholzs lungs several times during his four-day hospital stay. Extensive testing revealed malignant pleural effusion, or excess fluid and cancer cells between the tissues separating the lungs from the chest cavity.

Scholz sought a second opinion at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, in Houston, a 13-hour drive away. There, he received a diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. He and his wife, Cindy, quickly packed up and moved to Houston for six months of R-CHOP chemotherapy, a combination of five drugs infused to kill cancer cells.

After chemotherapy, Scholz thought he was cancer-free, but in late 2020 he lost his voice completely, which sent him back to his oncologist at MD Anderson. A positron emission tomography scan revealed a recurrence of lymphoma in his throat, lung and liver. This time his doctor offered him treatment through a clinical trial for natural killer (NK) cell therapy, a type of infusion therapy that uses the bodys natural killer immune cells or donor NK cells, which are grown into larger quantities and sometimes genetically engineered with additional targeting abilities.

NK cells are a type of white blood cell in the immune system that can kill cancer and virally infected cells. They have the innate ability to recognize and attack cells infected with viruses or cancer cells, says Dr. Sarah Holstein, a multiple myeloma researcher and an associate professor of internal medicine at the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha. However, cancer cells can sometimes evade NK cells ability to interact with and kill cancer cells. The idea behind NK cell therapy is to augment the bodys natural NK cell response and increase it and, hopefully, lead to a more direct cell-killing effect against the cancer cell, she explains.

Over the past two decades, researchers have studied various ways to do this; for example, by collecting the patients NK cells, growing them and then reinfusing them. When using the patients cells, its called an autologous adoptive transfer. Doctors also are growing cells from donors, called allogeneic adoptive transfer. These cells come from sources such as cell lines, peripheral blood or pluripotent stem cells, which can be found in neonatal foreskin or the umbilical cord, for example. Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to differentiate into many types of mature cells and can develop into NK cells or other needed cell types. One cell in the lab can produce millions of NK cells, says Dr. Paolo Strati, an assistant professor in the department of lymphoma and myeloma and the department of translational molecular pathology at MD Anderson Cancer Center. More recently the field has evolved to study genetically engineered NK cells, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells, that have the ability to recognize a specific target on the cancer cell.

Following three days of chemotherapy to prepare his immune system, the doctors gave Scholz three infusions of modified NK cells. He finished his treatment in early 2021 and is in remission. Im thankful every day about how fortunate I was to go there. Im thankful to have that kind of a place with treatments with that chance of success, he says.

A Growing Research Field

Dr. Jeffrey Miller, a professor of medicine in the division of hematology, oncology and transplantation at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, has been researching NK cell treatments for more than 25 years. He published a paper in 2005 about administering haploidentical allogeneic NK cells, which were taken from a related donor, to patients. The research showed that the cells can persist and expand in the body and may have a treatment role. His 2014 update, which was published in Blood, included 57 patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Researchers used the immunotoxin interleukin (IL)-2 diphtheria toxin fusion to deplete T regulatory cells and thereby help improve NK cell growth rates. In the study, successful NK cell expansion correlated with remission. Patients were given NK cells, cytokines and lymphodepleting therapy.

There was excitement in the field when we started to see (complete) response rates between 25% and 40% with those updates, Miller says. These were patients who progressed after standard therapy and had no other options. The response allowed some patients to become eligible for allogeneic bone marrow transplants, even when they were not previously eligible.

Today, researchers are trying different trial designs, including an NK multidose strategy from allogeneic cells. We couldnt do it when we had to collect cells from individual donors. That only gave us one cell dose, Miller explains. Allogeneic cells can be expanded much faster, allowing for multiple doses and freezer storage until needed. Some trials are now giving up to six weekly doses of these off-the- shelf cell products, and doctors can infuse the cells in an cell expansion correlated with remission. Patients were given NK cells, cytokines and lymphodepleting therapy.

There was excitement in the field when we started to see (complete) response rates between 25% and 40% with those updates, Miller says. These were patients who progressed after standard therapy and had no other options. The response allowed some patients to become eligible for allogeneic bone marrow transplants, even when they were not previously eligible.

Today, researchers are trying different trial designs, including an NK multidose strategy from allogeneic cells. We couldnt do it when we had to collect cells from individual donors. That only gave us one cell dose, Miller explains. Allogeneic cells can be expanded much faster, allowing for multiple doses and freezer storage until needed. Some trials are now giving up to six weekly doses of these off-the- shelf cell products, and doctors can infuse the cells in an outpatient clinic instead of during a hospital stay. The cells are thawed at the bedside and given, and the patients are watched for a few hours for allergic reactions, Miller says.

The idea behind multidosing is that NK cells dont persist in the body for as long as T cells, which are used in CAR-T cell therapy. Think of it as a living drug, Holstein says. Once you put them in, those engineered cells persist and continue to fight against the tumor, should there be any remaining tumor cells that flare up again. Researchers dont think the NK cells can live as long as T cells, but we dont know if they need to live that long. Perhaps theyre super effective early on and we dont need them to persist, Holstein says.

In her multiple myeloma research, Holstein led a study that explored the use of off-the-shelf NK cell therapy given shortly after the time of a stem cell transplant. There are data showing that early recovery of the patients own NK cells after a stem cell transplant is associated with improved outcomes. It is hypothesized that this early recovery of NK cells is contributing to the killing off of residual myeloma cells, she says. By giving multiple doses of off-the-shelf NK cells or allogeneic cells researchers are hoping to boost the effect, ensuring that theres enough time for NK cells to attack any errant myeloma cells during the critical bone marrow recovery time. At this time, were not sure yet if this approach is effective, Holstein explains.

Although more recent trials are studying multiple dosing, earlier trials such as Holsteins used one dose. Thats partly because it was difficult to grow enough cells for multiple doses per patient, even using donor cells. Nancy Gessmann was 59 years old when she enrolled in Holsteins earlier trial in 2017.

She hadnt heard of multiple myeloma before back problems and a fever sent her to her primary care doctor in Harlan, Iowa, in 2016. After receiving her diagnosis, Gessmann sought treatment an hour away at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, where she received chemotherapy followed by a stem cell transplant in May 2017.

During her 18 days in the hospital for the transplant, she received a single dose of allogeneic NK cells as part of Holsteins phase 1 study, along with a series of seven cytokine shots (they help stimulate the NK cells) to help the cells expand. It gave me hope that if there was anything out there that could help me, it was worth trying, she explains. Aside from feeling tired after the transplant and growth factor shots which are given to aid the therapy Gessmann does not think she experienced any side effects from the NK cell infusion.

With the clinical trial, I had the opportunity to possibly help myself, my family and others. I benefited from clinical research done by others before me with stem cell transplants and chemotherapies. Others helped my treatment plan and made it easier for me. Im paying it forward, Gessmann says.

CAR-T Versus NK Cell Therapy

NK cell therapy may have advantages over T cells. Infused CAR-T cells will recognize a cancer cell and attack it. One attack method involves releasing toxins called cytokines, which can lead to a hyperinflammatory state known as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). CRS is caused when a large number of cytokines, proteins made by some immune cells, are quickly released into the blood from immune cells. They can lead to CRS symptoms such as fever, but patients can also experience low blood pressure, low blood oxygen and neuro- toxicities such as difficulty finding words, and severe issues such as a seizure or coma. About 10% of patients receiving CAR-T cell therapy for lymphoma experience severe CRS, and 40% experience severe neurotoxity. Its a real problem; hence, we need to look into different treatments, Strati says.

NK cells potentially can be less toxic than, and as effective as, T-cell therapy. Treatment for me was extremely easy, and the results were great, Scholz says. It wasnt like serious chemotherapies. I didnt feel real good for a couple of days, but it was minor. There were no repercussions from treatment.

The good thing about NK cells compared with T cells, Miller says, is that NK cells dont induce graft-versus-host disease, which is when infused allogeneic T cells attack the patients healthy cells. NK cells are missing the mechanism in T cells that cause it. For NK therapy, as far as we know, no known neurotoxicity or CRS has been reported in any consistent way today, Miller says.

The CAR technology also is being used for some NK cell treatments. With CAR, we engineer NK cells in the lab, Strati says. We make them able to recognize specific proteins on top of lymphoma. Using donor cells, both CAR-T and CAR NK cells can be available to patients more quickly than the patients cells.

The first in-human trial in the United States with CAR NK cells was for relapsed/refractory CD19-positive B lymphoid malignancies. The trial encoded NK cells to recognize CD19 and express cytokine IL-15 to improve persistence. Results were published in a 2020 New England Journal of Medicine study, and it continues to receive a lot of attention, Holstein says. The phase 1 and 2 study showed proof of concept that CAR-NK therapy is possible and effective. Of the 11 patients, 8 had a response and 7 had a complete remission.

The Future of NK Cell Therapy

Researchers developed data for NK cells having a similar cancer-killing strategy but different recognition pattern as T cells, leading to a crazy interest in NK cells, Miller says. Until the past decade, people mostly ignored NK cells.

Its not just academic labs pursuing them but also cell companies with their own constructs and expansion strategies. The field opened up considerably with the ability to grow billions of cells for off-the-shelf usage in the past 10 years.

Given the multibillion dollar market for anticancer anti- body therapy and the ability of cell therapy companies to genetically manipulate cells with CARs, I would expect were going to see somebody close to clinical approval in the next three to five years, Miller says.

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A New Line of Defense in Blood Cancer: Natural Killer Cell Therapy - Curetoday.com