Category Archives: Stem Cells

This is a full transcript of Disabled and out of money in North Korea as first broadcast on 13 March and presented by Beth Rose

JITE- I got a few stares of course. I'm bald. I had a beard. I was in a wheelchair. I'm black. The first two that I went to said, "No, no, no, we probably can't do that." I didn't want to do something which was challenging for me only, rather than North Korea. Oh, well that's a tough place to go to.

[jingle: Ouch]

BETH-I've been so excited about bringing you this Ouch podcast. A few months ago I received an email. It said, "Hi Beth, a friend of mine, Jite Ugono has multiple sclerosis, or MS, and uses a wheelchair. He's just about to travel to North Korea. Would you like to talk to him?" "Yes," was my answer, "very much so."

I'm Beth Rose, and you're listening to the BBC Ouch podcast, and for a while Jite has been on my mind. From the day he flew to China to get his visa, to the five days he would spend in the country we know very little about. And finally, he's back. Also, just a quick note to say that this podcast was recorded long before the Corona virus outbreak.

[music]

BETH-Hello.

JITE-Hello, hi.

BETH-So how was the trip?

JITE-Everyone says surreal, but it was surreal. Being inside a communist country and being restricted. Also in a wheelchair, there are no provisions at all for wheelchair access and that kind of stuff. Most of the places I went to were only accessible by stairs, so they carried me, which was nice. And that's one of the good things about having a guide, because I had two guides and a driver.

BETH-So you said you were thinking about this trip a year ago. It's the kind of trip that most people won't even think you can do, so why did you suddenly decide to book your holiday to North Korea?

JITE-Well I've got MS so they said one of the treatments of MS could be stem cell therapy. So stem cell therapy involves chemo and the rest of it. I thought to myself why not do something as rare as stem cell therapy? It was almost like a redefinition of my identity. I didn't really want to be known solely because of MS or the treatment, because everyone's going to ask about the chemo. I wanted to do something else which was kind of equal and opposite.

BETH-It's quite rare, stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis isn't it?

JITE-It is. I hadn't heard of it. Chemo for cancer, we know all about that, but as soon as she said chemo for this For me it was quite emotional because my mum died the year before of cancer and she went through chemo as well. It was a shock, but it was also some hope. It seems less bleak. What I have is Primary Progressive MS, a steady degradation of mobilities. And they have less treatment for that, so most other treatment comes for Secondary Remitting, when you have attacks and then you can recover.

BETH-So what does the chemo do?

JITE-Chemo reduces your immune system. So what they want to do is kind of knock out the immune system and then reintroduce the stem cells and then restart the immune system.

BETH-That sounds quite an intense treatment.

JITE-I was in hospital for a month. So I went in for chemo, I was in hospital for a week or so, first of all, came back out, did the injections, back into hospital for a month. It was tough going through, but easier when you do it in stages. You think, okay I'm going to do this chemo first, in ten days I'll do the injections. Bite size. So by the end of it it's like oh, I've done it. I think it taught me whatever I go through I have to be a bit more patient.

BETH-How long ago were you diagnosed with MS?

JITE-2009.

BETH-So you were quite young?

JITE-I'm 45 now, so yeah, the symptoms got worse maybe six or seven years ago in terms of difficulty walking. And that's the main thing. The first thing was the eyesight, so the eyes were playing up and I thought maybe I should go to the optician. It didn't really make a difference. So it got progressively worse. I did an MRI scan and then the consultant said, "Well, it could be MS." So I was kind of aware and I kind of knew that it was something quite serious. So when he came back and he said MS. You make a decision about how you're going to deal with it.

For me, it was you're not going to feel sorry for yourself because people go through worse. For me, it's only when I'm faced with stuff you realise you can do it. I didn't just want to survive. Because when you're diagnosed with stuff it's like getting through the day. Everyone says, "Oh, you're so brave. You went to work?" For me it's just one life, you can't spend it getting through the day, you want to do something else.

BETH-So was it when you were having your chemo when you were in hospital, the idea for North Korea?

JITE-It was actually the first consultation when she told me, "You're going to do stem cell therapy." They told me that I was going to be able to maybe walk with sticks and I thought, why waste it?

BETH-I feel like a lot of people would have had similar thoughts but maybe thought South of France would be quite nice?

JITE-It would have been challenging. If anyone said they were going to the South of France, oh okay. I didn't want to do something which was challenging for me only, rather than North Korea, oh well, that's a tough place to go to, regardless of whether you're in a wheelchair. It was important to me to do something which was challenging, not because of MS, not because of the wheelchair, but it was challenging.

BETH-So how do you go about booking a trip? Can you go to a travel agent?

JITE-I mean, that's what I did. So the first two that I went to said, "No, no, no. We can't do that, there's no access." And I was probably more determined. That's another lesson it taught me, it's more important for me that I wanted to do it. And no one was coming back to me to say, "Why don't you go?" So when the third person came back and said, "Actually, we could do that," the normal way of going to North Korea is through a group tour, with my condition anyway. You think about what the problems could be. Getting onto the coach. Holding people up.

So my tour was me on my own. I had two guides and a driver and that was it. They sorted out the visa to China and once you get to China you get the visa to North Korea from China.

BETH-Touching upon the issues of getting onto a bus, what is it like for you with MS? How does it manifest itself?

JITE-My balance is a problem. I can't really use my left leg at all. My eyesight's a problem. Maybe sometimes my memory and my vocabulary. They're difficulties which arose mainly because I did chemo. We know that the drugs are quite aggressive and concentrated, so they give you lots of water to dilute and because you're given that you're given drugs to help you relieve that stuff, so you're peeing like every ten minutes.

So it went down to probably once every hour and that became a problem and that affects your confidence, you're afraid to kind of go out, maybe there won't be toilets around, that's kind of what I was thinking about, going to North Korea.

BETH-Did you even know about that? Is there information about toilets or accessibility?

JITE-Not at all, not at all. It's only when I got there that I realised that the And sorry to go on about toilets, but it was important to me. [laughs] Okay, so in North Korea they had two types of toilets, they had the European toilets and then they had the Korean toilets, ground toilets, so you have to kind of balance, which I didn't even attempt. So everywhere we went to it was okay, "Is it a Korean toilet here or a European toilet?" Even the guides started to realise and started to know after a while.

BETH-I mean, that's such a gamble isn't it, not knowing the accessibility, not knowing what the toilet situation's going to be like. I'm guessing this was all in your mind?

JITE-Every problem has to have a solution. So before I went I'd got it up to you can pass an hour now, because I'd gone to the gym, I'd started doing core stuff, even in the plane, because it was ten and a half hours there. You think about the problems that you could face, it's personal of course, but also there are people around that can give you a hand.

And that was another thing, getting vaccinations was a problem, because when you do chemo and your immune system is low they don't advise that you have vaccinations. So I was intending to go to Korea in September but that was super close to my stem cell.

BETH-When you were flying, initially to China, what was going through our mind?

JITE-It was just getting through that first bit, hoping that someone's going to be there to meet me. The luggage I even took I had to make sure that I could carry. That's one of the solutions with a wheelchair, you're going to have to push the luggage as well so it can't be too big. Two pieces of hand luggage is what I took. That's what I was thinking about, I wasn't thinking about Pyongyang yet, I was thinking about how to get to China.

Beijing was packed, traffic everywhere. It was surprisingly western. The cars were German cars. In North Korea I had the guides, in China I didn't have guides, I had a person to take me from the airport to the hotel and that was it. So I didn't really have the confidence to kind of venture out. I got in a day before, so as soon as I landed in China I had to go and get the visa. As soon as you get the visa is when they give you a briefing, what you should and shouldn't do. The chap apparently had been doing it for 28 years, and no one had ever missed a briefing until me.

BETH-Ah! [laughs]

JITE-I mean, only because the person who picked me up said, "Oh, I can get the visa for you."

BETH-So they were being helpful, but actually

JITE-Yeah, so they went out and got the And I was appreciative, because getting in and out of the car was such a pain. And I am quite lazy naturally. If I can do without it then I won't do it, you know. So when they gave me an opportunity not to, oh okay. The travel agent contact in China was almost panicky on the phone, "No one's ever done this."

BETH-Wow, and I bet your heart was racing at that point.

JITE-To an extent, but I kind of knew what not to do. I mean, I'm not rude, and plus I'd seen stuff on YouTube and the guides tell you as well. So I was quite prepared. I flew into Pyongyang. The airport was a surprise. They only have a few planes that land for the day. They had one from Beijing, one from Shanghai and one from Moscow. There are soldiers everywhere, but the soldiers were, "Oh, look at this guy," I suppose maybe because I was a novelty in a sense. They'd never really seen someone in a wheelchair before. They were super helpful.

I'd met the guides at the airport as well. I got a few stares of course. I'm bald, and they have like five haircuts. I had a beard, I was in a wheelchair. I'm black. So all those things together.

BETH-So did you feel like you stuck out?

JITE-I didn't feel like I could relax, only because you feel like you're always on. I couldn't be anonymous, there's always someone watching, and that's tiring.

BETH-And did you feel like you were being watched by your guides?

JITE-Maybe the brief was to watch, but it is different when you have a relationship with people. So I didn't feel that way. I suppose they were constantly on about how great the leader is and after a while it got a bit tedious. Everyone walked around with badges. And it's difficult to tell because they spoke the language quite a bit. I don't know what they're saying.

BETH-They greeted you at the airport.

JITE-Yes.

BETH-Had they had disabled travellers before?

JITE-I don't think they had. What happens is that when you go on your own there is no camaraderie, I was mostly alone, but the advantage is you could probably get closer to people. There's good and there's bad about it.

BETH-What's it like, Pyongyang?

JITE-For me it was super quiet. I mean here we have adverts and stuff, people are selling you stuff all the time, there is different, you have pictures of the leaders surrounded by flowers and you have to respect that. If there's an image of a leader you can't really take a photo of it and you can't stand in front of it obscuring it. Or you can't crop it. Apparently they check people's phones to see what they've taken.

BETH-Did you take photos?

JITE-I took photos but they didn't check. But everywhere was empty. The place is set up for tourists but there are not many tourists. You go into a restaurant and there are people standing around. The restaurants are empty. It's bizarre.

BETH-So it's not really like a bustling city?

JITE-Not at all. Actually I went during King Il Sung who's the grandad of this present leader, it was his birthday, so there were two days of celebrations. I think there were more people on the street than normal, and then they had volunteers picking up stuff or gardening or I mean, because it's a communist environment they pay for everything but you have to work. They've got big roads, no cars.

BETH-Wow.

JITE-Yeah. The days were quite long. Maybe eight o'clock they'll come for me and then eight o'clock in the evening I'd finish. So there was always something to do and you were always with people. I think they had five channels, that was about it.

BETH-TV channels?

JITE-Five TV channels. On the channels they have the leader, Kim, pointing at stuff. He designed the theme park.

BETH-What's the tourist trail like?

JITE-There is an itinerary, so you would go to the war museum, flower exhibition. I went to their subway, it's the deepest subway in the world. So everything's the best in the world or the tallest in the world.

BETH-How did the subway compare to the tube?

JITE-It was more opulent. I only saw two of them and I think those are the two they show people, so maybe the others are less. There are chandeliers and stuff.

BETH-And the restaurants, you said you went into one, but they've got all the staff just waiting around?

JITE-Yeah, the restaurants seem to be for tourists, and because I was on my own, seven, ten people just standing around looking. I went to a casino, which was strange.

BETH-Oh, okay?

JITE-Yeah. But the casino was in the hotel. I think I was the only one in there. So when I went to North Korea I didn't take enough cash, and that was a problem obviously because no cards. So the guys were like, "You need some money? Go to the casino, you can change your money."

BETH-Oh, I thought you were going to say to like gamble and win.

JITE-At first I went to change money, but they didn't take sterling, they took US dollars and euros, but I didn't have either, so they allowed me to gamble, so I did.

BETH-Did you win? Did you get some money?

JITE-Yeah, I did. I don't want to get used to it. [laughs]

BETH-What game did you play?

JITE-Black Jack. I didn't know what was going on, but people around, they were almost cheering, and I was thinking by the time I won a hundred dollars I thought it's time to go, it's time to go. And everyone's around you willing you on and you don't want to disappoint them but you think okay, I'm going guys.

BETH-Is it expensive then, if you ran out of money and you're having to gamble to boost your-?

JITE-To boost. Okay, so I mean they have their own currency and they don't let you take the currency out.

BETH-I bet your guides quite enjoyed being in the casino.

JITE-The guides said, "Oh, we're not allowed in." Even when they came up to my hotel room I had to have Al Jazeera because that's the only English speaking channel, but they were almost transfixed. They were shaking their heads. Look around the world, look how happy we are type of thing. So you kind of understand why they would let Al Jazeera in, because Al Jazeera can be quite, look what's happening around the world, the protests here, the protests there.

BETH-And did you find people were willing to help you?

JITE-I think it was more because they see you as being vulnerable. "Oh, you're not comfortable, let me move your legs." So you always get somebody helping, which is not necessarily what you want all the time. Because you want to be able to be self-sufficient. Certainly in London people are a bit more patient to offer, "Okay, how can I help?" and then they stand back. In Korea it was, "Oh, we can do that for you." [laughs]

BETH-Did you see any other disabled people out and about?

JITE-No, I didn't.

BETH-No one at all?

JITE-I didn't at all. One of the guides was quite insistent on how great their society is. That's why they stay kind of thing, away from everyone else, and they obviously saw it as a good thing.

BETH-Oh, that's interesting. I was going some research, and there's a lot of reports from the UN and different charities where they say basically they send people away in an out of town community.

JITE-Yeah, they don't expect you to try. So maybe that was part of it, they were almost surprised that this person is doing something on their own.

BETH-And were they quite surprised how you just got on with everything?

JITE-Yeah, I suppose. Maybe they were. So even when I'd be going down the road people would lean over and look. They weren't rude about it. They would look, they were curious, but they weren't intrusive. And sometimes you look and they look away, except the kids, so the kids would be staring. But that's normal though, even in London you'll get kids staring. One of the guides took a video of me being lifted up the stairs, and it was quite tough to watch because you don't really see yourself as being vulnerable, except when you see it.

It's like hearing a recording of yourself and you think oh, do I sound like that? Or do I look like that? Am I really that vulnerable kind of thing? No wonder everyone helps. [laughs] It was tough to see. I didn't really see the footage until I got to the hotel and you kind of think, you know, is that how it is? They were helpful, and it sounds ungrateful almost, but it is what you think about.

It's a lack of confidence to think people only help you because you look so vulnerable. Maybe people are just nice. And that was one of the good things about going to North Korea. People say that Londoners are quite cold and I don't find that, Londoners can be helpful, and especially if you're patient enough. And MS for me does that, it allows you to be patient.

BETH-So what kinds of things is nice to have help for?

JITE-Probably getting in and out of cars. In London not so much, in London you kind of want to get strong. I know that I'm going to have to get in a car, and not everybody gives the same level of help, so you have to be self-sufficient. In North Korea there's no need. And I'm never going to be in North Korea again.

BETH-How did the access pan out? Because that was the big mystery wasn't it really? I mean, you had no idea.

JITE-It was just people lifting me. Only one place, the museum was difficult.

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Transcript: Disabled and out of money in North Korea - BBC News

Genes may determine what characteristics are passed down from parent to offspring, but each cell expresses these genes differently based on external epigenetic modifications. Epigenetics dont alter the gene sequence (genotype), but they do influence cell behavior and function (phenotype). The study of epigenetics helps us understand how phenotypic changes lead to disease, stem cell differentiation, and essentially, what drives the fate of every cell in the human body.The epigenome is not consistent between cells, or even between cells of the same type. Individual modifications come and go throughout a cells lifetime. Therefore, scientists are faced with the steep challenge as they try to decipher the role of epigenetics in disease and development.[i] Understanding intercellular heterogeneity is key here. The epigenome must be examined at single-cell resolution.

Now, with the advancement of single-cell sequencing methods like the single-cell assay for transposase accessible chromatin (scATAC-seq), researchers have access to sophisticated techniques to map large cell populations, one cell at a time. The resulting epigenomic information provides unprecedented insight into the different cell types that come together to form organs and organ systems, as well as pathogenic modifications associated with disease.

Every single cell has unique epigenomic instructions that guide how it expresses its genes and these instructions are subject to change. A map locating epigenetic modifications in the genome would help scientists understand how epigenetics drives cellular differentiation. But until recently, epigenetic assays mainly focused on select regions of DNA or gave bulk results across an entire sample of cells.[ii] These assays were not designed to detect epigenetic patterns in individual cells.

Single-cell tools like scATAC-seq help us get a grasp on intracellular heterogeneity, differentiate between cell populations and map the role of epigenetics in the larger context of an organism. By building a collection of scATAC-seq data, scientists have begun generating a cell atlas to provide insight into the role of epigenetics during the intricate biological processes that occur throughout the human lifetime.

During ATAC-seq, a hyperactive transposase mutant, Tn5, binds to open chromatin (euchromatin) regions. Wherever Tn5 binds, it cleaves the DNA and attaches sequencing adapters. Then, after PCR amplification, ATAC fragments are sequenced to identify open chromatin regions. ATAC results indicate where nucleosomes are typically positioned in the cell sample and which regions of the genome are open for transcription factors to bind. As such, scientists use ATAC-Seq as a first-pass screening approach to identify changes in chromatin accessibility between samples.

ATAC-seq has many practical applications, but it cant account for the cell-to-cell variability thats often an important aspect of developmental processes and disease. So, researchers developed a new assay in which microfluidic technology is used to isolate individual cells before ATAC-seq.[iv] This assay provides epigenomic information at single cell resolution, earning it the name scATAC-seq.

The key to the scATAC-seq method is that it isolates genomes of individual cells early on to perform a separate ATAC-seq reaction on each individual cell. Then, open regions of the genome are cleaved by the Tn5 transposase, tagged with sequencing adapters and amplified with barcoded cell-identifying primers. Subsequently, the barcoded libraries of ATAC fragments, (each representing an individual cell) are pooled together and sequenced to reveal open chromatin regions of thousands of individual cells.

The first droplet-based iteration of the scATAC-seq method (dscATAC-seq) uses a single cell isolator to encapsulate thousands of individual nuclei in nanoliter-sized droplets for ATAC sequencing. It uses a custom Tn5 transposase to enhance library complexity and signal resolution. Compared to the original microfluidic method, the new workflow is faster and yields greater biological insight with less time and effort spent on sequencing. To demonstrate its power and potential, this technique has been used to conduct an unbiased analysis of the many different cell types and regulatory elements in a mouse brain. [v]

Figure 1:In scATAC-seq, droplet-based technology partitions thousands of whole cells or nuclei into individual nanoliter-sized droplets, enabling researchers to prepare a library of ATAC fragments for sequencing to reveal open chromatin regions. Credit:Bio-Rad Laboratories.

To capture single cell data on a truly massive scale, combinatorial indexing was next introduced into the dscATAC-seq workflow. This new method, called dsciATAC-seq, enables researchers to assess up to 50,000 cells in a single assay. Assaying a large volume of cells is possible because, in dsciATAC-seq, the hyperactive mutant transposase integrates a first set of barcodes as it cleaves open regions of chromatin in each nucleus. Because every cells DNA already carries a barcode, multiple cells can be loaded into a single droplet. Then, as usual, ATAC fragments are amplified with a second set of barcoded primers. After sequencing these fragments, the two sets of barcodes are used to derive epigenomic profiles for tens of thousands of cells.

Putting the dsciATAC-seq method to the test, researchers have studied immune cell clusters from human bone marrow derived cells to illustrate how the chromatin accessibility landscape in these cells changes according to different stimulants at the single cell level.5Although the number of cells that a single scATAC-seq experiment can evaluate has grown dramatically, it will take a continued concerted effort from scientists across many disciplines to create a comprehensive map of the human epigenome, encompassing data from trillions of cells.[vi] Furthermore, to help decode the patterns we find in the human epigenome, it may be valuable to gather information about the epigenomes of animals commonly used as research models. As each of these maps become increasingly detailed, scientists will gain a more thorough understanding of how biological process work and may apply this knowledge towards developing better treatments for complex diseases.

Reference:

[i] Egger, G., et al. Epigenetics in human disease and prospects for epigenetic therapy. Nature, 2004, 429, 457463. doi:10.1038/nature02625[ii] DeAngelis, J. T., Farrington, W. J., & Tollefsbol, T. O. An overview of epigenetic assays. Molecular biotechnology, 2008, 38(2), 179183. doi:10.1007/s12033-007-9010-y[iii] Buenrostro JD, Giresi PG, Zaba LC, Chang HY, Greenleaf WJ. Transposition of native chromatin for fast and sensitive epigenomic profiling of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins and nucleosome position. Nature Methods, 2013, 10(12):1213-8. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2688.[iv] Buenrostro JD, Wu B, Litzenburger UM, Ruff D, Gonzales ML, Snyder MP, Chang HY, Greenleaf WJ. Single-cell chromatin accessibility reveals principles of regulatory variation. Nature, 2015, 523(7561):486-90. doi: 10.1038/nature14590.[v] Lareau, C.A., Duarte, F.M., Chew, J.G. et al. Droplet-based combinatorial indexing for massive-scale single-cell chromatin accessibility. Nature Biotechnology 37, 916924 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0147-6.[vi] Bianconi, E., Piovesan, A., Facchin F., Beraudi, A., Casadei. R., Frabetti, F., Vitale, L., Pelleri, M., Tassani. S., Piva, F., Perez-Amodio, S, Strippoli, P. & Canaider, S. An estimation of the number of cells in the human body. Annals of Human Biology, 2013, 40:6, 463-471. doi: 10.3109/03014460.2013.807878.

Read more here:
Using Single Cells To Get the Whole Picture of the Epigenome - Technology Networks

Stromal Cells May Help to Overcome Resistance to Chemotherapy in Patients with Glioblastoma

The researchers found that GBM causes these stromal cells to act like stem cells, naturally resisting attempts to kill them and promoting tumor growth instead. They also identified the pathway that makes cancer vulnerable in a lab setting.

GBM is an aggressive form of brain cancer and the tumors are usually heterogenous or contain different genetic mutations. This means that treatments focused on 1 target are ineffective or only partially effective.

There have also been few new treatments over the past few decades for GBM, so its clear that we need to find a way to make current treatments more effective for these patients, said study senior author Yi Fan, MD, PhD.

The study focused on overcoming resistance and researchers found that GBM transforms a type of stromal cells, called endothelial cells, so that they act like stem cells. The researchers then found that the resistance is enabled by a signaling pathway called Wnt. The more that Wnt is activated, the more a cell is able to resist treatment like chemotherapy. Previous research has shown that GBM stimulates Wnt activity. Therefore, these findings show the way in which tumors co-opt their environment to survive an attack.

Blocking Wnt signaling may be an effective way to help the cells overcome resistance to treatment. Therefore, the research team used an experimental approach to shut off Wnt signaling in the stromal cells of tumor samples. They found these cancer cells were vulnerable to chemotherapy once the signal was blocked.

The findings support the development of other cells, including cancer. By targeting them, a treatment would effectively get closer to the cause of the tumors ability to survive, which may make therapy more efficient, according to the study authors. Additionally, the findings indicate that treatments will remain effective even as the tumor changes.

Reference

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Stromal Cells May Help to Overcome Resistance to Chemotherapy in Patients with Glioblastoma - Pharmacy Times

Heart disease is the primary cause of death worldwide, principally because the heart has minimal ability to regenerate muscle tissue. Myocardial infarction (heart attack) caused by coronary artery disease leads to heart muscle loss and replacement with scar tissue, and the heart's pumping ability is permanently reduced. Breakthroughs in stem cell biology in the 1990s and 2000s led to the hypothesis that heart muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) could be regenerated by transplanting stem cells or their derivatives. It has been 18 years since the first clinical trials of stem cell therapy for heart repair were initiated (1), mostly using adult cells. Although cell therapy is feasible and largely safe, randomized, controlled trials in patients show little consistent benefit from any of the treatments with adult-derived cells (2). In the meantime, pluripotent stem cells have produced bona fide heart muscle regeneration in animal studies and are emerging as leading candidates for human heart regeneration.

In retrospect, the lack of efficacy in these adult cell trials might have been predicted. The most common cell type delivered has been bone marrow mononuclear cells, but other transplanted cell types include bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells and skeletal muscle myoblasts, and a few studies have used putative progenitors isolated from the adult heart itself. Although each of these adult cell types was originally postulated to differentiate directly into cardiomyocytes, none of them actually do. Indeed, with the exception of skeletal muscle myoblasts, none of these cell types survive more than a few days in the injured heart (see the figure). Unfortunately, the studies using bone marrow and adult resident cardiac progenitor cells were based on a large body of fraudulent work (3), which has led to the retraction of >30 publications. This has left clinical investigators wondering whether their trials should continue, given the lack of scientific foundation and the low but measurable risk of bleeding, stroke, and infection.

Additionally, investigators have struggled to explain the beneficial effects of adult cell therapy in preclinical animal models. Because none of these injected cell types survive and engraft in meaningful numbers or directly generate new myocardium, the mechanism has always been somewhat mysterious. Most research has focused on paracrine-mediated activation of endogenous repair mechanisms or preventing additional death of cardiomyocytes. Multiple protein factors, exosomes (small extracellular vesicles), and microRNAs have been proposed as the paracrine effectors, and an acute immunomodulatory effect has recently been suggested to underlie the benefits of adult cell therapy (4). Regardless, if cell engraftment or survival is not required, the durability of the therapy and need for actual cells versus their paracrine effectors is unclear.

Of particular importance to clinical translation is whether cell therapy is additive to optimal medical therapy. This remains unclear because almost all preclinical studies do not use standard medical treatment for myocardial infarction. Given the uncertainties about efficacy and concerns over the veracity of much of the underlying data, whether agencies should continue funding clinical trials using adult cells to treat heart disease should be assessed. Perhaps it is time for proponents of adult cardiac cell therapy to reconsider the approach.

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) include embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their reprogrammed cousins, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In contrast to adult cells, PSCs can divide indefinitely and differentiate into virtually every cell type in the human body, including cardiomyocytes. These remarkable attributes also make ESCs and iPSCs more challenging to control. Through painstaking development, cell expansion and differentiation protocols have advanced such that batches of 1 billion to 10 billion pharmaceutical-grade cardiomyocytes, at >90% purity, can be generated.

Preclinical studies indicate that PSC-cardiomyocytes can remuscularize infarcted regions of the heart (see the figure). The new myocardium persists for at least 3 months (the longest time studied), and physiological studies indicate that it beats in synchrony with host myocardium. The new myocardium results in substantial improvement in cardiac function in multiple animal models, including nonhuman primates (5). Although the mechanism of action is still under study, there is evidence that these cells directly support the heart's pumping function, in addition to providing paracrine factors. These findings are in line with the original hope for stem cell therapyto regenerate lost tissue and restore organ function. Additional effects, such as mechanically buttressing the injured heart wall, may also contribute.

Breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy have led to the adoption of cell therapies using patient-derived (autologous) T cells that are genetically modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that recognize cancer cell antigens. CAR T cells are the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)approved, gene-modified cellular pharmaceutical (6). The clinical and commercial success of autologous CAR T cell transplant to treat B cell malignancies has opened doors for other complex cell therapies, including PSC derivatives. There is now a regulatory path to the clinic, private-sector funding is attracted to this field, and clinical investigators in other areas are encouraged to embrace this technology. Indeed, the first transplants of human ESC-derived cardiac progenitors, surgically delivered as a patch onto the heart's surface, have been carried out (7). In the coming years, multiple attempts to use PSC-derived cardiomyocytes to repair the human heart are likely.

What might the first human trials look like? These studies will probably employ an allogeneic (non-self), off-the-shelf, cryopreserved cell product. Although the discovery of iPSCs raised hopes for widespread use of autologous stem cell therapies, the current technology and regulatory requirements likely make this approach too costly for something as common as heart disease, although this could change as technology and regulations evolve. Given that it would take at least 6 months to generate a therapeutic dose of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, such cells could only be applied to patients whose infarcts are in the chronic phase where scarring (fibrosis) and ventricular remodeling are complete. Preclinical data indicate that chronic infarcts benefit less from cardiomyocyte transplantation than do those with active wound-healing processes.

Adult cells from bone marrow or the adult heart secrete beneficial paracrine factors but do not engraft in the infarcted heart. Pluripotent stem cells give rise to cardiomyocytes that engraft long term in animal models, beat in synchrony with the heart, and secrete beneficial paracrine factors. Long-term cardiomyocyte engraftment partially regenerates injured heart, which is hypothesized to bring clinical benefits.

The need for allogeneic cells raises the question of how to prevent immune rejection, both from innate immune responses in the acute phase of transplantation or from adaptive immune responses that develop more slowly through the detection of non-self antigens presented by major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). A current strategy is the collection of iPSCs from patients who have homozygous MHC loci, which results in exponentially more MHC matches with the general population. However, studies in macaque monkeys suggest that MHC matching will be insufficient. In a macaque model of brain injury, immunosuppression was required to prevent rejection of MHC-matched iPSC-derived neurons (8). Similarly, MHC matching reduced the immunogenicity of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes transplanted subcutaneously or into the hearts of rhesus macaques, but immunosuppressive drugs were still required to prevent rejection (9).

Numerous immune gene editing approaches have been proposed to circumvent rejection, including preventing MHC class I and II molecule expression, overexpressing immunomodulatory cell-surface factors, such CD47 and human leukocyte antigen E (HLA-E) and HLA-G (two human MHC molecules that promote maternal-fetal immune tolerance), or engineering cells to produce immunosuppressants such as programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyteassociated antigen 4 (CTLA4) (10). These approaches singly or in combination seem to reduce adaptive immune responses in vitro and in mouse models. Overexpressing HLA-G or CD47 also blunts the innate natural killer cellmediated response that results from deleting MHC class I genes (11). However, these manipulations are not without theoretical risks. It could be difficult to clear viral infections from an immunostealthy patch of tissue, and possible tumors resulting from engraftment of PSCs might be difficult to clear immunologically.

Ventricular arrhythmias have emerged as the major toxicity of cardiomyocyte cell therapy. Initial studies in small animals showed no arrhythmic complications (probably because their heart rates are too fast), but in large animals with human-like heart rates, arrhythmias were consistently observed (5, 12). Stereotypically, these arrhythmias arise a few days after transplantation, peak within a few weeks, and subside after 4 to 6 weeks. The arrhythmias were well tolerated in macaques (5) but were lethal in a subset of pigs (12). Electrophysiological studies indicate that these arrhythmias originate in graft regions from a source that behaves like an ectopic pacemaker. Understanding the mechanism of these arrhythmias and developing solutions are major areas of research. There is particular interest in the hypothesis that the immaturity of PSC-cardiomyocytes contributes to these arrhythmias, and that their maturation in situ caused arrhythmias to subside.

A successful therapy for heart regeneration also requires understanding the host side of the equation. PSC-derived cardiomyocytes engraft despite transplantation into injured myocardium that is ischemic with poor blood flow. Although vessels eventually grow in from the host tissue, normal perfusion is not restored. Achieving a robust arterial input will be key to restoring function, which may require cotransplanting other cell populations or tissue engineering approaches (13, 14). Most PSC-mediated cardiac cell therapy studies have been performed in the subacute window, equivalent to 2 to 4 weeks after myocardial infarction in humans. At this point, there has been insufficient time for a substantial fibrotic response. Fibrosis has multiple deleterious features, including mechanically stiffening the tissue and creating zones of electrical insulation that can cause arrhythmias. Extending this therapy to other clinical situations, such as chronic heart failure, will require additional approaches that address the preexisting fibrosis. Cell therapy may again provide an answer because CAR T cells targeted to cardiac fibroblasts reduced fibrosis (15).

Developing a human cardiomyocyte therapy for heart regeneration will push the limits of cell manufacturing. Each patient will likely require a dose of 1 billion to 10 billion cells. Given the widespread nature of ischemic heart disease, 105 to 106 patients a year are likely to need treatment, which translates to 1014 to 1016 cardiomyocytes per year. Growing cells at this scale will require introduction of next generation bioreactors, development of lower-cost media, construction of large-scale cryopreservation and banking systems, and establishment of a robust supply chain compatible with clinical-grade manufacturing practices.

Beyond PSC-cardiomyocytes, other promising approaches include reactivating cardiomyocyte division and reprogramming fibroblasts to form new cardiomyocytes. However, these approaches are at an earlier stage of development, and currently, PSC-derived cardiomyocyte therapy is the only approach that results in large and lasting new muscle grafts. The hurdles to this treatment are known, and likely addressable, thus multiple clinical trials are anticipated.

Acknowledgments: C.E.M. and W.R.M. are scientific founders of and equity holders in Sana Biotechnology. C.E.M. is an employee of Sana Biotechnology. W.R.M. is a consultant for Sana Biotechnology. C.E.M. and W.R.M. hold issued and pending patents in the field of stem cell and regenerative biology.

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Stem cells and the heartthe road ahead - Science Magazine

About a year ago, Cheryl Timmons was worried her dog Baxter would soon need to retire from being a therapy dog due to arthritis in his hips.

The 99-pound German shepherds physical health was wearing down after years of bringing joy to childrens hospitals, senior homes and courtrooms, where he served as the first and only service dog providing comfort to child trafficking victims in Orange County.

Timmons, who rescued Baxter from the streets of San Bernardino, worried that she may even have to put him down.

To combat the worsening arthritis, Timmons took him to therapy sessions. A GoFundMe campaign to help pay for the therapy reached a goal of $4,500.

But the arthritis was still taking hold, affecting how Baxter functioned during long workdays.

Then in late August, he was given stem cell injections as part of a new study at the Anaheim Hills Pet Clinic. The effort, headed by San Diego-based Animal Cell Therapies, is testing whether stem cells can help alleviate arthritis in dogs weighing 70 pounds or more.

Baxter, now 11 years old, has been feeling better since he received his injection.

His arthritis is greatly improved, Timmons said. I swear by the stem cell treatment. It has made such a huge difference.

Everybody in the court would notice that he wasnt having a good day. Now hes looking great again. Hes running through the courtroom. He is one happy boy.

Baxter was one of about 10 dogs that was tested at the Anaheim clinic. Animal Cell Therapies is conducting the testing at a dozen clinics throughout the country.

There are about 35 dogs currently enrolled in the study. Researchers are hoping to test between 60 and 80 dogs.

Kathy Petrucci, chief executive of Animal Cell Therapies, said its too early to tell whether the treatment is successful in treating arthritis in large dogs, but the early results are promising.

The company conducted a similar study a year ago, which showed benefits for arthritis in dogs under 70 pounds. However, the results were mixed for bigger dogs.

Petrucci said they increased the dosage for the current study.

We dont know every single mechanism that is involved ... it helps decrease inflammation in the joints, Petrucci said of the treatment. We think that the cells secrete a lot of positive beneficial growth factors that help decrease inflammation, help make the environment a better, more friendly place for more normal cells to come in and help repair the joints.

Whatever the cause, Timmons just hopes the treatment allows Baxter to keep doing what he does best.

With the stem cells, he acts like hes invincible, Timmons said, laughing. I really hope he is.

To enroll in the study, visit dogstemcellstudy.com.

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Study tests whether stem cells heal arthritis in large dogs - Los Angeles Times

Appointments for stem cell & DNA collection now available.

TORONTO , Feb. 20, 2020 /CNW/ - With the rapid emergence of regenerative medicine therapies and genetic analysis testing reaching mainstream medicine, consumers are demanding increased opportunities to prepare for their future healthcare needs, including banking a viable source of cells to preserve their current health.

Acorn Biolabs (CNW Group/Acorn Biolabs)

To meet this growing demand, Acorn Biolabs, the leading non-invasive stem cell collection, cryopreservation and analysis company, today announced its partnership with Coverdale Clinics Inc., a premium network of specialty care clinics in Canada . Together, Acorn and Coverdale will help make stem cell collection more accessible and affordable in the West Greater Toronto Area .

Through their partnership, Coverdale Clinics' Oakville location be offering Acorn's non-invasive stem cell collection services. The simple process involves plucking a few hair follicles from a client's head, which are then analyzed and cryopreserved for future use.

Acorn's innovative solution for live cell collection enables the collection of stem cells without the need for surgery or other painful and invasive procedures, making stem cell collection for life-long storage significantly more affordable and accessible for everyone.

"Our partnership with Acorn Biolabs opens up a great opportunity for us to expand Coverdale Clinics service offering into the emerging regenerative medicine and geneticsmarket. We're pleased to be able to leverage our specialty clinic in Oakville to offer a service that improves access to exciting and novel health care technologies," said Chris Dalseg , BioScript Solutions' Vice President of Strategic Growth and Marketing. "We have always been at the forefront of providing innovative health care services to Canadians, and adding stem cell collection services from Acorn exemplifies our ongoing commitment."

Once stem cells are collected, Acorn uses its proprietary capabilities to keep cells alive during transportation before going into long term cryogenic storage. The process turns collected hair follicles into a highly valuable and accessible resource for further regenerative medicine and genetics. Not only are these stem cells securely stored for future use, but the company's scientists will also be able to extract critical genetic information through DNA tests, for clients that want it, that will unlock valuable data about a person's health over their lifetime.

"We are excited to bring Acorn's preventative, personalized healthcare services to more people through this partnership with Coverdale Clinics. The cells collected are a life-long resource for these clients, not only in regenerative medicine, but also for advanced analytics, helping to identify diseases even before the first symptom," said Dr. Drew Taylor , Co-founder and CEO at Acorn Biolabs Inc. "The partnership is an important extension for Acorn to serve health-minded individuals in more geographies, freezing the clock on their stem cells so they can use them later in life, when they will need them most."

Clients can book their non-invasive stem cell collection appointment in Oakville, Ontario through Acorn's website today at http://www.acorn.me

About Acorn Biolabs, Inc.

Story continues

Acorn helps you live a longer, healthier tomorrow by freezing the clock on your cells today. Founded in 2017 by Steven ten Holder, Patrick Pumputis and Dr. Drew Taylor and borne out of years of research, Acorn is a healthcare technology company based at Johnson & Johnson INNOVATION JLABS in Toronto . Acorn is focused on giving everyone the best chance to experience more healthy years with its easy, affordable and non-invasive stem cell collection, analysis and cryopreservation service. For more information, visit acorn.me.

About Coverdale Clinics

Coverdale Clinics is a premium network of specialty care clinics, providing patients with a safe, comfortable environment to receive specialty medications by infusion or injection. With more than 100 clinics nationwide, our nurses take a personalized approach to patient care that includes education and counselling to better support medication adherence.

About BioScript Solutions

BioScript Solutions is committed to helping patients with chronic illnesses achieve the best possible health outcomes. With our total care approach, we simplify access to complex, specialty drug therapies and deliver full-service specialty care solutions at every stage of the patient's treatment journey. Through our specialty pharmaceutical distribution, pharmacies, patient support programs and clinical services, BioScript has the capability to manage the needs of manufacturers, payors, prescribers and health care practitioners across Canada today, and tomorrow. To learn more, please visit bioscript.ca.

SOURCE Acorn Biolabs

View original content to download multimedia: http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/February2020/20/c2552.html

Originally posted here:
Locking in and preserving your healthy stem cells has never been easier and more accessible as Acorn Biolabs partners with Coverdale Clinics. - Yahoo...

An interdisciplinary team of Missouri S&T researchers is creating organ tissue samples using bioactive glass, stem cells and a 3D printer. The project could advance pharmaceutical testing and lead to a better understanding of how diseases affect human cells.

The researchers grow stem cells and add them to hydrogelsmade of alginate, gelatin or similar substances. Then, in a step unique toMissouri S&T, the researchers add bioactive glass to supply needed calciumions to the hydrogel/cell mixture and load the mixture as bioink into a 3Dprinter. They test the samples after bioprinting to determine the stem cellfunction, the materials tensile strength, degradation and the best glass typeto add.

Different cells prefer different gels, so we work to findwhich gel combination suits our research, says Dr. Krishna Kolan, apostdoctoral researcher at S&T. The challenge is that dissolved glass addscalcium, but it changes the pH, and cells need neutral pH to survive. Wefigured out which glass and how much to add to maintain neutral pH.

Kolan says researchers are several years away from making afunctioning organ, such as a liver or kidney, and the challenge is the vascularsystem and multiple types of cells in those organs. S&T researchers areworking on ways to develop vascular systems within the bioprinted tissue. Kolansays they can imbed a channel into engineered tissue during printing, then linethe channel with endothelial cells, which are the primary cells in bloodvessels. He is working on the experiments with two undergraduate students: AugustBindbeutel (mechanical engineering) and Lesa Steen (materials science andengineering).

Endothelial cells form networks in environments they like,such as glass-infused hydrogel, Kolan says. As the network grows, itvascularizes the tissue.

As researchers work toward someday repairing or replacingorgans with engineered organs, they are creating tissue models that can be usedfor pharmaceutical testing, Kolan says. Companies can scale down thecomposition of a drug to be appropriate for a tissue sample, he says. S&Tresearchers are also currently working on 3D-printed bone models. Biologygraduate student Bradley Bromet is comparing diseased cells with healthy stemcells to see in 3D how a disease diabetes, for instance affects cells.

Kolan isworking on the project with Dr. Ming Leu, the Bailey Professor in S&Tsmechanical and aerospace engineering department; Dr. Richard Brow, interimdeputy provost in the materials science and engineering department; Dr. DelbertDay, Curators Professor Emeritus of ceramic engineering, and Dr. Julie Semon, assistant professor ofbiology and director of S&Ts Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine.

Theresearch project showcases the types of research that complement the Universityof Missouri Systems NextGen Precision Health Initiative. NextGen is expectedto accelerate medical breakthroughs and improve lives by harnessing theresearch being done at the systems four universities and training a newgeneration of health scientists and practitioners.

Link:
Missouri S&T researchers create organ tissue with bioactive glass, stem cells and 3D printer - Missouri S&T News and Research

Researchers have screened 20,000 molecules to discover a potent compound with low toxicity that restores the balance of healthy stem cells in the lungs of mice.

A molecule identified by researchers through screening helps maintain a healthy balance of cells in airway and lung tissue. According to the scientists, if the compound, so far only studied in isolated human and mouse cells, has the same effect in people, it may lead to new drugs to treat or prevent lung cancer.

We think this could help us develop a new therapy that promotes airway health, said Dr Brigitte Gomperts, lead author of the study and professor of paediatrics and pulmonary medicine at the University of California LA (UCLA), US, where the stiudy was conducted. This could not only inform the treatment of lung cancer, but help prevent its progression in the first place.

The human respiratory system is regularly replenished with healthy cells. That process is driven by airway basal stem cells, which divide to produce both more stem cells and the mucociliary cells that line the airways and lungs.

Mucociliary cells include:

In healthy lungs, airway basal stem cells stay balanced between producing mucociliary cells and self-renewing to maintain a population of stem cells.In pre-cancerous cells in the lungs, basal stem cells divide more often than usual, generating a large number of stem cells but too few mucociliary cells. The resulting imbalance of cells in the airway leaves it unable to properly clear debris and creates a greater risk that the pre-cancerous cells will develop into a tumour.

In the new study, the researchers analysed airway cells from equal numbers of biopsies of healthy people, patients with pre-malignant lung cancer lesions and patients with squamous lung cancer. They discovered that one group of molecules collectively called the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway was present at different levels in the basal stem cells of the patient samples versus the cells from healthy people.

Normal airway tissue, left and lung cancer tissue, right, with an overabundance of basal stem cells (green). The activated form of beta-catenin (red) in the lung cancer can be targeted by the Wnt Inhibitor Compound 1 (credit: Broad Stem Cell Research Center).

Altering the levels of these molecules in healthy airway cells from mice, the team found the balance between stem cells and mucociliary cells shifted, mimicking the imbalance seen in lung pre-cancers.

When you activate the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, these stem cells just divide and divide, said Gomperts.

Finally, the researchers screened more than 20,000 chemical compounds using high-throughput methods. They investigated their ability to reverse this effect in human cells, lowering levels of Wnt and restoring the balance of stem cells and mature airway cells.

One compound, named as Wnt Inhibitor Compound 1 (WIC1), was particularly effective at limiting the proliferation of basal stem cells and restoring the balance of the stem cells and mucociliary cells to regular levels. The researchers also noted that the compound was less toxic to airway cells than previously discovered molecules that block Wnt/beta-catenin signalling.

The identification of this new drug is a nice tool to tease apart the biology of the Wnt/beta-catenin signalling pathway and its effects on lung health, said Cody Aros, the first author of the new paper and a UCLA graduate student. Its also very exciting that it may act in a new way than other existing Wnt/beta-catenin signalling pathway inhibitors and has such low toxicity.

As WIC1 was identified through a random drug screen, the researchers do not yet know exactly how it works, but they are planning future studies on its mechanism and safety.

The study was published in Cell Reports.

Originally posted here:
High-throughput screening reveals new compound to maintain lung health - Drug Target Review

Alfie Commons and mum Lorna, 40, met Christin Bouvier, 34, for the first time on Wednesday after spending more than two years communicating via anonymous letters due to donation laws.

Alfie, from Toton, Notts, was diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) at seven months after he had a cold for six weeks.

After chemotherapy failed, Alfie was put on a trial immunotherapy drug which helped him to recover to be eligible for a stem cell transplant.

Unable to find a family match, his family found Christin on a worldwide register operated by blood cancer charity DKMS. She donated her cells in a one-hour op and they were flown to the UK and slowly passed into Alfies body in August 2016.

When the teacher, from Schwerin, Germany, was finally allowed to meet the family at Chiswick Town Hall in west London, the little boy gave a gift of Lacoste Pink perfume.

Mum-of-two Lorna, who works in HR, said: The meet-up was just amazing, it was everything we could have possibly dreamed of there were lots of hugs and tears.

It didnt feel like I was meeting her for the first time because wed been chatting for so long before.

As a family, we owe so much to Christin, words of thanks will never feel enough.

Christin just cried when she heard the recipient was a baby. She said: After I donated my bone marrow and the anaesthetic wore off, I called DKMS.

They told me that Alfie was a small baby and living in the UK but couldnt tell me any more due to the laws. When I found out Alfie was responding to treatment, so many tears of joy ran down my face. I still cant describe that moment.

Its a moment that is always with me. Whenever I feel a bit down, I think back to it as it always brings me so much happiness! She added that the meeting was so amazing. I was very nervous and shaking at first and when we finally met we cried a lot and hugged.

Alfie was shy at first but after a bit of time he became more comfortable and we played with some balloons and had a slice of cake.

After the transplant, Alfie developed a deadly immune condition, but this was controlled by medication. He was given the cancer all-clear in 2017 and has started school.

Lorna added: I just want more people to sign up to become donors theres a match for everyone.

Originally posted here:
From Germany with love: Alfie, four, meets his stem cell saviour - Express

Rather than developing a consumer-facing prototype, Cell Farm Food will supply the raw material to cultured meat companies and sell the stem cell lines through a royalty model.

The company has already taken part in several incubator and accelerator programs with Pro Veg (Berlin), Brinc (Hong Kong) and Grid Exponential (Buenos Aires) and will open a seed round to raise further funds in the coming months.

Cell Farm Food Tech, which counts a team of four women and has a presence in Buenos Aires, London, and Hong Kong, takes biopsies from Hereford and

Angus beef that form the main gene pool of Argentinian cattle and isolates the mesenchymal stem cells.

With these specific cells we can have an all-in-one cell line since they can differentiate into the main tissues present in the meat: muscle, adipocyte, bone, and cartilage, said Sofia Giampaoli, CEO and founder of the company. Mesenchymal stem cellsseem promising for scaling up cultured meat because they are, in simple terms, easy to grow. However, we are also working with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS).

We are tackling a major opportunity the cultured meat industry has by offering immortalized lines that can grow faster and reduce manufacturing costs by using less cultured media.

Cell Farm Food Tech is also working on a method it says will allow the cells to grow between two and three times faster than the standard procedure but is not ready to disclose details yet.

It anticipates being able to offer stem cell lines to cultured meat companies within a matter of months, rather than years, so they can begin developing their own consumer-facing products,

Argentinas reputation as a premium beef producer and, vven if increasing numbers are fattened in feedlots before being slaughtered - anestimated 40% in 2012- the image of gauchos herding grass-fed cattle on the pampa is a selling point, particularly for consumers in countries like China.

Our idea is to leverage the countrys brand traditional meat production and its high-quality standards and to [expand] that to cultured meat, said Giampaoli, who is a chemical engineer by training and previously worked at PepsiCo.

Initial demand will come from international markets such as China, Europe, and the US, rather than within Latin America.

Latin Americans are not early adopters in terms of food. We are very traditional and the reality is we have high-quality meat in Argentina.

I am working so that Latin Americas politicians can see, as Chinas already did, the huge potential this technology has, she added. Latin America has to see cell ag technology as an opportunity and not a threat to the traditional industries.

Giampaoli intends to keep Cell Farm Food Techs R&D and production in Argentina - as long as it remains advantageous for the company. Although the country offers many benefits such as low operating costs, Argentinas notoriously volatile economy and complex red tape could force the company to relocate, she said.

Due to the extremely high costs of producing cultured meat at the minute, the products that will be available in the next three to four years are in fact cultured cells on a plant-based scaffold, Giampaoli said.

Giuseppe Scionti is CEO and co-founder of plant-based startup NovaMeat, which provides this scaffolding technology required by cultured meat start-ups. It is working on developing a plant-based scaffold that is functional in terms of its texture, taste, appearance and nutritional properties.

The plant-based scaffold provides a preliminary skeleton structure for the cells to live in, explained Scionti, who sits on Cell Farm Food Techs board of advisors.

Normally, you don't just grow the cells on a petri dish, instead you seed them or grow them within a scaffold, also called biomaterial or extracellular matrix, he told us.

Cell-based meat needs more than just the cells from the biopsies: in the last 30 years of tissue engineering, the most common strategy is to combine the cells with the scaffold and the signaling molecules, or growth factors, such as the cell-growth media and serum.

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Argentinian cultured meat supplier on its 'all-in-one' cell line: 'We offer cells that can grow fast and reduce costs' - FoodNavigator-Latam