What is Epigenetics? The Answer to the Nature vs. Nurture …

New scientific research shows that environmental influences can actually affect whether and how genes are expressed. In fact, scientists have discovered that early experiences can determine how genes are turned on and off and even whether some are expressed at all. Thus, the old ideas that genes are set in stone or that they alone determine development have been disproven. Nature vs. Nurture is no longer a debateits nearly always both!

Deep Dive: Gene-Environment InteractionLearn more about the physical and chemical processes that take place as part of the creation of the epigenome.

Working Paper 10: Early Experiences Can Alter Gene Expression and Affect Long-Term DevelopmentThis in-depth working paper explains how genes and the environment interact, and gives recommendations for ways that caregivers and policymakers can effectively respond to the science.

During development, the DNA that makes up our genes accumulates chemical marks that determine how much or little of the genes is expressed. This collection of chemical marks is known as the epigenome. The different experiences children have rearrange those chemical marks. This explains why genetically identical twins can exhibit different behaviors, skills, health, and achievement.

Until recently, the influences of genes were thought to be set, and the effects of childrens experiences and environments on brain architecture and long-term physical and mental health outcomes remained a mystery. That lack of understanding led to several misleading conclusions about the degree to which negative and positive environmental factors and experiences can affect the developing fetus and young child. The following misconceptions are particularly important to set straight.

The epigenome can be affected by positive experiences, such as supportive relationships and opportunities for learning, or negative influences, such as environmental toxins or stressful life circumstances, which leave a unique epigenetic signature on the genes. These signatures can be temporary or permanent and both types affect how easily the genes are switched on or off. Recent research demonstrates that there may be ways to reverse certain negative changes and restore healthy functioning, but that takes a lot more effort, may not be successful at changing all aspects of the signatures, and is costly. Thus, the very best strategy is to support responsive relationships and reduce stress to build strong brains from the beginning, helping children grow up to be healthy, productive members of society.

For more information:Early Experiences Can Alter Gene Expression and Affect Long-Term Development: Working Paper No. 10.

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What is Epigenetics? The Answer to the Nature vs. Nurture ...