Immune responses to tuberculosis mapped across 3 species – Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis

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Detailed genetic road map will guide research into TB treatments, vaccines

A new study led by Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis lays out a genetic road map of immune responses to tuberculosis (TB) infection across three species. Pictured is a TB-infected human lung. TB is shown in green, and immune cells surrounding the TB bacteria are shown in red and white.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the worlds most vexing public health problems. About 1.5 million people died from this bacterial lung infection in 2018, and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that one-quarter of the worlds population some 2 billion people, mostly in developing countries are infected with the bacteria that causes TB.

For decades, scientists have been studying the deadly disease in mice and other animal models to develop drug therapies and vaccines to treat or prevent the infection. But findings in animals with TB dont always translate well to people with the disease, leaving scientists puzzled by the discrepancies.

Now, a new study led by Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis offers a genetic road map detailing the similarities and differences in immune responses to TB across three species mice, macaques and humans. According to the researchers, the insight into the immune pathways that are activated in diverse models of TB infection will serve as a valuable tool for scientists studying and working to eradicate the disease.

The research, appearing Jan. 29 in the journal Science Translational Medicine, is a collaboration between Washington University; the Texas Biomedical Research Institute in San Antonio; and the University of Cape Town in South Africa.

For many years, scientists have been frustrated by the fact that animal models of TB especially the genetically identical mice so often studied dont really reflect what we see in people with TB infections, said co-senior author Shabaana A. Khader, PhD, a professor of molecular microbiology at Washington University. This study is important because now we show in great detail where these animal models overlap with humans with TB and where they dont.

Unlike many previous mouse studies, the new research involved genetically diverse mice that more closely recapitulate the wide range of TB infection severity in humans: Some infected individuals show no symptoms; others show intermediate degrees of severity; and still others develop extreme inflammation of the lungs.

With co-author Deepak Kaushal, PhD, at the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, the researchers compared the genetic and immune responses to TB infection in these diverse mice with the responses of TB-infected macaques in the Kaushal lab. And with co-author Thomas J. Scriba, PhD, of the University of Cape Town, the research team analyzed blood samples from adolescents in Western Cape, South Africa, who are enrolled in a clinical trial investigating TB infection. The samples from people allowed the researchers to analyze and compare data from the mice and macaques with a range of responses to TB infection in young people.

Past research from this long-running clinical trial identified a group of 16 genes whose activation patterns predicted the onset of TB disease more than a year before diagnosis. These genes called a human TB gene signature differed significantly in their activation patterns between young people who developed symptoms of TB and those who didnt.

In macaques, primates closely related to humans, scientists have long assumed that TB infection closely resembles such infection in people.

Our data demonstrate that 100% of the genes previously identified as a human TB gene signature overlap in macaques and people, said co-senior author Makedonka Mitreva, PhD, a professor of medicine and of genetics at Washington University and a researcher at the universitys McDonnell Genome Institute. Its important to have the definitive data showing it to be true.

There was significant overlap between humans and mice as well, according to the researchers, including co-first authors Mushtaq Ahmed, PhD, an assistant professor of molecular microbiology in Khaders lab; Shyamala Thirunavukkarasu, PhD, a staff scientist in Khaders lab; and Bruce A. Rosa, PhD, an assistant professor of medicine in Mitrevas lab. But they also identified genetic pathways that differed between mice and humans, providing detailed analysis of areas where TB in mice is unlikely to point to meaningful insight into human TB infection.

Until now, we have studied mouse models to understand TB disease progression, not knowing where the mouse disease translates to human disease and where it doesnt, Khader said. Now, we have shown that many areas do translate but that there are important aspects of TB infection that dont. If you are using mouse models to develop TB vaccines or other therapeutics that target areas that dont overlap, you likely wont succeed.

Added Mitreva, Our study will inform researchers when they may need to move to a different animal model to study their genetic or molecular pathways of interest.

The researchers studied in detail the genes that increase in expression in people who develop severe TB disease. Of 16 such genes identified in people, they were able to study 12 in mice. Four of the genes could not be studied because mice dont have equivalent versions of such genes or, when such genes were eliminated, the mouse embryos died during development.

The scientists found that the 12 genes fall into three categories: those that provide protection against TB infection; those that lead to greater susceptibility to TB infection; and those that had no effect either way. Such information will be useful in seeking future therapeutics that could, for example, boost effects of protective genes or shut down harmful ones.

According to Khader and Mitreva, their team plans to use the new knowledge to better understand TB infections that have become drug-resistant, a growing problem in places where the disease is endemic. In addition, they will harness the information to help understand why the TB vaccine often administered to high-risk groups of people works well in some individuals but not others.

With the studys raw data publicly available, Khader and Mitreva said they are hopeful it will serve as a valuable resource to TB research and immunology communities worldwide.

This work was supported by Washington University in St. Louis; the National Institutes of Health (NIH), grant numbers HL105427, AI111914-02, AI123780, AI134236-02, U19 AI91036 and U19AI106772; the Department of Molecular Microbiology at Washington University; and a Stephen I. Morse Fellowship; the Department of Medicine at the University of Rochester Medical Center.

Scriba is a co-inventor of a patent of the 16-gene signature for TB susceptibility from the Adolescent Cohort Study (ACS).

Washington University School of Medicines 1,500 faculty physicians also are the medical staff of Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Childrens hospitals. The School of Medicine is a leader in medical research, teaching and patient care, ranking among the top 10 medical schools in the nation by U.S. News & World Report. Through its affiliations with Barnes-Jewish and St. Louis Childrens hospitals, the School of Medicine is linked to BJC HealthCare.

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Immune responses to tuberculosis mapped across 3 species - Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis