US is Out of Step on Primate Research With Rest of World – NewsClick

In the last two years, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) has invested nearly$29 million to breed more monkeys for biomedical research, with an additional $7.5 million to be spent by October. The investments, which include infrastructure improvements at the US National Primate Research Centers (NPRCs), have been made in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, as researchers have been testing numerous vaccines on non-human primates, most commonly rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)a species of Old World monkey commonly used to study infectious diseasesbefore human trials began.

Using the pandemic as the pretext, the Biden administration hasproposedusing even more taxpayer money to conduct primate research, suggesting a 27% funding increase for the NPRCs in its fiscal year 2022 budget request. If Congress gives the administration its stamp of approval, an additional $30 million would be given to the centres.

We have been making investments to bring the levels up and to plan for the future, James Anderson, director of the NIH Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives in Bethesda, Maryland,toldNature. What happens if [a pandemic] happens again, with another virus in three years? We want to be ready for that.

A couple of years ago, we were feeling the pinch, Nancy Haigwood, director of the NPRC in Beaverton, Oregon,toldNature. Citing the pandemic, Haigwood said, we are truly out of animals, thoughNaturereports that the centre she runs houses some 5,000 primates.

Animal rights advocates are rebuffing the proposed increase in funding, which would subject many more animals to cruel and deadly experiments.

In an email to Earth | Food | Life, Barbara Stagno, president and executive director ofCitizens for Alternatives to Animal Research and Experimentation(CAARE), an animal rights non-profit organisation based in New York, countered the claim that there is a dearth in primates for research. The group has launched apublic petitionurging Congress to reject the additional funding for primate research.

While the centres are claiming that there are not enough primates to conduct research, Stagno presented figures from the US Department of Agriculture showing that the opposite is true. In 2019 there were40,269monkeys held on reserve, in addition to the68,257monkeys subjected to experiments, said Stagno. Not only were over 40,000 monkeys warehoused on hold for use in experiments, but that number is a 14 percent increase from 2018, clearly demonstrating a growing surplusnot a shortageof monkeys.

In contrast to the falsehoods being pushed by the primate centres, monkeys are not essential for COVID-19 research. In fact,due to vast differences in genetics and physiology, primates do not experience COVID-19 as humans do, said Stagno.

In fact, scientists at the NIHconcludedin 2015 that research on SARS and MERS, two strains of coronaviruses that crossed the species barrier to infect humans within the preceding 12 years, had been largely unsuccessful in part because of difficulties in developing animal models that provide consistent and reproducible results.

In addition, Stagno pointed out that the trajectory of the COVID-19 biomedical response actually proved that non-human animal testing for vaccines is unnecessary. With the urgency imposed by the pandemic, key vaccine developers Pfizer and Moderna were given approval to run human trials ahead of normally required animal testing, she said. The result was that vaccines for COVID-19 were developed and made accessible to the public in record time, with less animal testing than ever before. In bypassing animal testing to evaluate the vaccines, the scientific community acknowledged that these tests are not scientifically predictive of human response, but rather are based on regulatory requirements that are a hindrance to rapidly developing safe and effective treatments.

Indeed, as CAAREhighlights, the most informative work addressing the COVID-19 pandemic comes from human-based science. Other organisations, notably thePhysicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, a non-profit animal rights group based in Washington, D.C., also strongly support alternatives to non-human animal research, arguing that the US doesnt need more monkeys for vaccine testing, but rather a new strategy altogether.

Instead of monkeys and other animals, more ethical, effective, and sustainable human-based methods are the future, the groupsays. Because they use human cells and tissues, these approaches can better replicate the pathology of human diseases, including COVID-19 examples of powerful human-based COVID-19 research include studies that have used donated human tissue, human brain organoids, human lung airway chips, human stem cell-derived cardiac tissue, human intestinal organoids, and mini human lungs in a dish. Learning from these human-relevant findings and supporting much more of this kind of research is the only way we will solve this crisis and better prepare for future pandemics.

Stagno criticised the federal governments request for more funding for primate research by comparing the US position to that of Europe. At a time when theEuropean Parliament voted [on September 15] to phase out animal experiments, the US Department of Health and Human Services [under whose jurisdiction the NIH falls] is asking for another $30 million to expand primate research. This is totally out of step with where modern science needs to go.

While the past decade has seen amazing new developments in alternatives to animal testing, policymakers, regulators and parts of the scientific community are yet to fully recognize the potential of these new methods,saidMember of the European Parliament Tilly Metz. The resolution we voted on today aims to accelerate the shift in mentalities, regulation and funding.

Sheadded, There are no excuses to perpetuate the current level of reliance on animal experiments. It is clear that an ambitious phase-out plan, with clear milestones and achievable objectives, is the next step needed to start reducing significantly the use of animals in science. And while Europe is leading todays charge to eliminate animal testing, animal welfare in general has also beengaining ground across Asia in recent years.

When it comes to cruel, deadly and unnecessary experiments, particularly on our close evolutionary cousins, its time for the United States to get in sync with modern science. Congress shouldnt just reject additional funding for primate researchit should ban it altogether.

Reynard Loki is a writing fellow at theIndependent Media Institute, where he serves as the editor and chief correspondent forEarth | Food | Life.

This article was produced byEarth | Food | Life, a project of the Independent Media Institute.

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US is Out of Step on Primate Research With Rest of World - NewsClick