Mutation in Housekeeping tRNA Linked to Autism – Technology Networks

Within cells, molecules known as transfer RNAs, or tRNAs, play an important but unglamorous workhorse role in keeping the genetic translation process moving along from codes of DNA to functional proteins.

Because they play such a vital role in this translational housekeeping, tRNAs are plentiful.

There are hundreds of tRNA genes in mammalian cells and more than enough backup copies, just in case anything goes wrong. Yet because there are so many tRNAs, theyve been largely overlooked in the search for the roots of disease processes.

University of California San Diego scientists studying tRNAs in mice have now found that a mutation in a tRNA gene calledn-Tr20expressed only in the braincan disrupt the landscape of the entire cell, leading to a chain reaction altering brain function and behavior.

The new researchis described in the journalNeuron.

Study first author Mridu Kapur, a postdoctoral scholar working in Professor Susan Ackermans laboratory, says she and her colleagues found thatn-Tr20plays a role in the delicate balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain. A disruption in this balance has been implicated in numerous neurological diseases, including epilepsies and autism spectrum disorders.

tRNAs have generally been overlooked in the hunt for the genetic causes of disease, but recent whole genome sequencing projects have revealed that there are many variations in tRNA sequences in the human population, said Kapur. Our study suggests the enormous potential for tRNA variants to contribute to disease outcomes and phenotypic variability.

The researchers found that a loss ofn-Tr20, one of the members of a five-gene tRNA family, made mice resistant to seizures. While they note that their initial interest in this area came from the idea that a tRNA mutation could subsequently influence other gene mutations, their results not only confirm their speculations that tRNA mutations can influence other mutations, but indicate that these mutations alone can also alter brain function.

You can imagine its like a seesawif you push either way you can have problems, said Ackerman, a member of the Section of Neurobiology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Keeping balance of these two opposing forces is essential for normal function. Shifting one way or another can lead to neurological diseases. Its becoming well accepted in the autism spectrum disorder field that what we are really seeing is an imbalance of excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmission.

Ackerman says part of the reason tRNAs have been overlooked in disease investigations is because researchers commonly concentrate on mutations in unique genes. A member of a large family such asn-Tr20typically gets tossed in the genetic garbage can because they are too similar to one other.

We never knew a mutation in a multi-copy tRNA gene could do anything like this, said Ackerman. These findings make you think about people who have diseases with variable symptoms and how much this class of overlooked genes could be playing a role in their disease. So were seeing this go from a behavior, such as seizure, all the way to the molecular underpinnings causing them.

The researchers say the results are likely the tip of the iceberg and are now turning their attention to studying tRNA links to disease in tissues outside the brain.

Reference: Kapur et al. (2020).Expression of the Neuronal tRNA n-Tr20 Regulates Synaptic Transmission and Seizure Susceptibility. Neuron.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.07.023.

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Mutation in Housekeeping tRNA Linked to Autism - Technology Networks