Women wait with their malaria-struck babies for treatment in Angola. Will opponents of gene ... [+] engineering deny prevention to families like these?

Mosquitoes are not just obnoxious summer pests they are a serious health threat to most of the world. In fact, the WHO calls mosquitoes one of the deadliest animals in the world.

Why? Mosquitoes carry and spread diseases to humans that cause millions of deaths every year. The biggest threat is malaria: a half a million lives are lost annually, and Africa alone loses $12 billion in health care, productivity, investment, and tourism to the disease. Then theres Zika, dengue, chikungunya, and yellow fever each carried by mosquitoes, and each extracting their toll in human lives and livelihood.

But now, there is hope that biotechnology can help solve this crisis. The solution lies in genetically modifying a small population of mosquitoes and releasing them into malaria-prone areas. These mosquitoes carry a lethal gene that kills larvae before they reach adulthood and carry malaria to others, just stunting human illness.

Oxitec is a British biotechnology company doing just this. Over the last fifteen years or so the company has introduced Friendly Technology. Oxitecs latest results back up historic successes in Brazil, which saw dengue cases in one area reduced by 91% in a small trial. Their latest study showed a 96% reduction in mosquito numbers, this time using a more effective strategy of targeting the biting, egg-laying females - albeit leaving non-biting males to survive and reproduce. A great success, on the face of it.

The anti-GM backlash

However, Oxitec and others are taking a lot of flak from the anti-GM lobby, which according to the Genetic Literacy Project spent $850 million in the last five years alone opposing everything from the way we label genetically engineered food to fabric thats fermented from sugar.

The backlash was triggered by a paper that, ironically, seems likely to be retracted (or at least highly modified) due to exaggerated predictions of more robust mosquitoes, among others. Though reports of genetic mixing between surviving introduced mosquitoes and local mosquitoes were valid, the lethal gene was not actually present - which was the most likely outcome considering the lethality of the gene in question. A lethal gene will naturally diminish in frequency among a population.

But another consideration is to ask: does it even matter, all things considered, when eradication of disease should be the goal?

The risk of inaction

Mosquitoes are utterly deadly, and even when theyre not they provide among the largest disease burden on the planet. Tuberculosis may kill more people (around 1.3 million per year, compared with around 450,000 for malaria). But malaria infects 20 times that number of people.

Those 219 million annual malaria cases cost low income countries a significant chunk of their GDP up to 1.3% in the worst affected while just a 10% reduction in malaria was associated with a 0.3% growth in a much cited study on the economic burden of malaria. For Uganda, the economic gain from eradicating malaria would total around $50 million USD.

This doesnt take into account emerging diseases such as dengue and Zika virus, among others. In Brazil, the focus of Oxitecs recent trials aiming to reduce numbers of Aedes aegypti, 1.2 million people were infected with dengue in the first six months of 2019 six times more than in 2018 with an associated 388 deaths. Zika virus, carried by the same mosquito, exploded onto the scene in 2015 and has been associated with a range of effects on babies born to infected mothers in 10% of cases.

Yes, there are likely some knock-on ecosystem effects of releasing Oxitec mosquitoes. There might well be reduced prey for fish that eat the larvae, or less food for some of the birds that eat the flying insects. However, mosquitoes are not irreplaceable as far as the wider ecosystem is concerned, especially pests such as Aedes aegypti. There are another 3000 species of mosquito other than the three which primarily cause disease in people.

The World Health Organization (WHO) brands Aedes aegypti mosquitoes as being exquisitely adapted to city life, and that they prefer to breed in artificial containers. Given this information, it makes it even less important that lethal genes might persist among the wider population of these costly pests, less so that they might be eradicated - an opinion seemingly shared by researchers who have looked into the potential environmental costs associated with getting rid of the worst species of disease-bearing mosquitoes.

It all boils down to a cost/benefit analysis. Is the risk of some genetically modified mosquitoes passing on transgenes to wild populations worse than the risk of millions of people being infected with haemorrhagic fever and malaria, or babies being born with abnormally small heads (microcephaly)?

In any case, we will always have to take measures to reduce the burden of disease. What about the alternative forms of pest control and their relatively indiscriminate, off-target effects?

What is natural?

Oxitec, the company responsible for releasing genetically modified mosquitoes, have always known and stated - explicitly so - that some mosquitoes would survive to breed and pass on their genes. They have also taken measures to ensure that populations containing the lethal gene eventually go their predestined way.

In fact, their latest mosquitoes are meant to pass on genes to wild populations, this time to reverse the naturally occurring genetic mechanisms that render mosquitoes resistant to pesticides such as DEET. (Incidentally, multi drug resistance in the malaria parasite itself is also increasing).

To put our collective minds at ease, its worth pointing out that nature is weirder than what Oxitec is doing. mosquitoes perform their own version of enforced sterilisation, whereby male tiger mosquitoes (of the species Aedes albopictus) can mate with, and sterilize, female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.

The fact that diseases such as Zika and dengue are present in Brazil in the first place is evidence that we are about as far removed from whatever natural used to mean as we can possibly be. Zika was introduced by a traveller from French Polynesia. The only way it got to Brazil was by aeroplane.

Its not just Zika traversing the globe in such a manner. There are emergent diseases popping up left, right and center, and it is not an easy task to keep them in check. The WHO warned us over ten years ago that infectious diseases are emerging at a rate not seen before. (One example is West Nile Virus, a mosquito-borne disease first described in 1937 in Uganda but discovered in New York in the summer of 1999. It is becoming more prevalent in California and will soon reach Silicon Valley and the San Francisco biotech region.)

It is no wonder. We live in a globally connected world with a rapidly expanding population that is a hotbed for disease-causing agents to emerge, mix, and spread (from viruses and bacteria to malaria parasites), which means that we need highly innovative, modern solutions to control them. Its an evolutionary arms race, and we need all the tools we can muster. If one of them happens to include lethal genes that successfully wipe out local populations of disease-causing mosquitoes, so be it.

Mosquito-borne diseases already threaten half of the global population.And as the climate warms and favors the mosquito, these diseases could spread to a billion more people.

Clearly, our current methods of control havent quite been enough to stop 219 million people becoming afflicted with malaria each year, or an increasing number suffering and dying from dengue and other diseases. Its not genes escaping that is the problem, but the sheer difficulty in eradicating mosquitoes and their diseases at all.

We must proceed carefully with new genetic engineering technologies, but we must also weigh the risks of inaction: each year hundreds of millions of people mostly children needlessly die, get sick, or suffer genetic defects. GMO mosquitoes are something we can do about it.

So what would you rather have: GMO mosquitoes or dying babies?

Acknowledgement: Thank you to Peter Bickerton for additional research and reporting in this post.

Please note: I am the founder ofSynBioBeta, and some of the companies that I write about are sponsors of theSynBioBeta conference(click herefor a full list of sponsors).

Link:
British Biotech Company Sees Hope In Reducing Mosquito-Borne Diseases And Deaths With GMOs - Forbes

When we hear technology we think of electronic gadgets and a hundred types of software. But the problems of the future are going to be more basic.

Food, water, and shelter are important to talk about. Theyre essential to sustain human life and limited in availability. Moreover, the increasing population and concentration of population in major cities will possibly lead to scarcity unless we take due action.

RELATED: 11 INNOVATIONS THAT COULD BUILD THE FOOD OF THE FUTURE

This is not the first time we are seeing a population surge. Farming methods have evolved over the years to meet these growing demands in the form of farming tools, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides, etc.

The earliest known tools were sticks and stones which were later replaced by knives, scythes, and plows. It wasnt until the industrial revolution that modern machines were used in agriculture.

Wheeled harvesters and threshers paved the way for steam-powered tractors. But the introduction of gasoline and diesel engines was the last great invention in agriculture technology.

Similarly, manure was partially replaced by chemical fertilizers such as Ammonium Sulphates and Urea.

The increase in yield due to the adoption of these devices has helped sustain the population growth so far. But society has never been this conscious about health or the environment.

The fact is, if we keep relying on the same methods to increase the yield, it will lead to an environmental catastrophe. Moreover, trends like organic food are also going to impact agricultural practices of the future.

These trends are partially based on research that chemicals used in food get deposited in our bodies over time. The chemicals that go unabsorbed by the plants get washed away and pollute the water bodies.

Apart from these crops, animal husbandry, and farming of cotton and other non-edible plants are also undergoing similar trends and challenges.

This demand is not only affected by the world population but also by the economy and quality of life. People living a prosperous life tend to consume more, both in terms of quantity and variety.

On the other hand, it is projected that the number of farmers is going to decrease further. Growers who are older than 65 already outnumber the younger ones less than 45 years of age.

This shows the extent of urbanization and the receding interest of the youth in farming. At the same time, farming land is also decreasing as the cities are growing and more industries are being set up to feed them.

To address these issues, the field of farm management has emerged and brought forth approaches such as precision farming.

Precision farming is the use of future farm technologies to distribute water, fertilizers, and pesticide in regulated amounts. Each plant gets the precise measure of substances required.

This reduces the cost by reducing excess amounts and increasing yield. It also moderates the use of chemicals, leading to healthier crops and better overall environmental impact.

The emerging research on agriculture technology can be used to achieve this and more.

OpenAg is a project by MIT's Media Lab that uses botany, machine-learning algorithms, and chemistry to optimize farm produce. The remarkable thing is that without using any genetic modification, the team was able to improve the flavor and medicinal qualities of plants such as Basil by simply controlling the environment.

Computer algorithms determine the optimal growing conditions to maximize the volatile compounds, which are primarily responsible for the taste.

The next challenge for OpenAg is to help farmers adapt to climate change. They plan on achieving this by using controlled simulations of the plants in hydroponic containers called food computers.

The use of drones is not a new concept in farming. Drones have seen experimental use in spraying fertilizers and pesticides.

The problem is still at large. A UN estimate suggests that 2040% of global crop yields are destroyed due to pests and diseases.

Some universities and research groups such as Carnegie Mellon are experimenting with a combination of technologies to identify the problem at its inception and eliminate it.

Cameras mounted on drones can be used to survey the field for pests in the morning and suggest or even directly apply the counter-measures. Using cameras also lets us image infrared pictures that can pinpoint a disease before it spreads.

Scientists from Carnegie Mellon are already doing field tests with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), a staple in many parts of Africa and a potential biofuel.

Agribotix is another example of drones being used in agriculture. Agribotix uses the principles of precision farming by applying pesticides just where it is needed and in the required quantity, reducing pesticide use to 0.1%.

The topsoil is the most important agricultural resource. While there are factors such as soil erosion and moisture loss at play, one avoidable factor is the use of heavy equipment.

Large harvesters damage and compact the soil. Overusing fertilizers has a disastrous long term impact.

Bonirob is set to reduce this by taking the farmer out of the cockpit. As no one is needed to drive the machine, the size is reduced. This leads to a reduction in engine power and consequently, the weight.

What you get then, is a robot that can be used to measure soil quality, weed, harvest, thresh or even interbreed plants to maximize yield without leaving a footprint of its own. Robots such as Bonirob, RIPPA, or Ecorobotix are taking the farms forward to the future.

Another application of farming tech is in animal husbandry. A Glasgow start-up, Silent Herdsman, is manufacturing smart collars based on the concept of smartwatches. The collar monitors fertility and disease by tracking various bodily parameters and activities.

The biggest hurdle to the adoption of such tech is surprisingly not farmers, but big-machinery manufacturers who resist the kind of change it would require in their business models to use this technology.

The other problem is that of intellectual property. Most of these technologies are of great impact and the labs developing them do not want to share their research and findings.

RELATED: IoT AND SMART AGRICULTURE ARE BUILDING OUR FUTURE CITIES TODAY

This is possibly slowing down the development of agritech. Fortunately, some universities, such as MIT, are taking the initiative to make their research publicly available under open source licenses.

They say that necessity is the mother of invention. Today, we can witness this saying in action as researchers around the world are coming together to solve the problem of world hunger.

Go here to read the rest:
AgriTech: 3+ Ways We Plan to Feed the Future - Interesting Engineering

Lightspeed 7/19New York Times 5/27/19Tor.com 6/5/19Big Echo 1/19Terraform 5/13/19

The science fiction stories in Julys Lightspeed catch characters at very different phases of their lives. The Null Space Conundrum by Violet Allen is an over-the-top story of Aria, a supercool (and very self-conscious about that coolness) cosmic cyborg entity helping the living song entity Kantikle on a mission to save the Universe from a destructive force. They are cooped up on a spaceship and getting on each others nerves, and things get really trippy when weird mind-warping weaponry comes into play. Whether you find this story fabulous or annoying will hinge on how much you appreciate Arias super-arch tone as the viewpoint character. In Miles and Miles and Miles, by contrast, Andrew Penn Romine gives us Noah Stubbs, a down-on-his-luck Moon resident who gets involved in scams of varying levels of illegality as his wife dies from cancer, likely due to the increased-radiation environment. As it seems like Noah is skipping back and forth in time, it becomes clear that hes suffering from dementia, possibly accelerated by that same radiations effect on his brain. His disorientation, sometimes becoming violent, and the concern of those around him, is palpable.

The New York Times invited Ted Chiang to submit an Op Ed from the future, and he delivered. Its 2059, and the Rich Kids Are Still Winning appeared in May. The premise is that genetic engineering has allowed wealthy parents to boost their childrens intelligence. In an effort to balance the scales, some poorer children were given the same enhancements, but no other assistance. Unsurprisingly, they did not come close to achieving the same educational or life outcomes as the enhanced rich kids. Chiang points out just how much the scales are weighted towards the affluent, as they can invest resources into any of their kids ventures, multiplying the potential that is already there. This is a punchy piece that cuts right through a huge swath of comforting myths we tell ourselves about living in a meritocratic society.

The publisher Tor approached the end of an era this spring as it finally moved out of the Flatiron Building, its long-time home in New York. In June Seanan McGuire provided a fitting tribute for Tor.com in the fun steampunk story Any Way the Wind Blows. Her Majestys Stalwart Trumpet of Glory, affectionately known as Stubby, is a dimension-hopping airship out to survey parallel universes, focused on New York. Many versions of New York have a version of the Flatiron Building, it turns out, so theres no way of knowing who might be inside when the scouts go to investigate. Captain Isabelle Langford has been out on mission for a long time and is heartily looking forward to being done with her tour; we also get to meet several of the entertainingly diverse beings that make up Stubbys crew. The Captain doesnt particularly appreciate it when shes called down to vouch for her away team, but its entirely necessary to assure the buildings inhabitants that theyre not just fans in town for a convention. This is shameless fan service, all in good fun and well executed.

Big Echos eleventh issue labels itself the SF and Religion issue, although, based on the four original stories here, I might have said philosophy rather than religion. It starts with It Is a Rare Thing the Emperor Requireth by Wm Henry Morris. The narrator is a scout from a deeply religious society, who has been captured by aliens. He can only communicate with one of them, the Weaver, via a gestural language that they develop together. This means they have a limited vocabulary and miss each others nuances; its very realistic but also quite a bit more challenging to read than the average universal translator style of SF. The captive is forced to create stories that his alien companion then weaves into silks; these are then ingested in some way by the Emperor. During the course of the story the captive tries to figure out to what extent he can subvert the Emperor by what he includes in his stories; then he starts to be more concerned for the physical and spiritual well-being of the Weaver. This is a story about different modes of communication and how vast gulfs between cultures and individuals might be spanned.

Famous as the Moon by Ethan Mills is a delightful story of a planet where Buddhist monks have recreated the personas of the worlds great philosophers to stage public debates for the edification of all. The author obviously had a great deal of fun imagining scenes such as a Acharya Vasubandhu vs. Bertrand Russell showdown. The plot involves some of the AIs going rogue and ceasing to provide life support for different parts of the complex. Josel Hamsa is an expert summoned from off-world to work on the problem discreetly. It turns out the AIs have made a momentous discovery out in the Ether one which is challenging their own notions of reality that is appropriate for any consciousness trained to think about the really big picture questions. Hamsa has to figure out a way to convince them back to their duties. When I See the Skylark Rise by A.J. Hammer also sends consciousnesses out into the void in search of the ineffable. In this universe, starships carry Seers to let the crews know if theyre about to be caught in a catastrophe. The Captain of the Lauzeta learns from her Seer that if she lands on the planet Ortyon, not just her crew will die, but a huge swath of the planets population as well. She does the right thing and stays away, even though her ship doesnt have enough food or fuel to get to any other port. As the crew makes their preparations for the end, the Seer decides to send her consciousness farther out into that realm where her visions come from, either to end her life that way or to find help out in the transcendent void. The final story is a short parable, translated by Toshiya Kamei from the original Spanish, New Testament by Fernando Schekaiban. This piece of eschatological flash fiction imagines Man at the height of His potential greatness, which is also the End of the Universe. It reminded me a little bit of Isaac Asimovs The Last Question, although Schekaibans story/Kameis translation is quite a bit more poetic.

In Terraform in May I particularly appreciated their publication of the first section of the story The Training Commission by Ingrid Burrington & Brendan Byrne. After reading the first chapter on Terraform, I signed up for their newsletter, where I received the rest of the story in installments over a few weeks. The story is told by emails and newsletter entries from freelance architectural journalist Aiofe, writing in 2038 in the aftermath of a second American Civil War, colloquially known as the National Shitstorm. The country is now largely run by supposedly benign algorithms and theres a Truth and Reconciliation process ongoing of which the titular Training Commission is part. At the start of the story Aiofe is ambushed by a visceral re-enactment of her brothers martyrdom as part of a Smithsonian exhibit on the Shitstorm, and she writes about it angrily for her newsletter followers, then in emails with other journalists, her sister, and mother. The plot turns thriller as she is handed an old-fashioned USB drive by a man at the Smithsonian, who later turns up dead in the Potomac. I enjoyed it enough, and especially appreciated the worldbuilding enough, to stick with the whole run. Id say the story suffered a little bit by being serialized; it was easy to forget some of the characters and relationships in the spaces between installments. I should admit, though, that the authors also posted a lot of supplementary material online that I didnt have a chance to follow through on. This was definitely an interesting use of the newsletter format for storytelling, and Id be interested to see more from this team.

Recommended Stories

Its 2059, and the Rich Kids Are Still Winning, Ted Chiang (New York Times 5/27/19)It Is a Rare Thing the Emperor Requireth, Wm Henry Morris (Big Echo 1/19)

Karen Burnham is an electromagnetics engineer by way of vocation, and a book reviewer/critic by way of avocation. She has worked on NASA projects including the Dream Chaser spacecraft and currently works in the automotive industry in Michigan. She has reviewed for venues such as Locus Magazine, NYRSF, Strange Horizons, SFSignal.com, and Cascadia Subduction Zone. She has produced podcasts for Locusmag.com and SFSignal.com, especially SF Crossing the Gulf with Karen Lord. Her book on Greg Egan came out from University of Illinois Press in 2014, and she has twice been nominated in the Best Non Fiction category of the British SF Awards.

This review and more like it in the August 2019 issue of Locus.

While you are here, please take a moment to support Locus with a one-time or recurring donation. We rely on reader donations to keep the magazine and site going, and would like to keep the site paywall free, but WE NEED YOUR FINANCIAL SUPPORT to continue quality coverage of the science fiction and fantasy field.

Read the original:
Karen Burnham Reviews Short Fiction: Lightspeed, New York Times, Tor.com, Big Echo, and Terraform - Locus Online

CORALS ARE comeback creatures. As the world froze and melted and sea levels rose and fell over 30,000 years, Australias Great Barrier Reef, which is roughly the size of Italy, died and revived five times. But now, thanks to human activity, corals face the most complex concoction of conditions they have yet had to deal with. Even these hardy invertebrates may struggle to come through their latest challenge without a bit of help.

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a rise in global temperatures of 1.5C relative to pre-industrial times could cause coral reefs to decline by 70-90%. The planet is about 1C hotter than in the 19th century and its seas are becoming warmer, stormier and more acidic. This is already affecting relations between corals and the single-celled algae with which they live symbiotically, and which give them their colour. When waters become unusually warm, corals eject the algae, leaving reefs a ghostly white. This bleaching is happening five times as often as it did in the 1970s. The most recent such event, between 2014 and 2017, affected about three-quarters of the worlds reefs. Meanwhile the changing chemistry of the oceans lowers the abundance of carbonate ions, making it harder for corals to form their skeletons.

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If corals go, divers and marine biologists are not the only people who will miss them. Reefs take up a fraction of a percent of the sea floor, but support a quarter of the planets fish biodiversity. The fish that reefs shelter are especially valuable to their poorest human neighbours, many of whom depend on them as a source of protein. Roughly an eighth of the worlds population lives within 100km of a reef. Corals also protect 150,000km of shoreline in more than 100 countries and territories from the oceans buffeting, as well as generating billions of dollars in tourism revenue. In the Coral Triangle, an area of water stretching across South-East Asia and into the Pacific which is home to three-quarters of known coral species, more than 130m people rely on reefs for food and for their livelihoods in fishing and tourism.

Measures to mitigate climate change are needed regardless of coral, but even if the worlds great powers were to put their shoulder to the problem, global warming would not be brought to a swift halt. Coral systems must adapt if they are to survive, and governments in countries with reefs can help them do so.

Corals need protection from local sources of harm. Their ecosystems suffer from coastal run-off, whether sewage or waste from farms, as well as the sediment dumped from beach-front building sites. Plastic and other debris block sunlight and spread hostile bacteria. Chunks of reef are blown up by blast fishing; algae grow too much whenever fishing is too intensive. Governments need to impose tighter rules on these industries, such as tougher local building codes, and to put more effort into enforcing rules against overfishing.

Setting up marine protected areas could help reefs. Locals who fear for their livelihoods could be given work as rangers with the job of looking after the reserves. Levies on visitors to marine parks, similar to those imposed in parts of the Caribbean, could help pay for such schemes. So too could a special tax on coastal property developers.

Many reefs that have been damaged could benefit from restoration. Corals biodiversity offers hope, because the same coral will grow differently under different conditions. Corals of the western Pacific near Indonesia, for example, can withstand higher temperatures than the same species in the eastern Pacific near Hawaii. Identifying the hardiest types and encouraging them to grow in new spots is a way forward, though an expensive one. A massive project of this sort is under way in Saudi Arabia as part of a tourism drive. Scientists working alongside the Red Sea Development Company want to discover why the areas species seem to thrive in its particularly warm waters.

More drastic intervention to head off the larger threats corals face should also attract more research. Shading reefs using a polymer film as a sunscreen to cool them is under discussion for parts of the Great Barrier Reef. Other schemes to help corals involve genetic engineering, selective breeding and brightening the clouds in the sky above an area of the reef by spraying specks of salt into the lowest ones, so that they deflect more of the suns energy. These measures may sound extreme, but people need to get used to thinking big. Dealing with the problems caused by climate change will call for some radical ideas.

Read more:
How to save the worlds coral reefs - The Economist

Warning: This article contains SPOILERS from Watchmen episode 2.

The nature of Adrian Veidt's (Jeremy Irons) creepy servants is one of the biggest questions inWatchmen, but it's possible that Mr. Phillips (Tom Mison) could actually be Doctor Manhattan, or rather, a clone of his human alter ego Jon Osterman. Phillips and Veidt's maid, Ms. Crookshanks (Sara Vickers), appeared in Watchmen's pilot happily serving their master in his ornate castle. This includes acting in a bizarre play Adrian wrote called "The Watchmaker's Son". However, their twisted performance gives the powerful impression that Veidt is mocking Doctor Manhattan and his dead girlfriend Janey Slater via Phillips and Crookshanks, who could be their genetically-engineered doppelgangers.

Though Watchmen hasn't explicitly declared that Jeremy Irons' is playing Adrian Veidt, the second episode, "Martial Feats of Comanche Horsemanship", leaves little doubt that Irons' mystery man is indeed Ozymandias. HBO's tie-in website, Peteypedia, contains supplemental materials about the series, including a news clipping dated September 9, 2019 titled "Veidt Declared Dead". The article states that Adrian Veidt vanished in 2012 - 7 years before Watchmen begins - but in the premiere episode, Irons' character is celebrating some sort of anniversary, complete with a special gold and purple cake, which are the colors of Ozymandias. Further erasing doubts that Irons is Veidt, he declared he was writing a play - a tragedy in five acts called "The Watchmaker's Son" - and now that it has been performed by Phillips and Crookshanks, it's absolutely about Doctor Manhattan's tragic origin - a tale Veidt knows very well.

Related: Watchmen: A Theory About Jeremy Irons' Ozymandias

Every fan of Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons' graphic novel or Zack Snyder's Watchmen movie remembers how Doctor Manhattan was created and "The Watchmaker's Son" picks up at the story's tragic end: in 1959 at the Gila Flats research lab, physicist Dr. Jon Osterman (Phillips) and his girlfriend Janey Slater (Vickers) are desperately in love but Jon mistakenly left his father's pocket watch in their creation, the Intrinsic Field Generator. After going in to retrieve the watch, Osterman is sealed inside and is disintegrated, only to re-emerge weeks later as the superpowered being Doctor Manhattan. "The Watchmaker's Son" bombastically mocks Jon's ordeal, with Veidt in the crowd urging Crookshanks/Slater that he wants to "see those tears!"as Phillips/Osterman dies horribly. Seconds later, a nude Phillips painted blue emerges from the sealing as Doctor Manhattan, accompanied by Wagner's "Ride of the Valkyries" (a nod to Snyder's film). The play concludes with Veidt resignedly joining Phillips/Manhattan in reciting the ominous final words, "Nothing ever ends".

To make the play believable, Veidt actually has Phillips roasted alive in his mock "Intrinsic Field Generator", which leads to the next big shock: there are multiple Mr. Phillips and Ms. Crookshanks because they are indeed all clones. This makes sense since Ozymandias is a master of genetic engineering; in the 1980s, his prized pet was a giant cloned lynx named Bubastis and Veidt made a fortune selling his cloning technology in the 1990s. Veidt's expertise must have expanded to creating (not quite perfect) humans.

But since Phillips and Crookshanks are clones, who did Veidt model them after? It's quite possible he chose to base his disposable servants on Jon Osterman and Janey Slater. After all, Ozymandias knew both of them quite well; he first met Doctor Manhattan and Slater at the ill-fated only meeting of the Crime Busters superhero team in the 1960s. In 1985, he conspired to infect Slater with cancer as part of his scheme to force Doctor Manhattan to leave the planet, paving the way for his hoax that would ultimately save the worldin Watchmen's ending. Given what he did to the real Janey, he clearly would have no qualms about killing their duplicates. Further, Watchmen has teased Doctor Manhattan will appear in the series but has not announced who plays the blue super-being - could it be because Tom Mison is already 'cast' in a version of the role and is right there in plain sight?

If the servants really are clones of Jon Osterman and Janey Slater, then Adrian Veidt must despise Doctor Manhattan enough so that in his exile, wherever he is, Ozymandias could have chosen to make replicas of his nemesis and his girlfriend to literally dote on him hand and foot - and then kill them for his own amusement. "The Watchmaker's Son" feels like a kind of excessively petty revenge by a bitter old man who is powerless against the real Doctor Manhattan. But nothing ever ends in Watchmen, including Veidt's ire at Doctor Manhattan, so much so that it looks like Ozymandias ruthlessly murders clones of Jon Osterman and Janey Slater as a sick form of recreation and catharsis.

Next: Everything That Happened Between The Watchmen Graphic Novel And HBO Series

Watchmen airs Sundays @ 9pm on HBO.

Tags:watchmen

What Wilmer Valderrama Has Done Since That 70s Show

Read this article:
Watchmen Theory: Jeremy Irons' Butler Is Doctor Manhattan - Screen Rant

Scan the aisles of any grocery store, and youll find a plethora of infant formula options, all designed to meet the nutrient needs of growing infants, who nearly triple their body weight in the first year of life. And yet researchers and companies are busy testing new formulations all the time.

Thats in part because much has changed in our understanding of breast milks complexities over the decades from early knowledge of its nutrient composition to modern revelations that its a living, bioactive substance that evolved not just to nourish babies, but also protect them from pathogens, train their immune systems and send signals between mother and baby.

Formula may never be able to replicate all this complexity, but science could guide development of better products, says Tony Ryan, a neonatologist and emeritus professor at University College Cork in Ireland, who coauthored an overview of baby formula R&D in the 2019 Annual Review of Food Science and Technology. Though breastfeeding is optimal, not every baby can be breastfed, and so we do need safe and effective formulas and with the maximum possible benefit, Ryan says.

But its also a fact that companies are apt to hype the benefits of added ingredients. The brain-nourishing promises made for supplementing formula with the omega-3 fatty acid DHA, starting in the early 2000s, are a case in point. DHA increased the cost of formula, and its now ubiquitous across brands, but whether its necessary is controversial; a 2017 review of the scientific literature, published by the international research network Cochrane, found no clear evidence that it benefits babies brain development.

As the understanding and the knowledge become more and more sophisticated, and we learn about new molecules and new things that are in breast milk, the goal would be to mimic that, says Susan Baker, a pediatric gastroenterologist at the University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences. But, she adds, ingredients should be added only if theres evidence theyre beneficial, not just to sell more formula or increase its price.

So how to separate the marketing from the science? Heres a look at some formula ingredients under study, many of them already on store shelves.

Throughout time, alternatives to breastfeeding have always had their place, for example when mothers had to work, didnt produce enough milk or died in childbirth. Until around 1900, wealthy families could hire a wet nurse, an arrangement that often compromised the health of the nurses own infant. Orphanages kept herds of lactating donkeys or goats, and babies would feed directly from their teats (which may have been safer than gambling with bacterial contamination of unpasteurized, unrefrigerated milk and hard-to-clean feeding vessels with nipples made from fabric or leather).

The emergence of formula, along with an understanding of germ theory, made feeding such infants simpler and safer. The earliest known patented formula was Justus von Liebigs soup for infants, introduced in Germany in 1865 and made from cows milk, potassium bicarbonate and wheat and malt flour. Similar products followed, but most people used homemade recipes with affordable ingredients such as canned milk and Karo syrup, and supplemented babies diets with orange juice and cod-liver oil to prevent scurvy and rickets.

By the mid-1900s, as nutrition science advanced, formula companies were making better, more complex products, tweaking the types of protein and fat to better match human milk and supplementing with required vitamins and minerals. Today, parents who cant or choose not to breastfeed can be assured that commercial formulas, governed by the nutrition and food safety requirements of the US Food and Drug Administration, are safe and meet a babys nutrient needs.

But there are detectable differences: Formula-fed babies are more likely to have gastrointestinal, respiratory and ear infections in early life, for example. Researchers and formula companies are still probing the suite of human milk molecules for new formula ingredients that might benefit babies health.

The third-most abundant component in human milk, after lactose and fat, is a large family of as many as 200 different sugar molecules called human milk oligosaccharides. Despite their prominence, they arent digestible by infants but instead serve as a food source for species of beneficial Bifidobacteria that dominate the gut microbiomes of breastfed babies, thus serving as prebiotics. The oligosaccharides also appear to act as decoys that can bind microbial pathogens and may prevent them from infecting the infant, and other antimicrobial and immune-modulating functions are being investigated by researchers.

As studies uncovered the importance of human milk oligosaccharides, so began attempts to mimic them in infant formula. But cows milk contains only a fraction of the oligosaccharides in human milk, and until recently the technology to synthesize large amounts didnt exist. And so formula manufacturers instead added different, easier-to-make indigestible carbohydrates such as galacto-oligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides, which also act as prebiotics for Bifidobacteria species.

But these molecules are structurally very different from human milk oligosaccharides and are unlikely to recapitulate their diverse functions, says Lars Bode, a nutrition scientist at the University of California, San Diego. Im always a bit skeptical when something is added to infant formula that is not inherently in human milk, he says, because you never know what these things do, really. Bode points to rare reports of severe allergic reactions in children and adults from galacto-oligosaccharides and the fact that, overall, theres little evidence that these prebiotics are beneficial. A 2018 review of 41 randomized controlled trials of prebiotic-supplemented formula concluded that while the products seemed safe, they didnt lead to tangible health benefits.

Several human milk oligosaccharides are now commercially available, their synthesis in bulk made possible by genetic engineering of yeast and bacteria. In a Nestl-funded trial of a formula containing two of these, 2-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose, babies receiving the substances had a lower rate of bronchitis than babies receiving unsupplemented formula (10 percent vs. 28 percent), as well as lower rates of lower respiratory tract infections (19 percent vs. 35 percent) and antibiotic use (42 percent vs. 61 percent) in the first year of life, although the authors say these potential benefits need to be confirmed in larger studies.

Bode says this is a step in the right direction but that formula makers need to look beyond one or two oligosaccharides and also consider the importance of balance. If you only give one oligosaccharide and if you start doing that in higher doses, you might get some effects that would otherwise be kept in check by adding other oligosaccharides as well, he says.

In 2018, for example, he and colleagues reported that higher levels of 2-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-tetraose and a third oligosaccharide in breast milk of mothers in India were associated with a greater incidence of symptomatic rotavirus infections in their babies, and that in cell culture experiments, the oligosaccharides increased the infectivity of a virus strain that causes severe gastrointestinal infections in infants.

Other studies suggest that specific oligosaccharides or mixtures of them in breast milk correlate with excessive weight gain and risk of allergies in breastfeeding infants. There could be potential in designing mixtures of five or 10 oligosaccharides that would benefit infant health, but more research is needed to identify which molecules to pick, and in what ratios.

Studies also have investigated adding different strains of bacteria, or probiotics, directly to formula. And here, too, results have been mixed, with some strains appearing to lower rates of diarrhea, and others leading to softer stools, but most showing no measurable benefit. Were on a very exciting pathway, Ryan says but with much more work still to do.

Lactoferrin is a protein found in high concentrations in human milk. It fights pathogens by binding to the iron they need to grow, and punches holes in the membranes of some bacteria. Lactoferrin concentrations are much higher in human milk than cows milk, and appear to rise in mothers milk when the baby gets sick.

A couple of studies find benefits of adding lactoferrin to formula: One in China reported a decrease in the incidence of respiratory and diarrhea-related illnesses by 32 percent and 35 percent, respectively, and a small US study reported 70 percent fewer lower-respiratory tract infections. But the largest published study, conducted by Enfamil and enrolling 480 US infants, found that while lactoferrin-supplemented formula was safe and well-tolerated, it didnt decrease infections or allergy symptoms. Even so, Enfamil now includes lactoferrin as an immune-supporting protein in one of its most expensive products.

When milk fat is secreted from the mammary gland, its packaged in a triple-layer membrane made of phospholipids, cholesterol and a multitude of proteins (including lactoferrin). Synthesis of these milk fat globule membranes is orchestrated by one of the most well-conserved parts of the mammalian lactation genome, says food scientist Bruce German of the University of California, Davis. Yet the membranes are discarded during manufacture of infant formula, which is based on nonfat milk powder with vegetable oils added as a fat source. Evolution thought it was real important, German says of the milk fat globule material. Then we just threw it away.

Researchers are now experimenting with adding the bovine version of milk fat globule membranes often made from byproducts of dairy processing, such as butter- or cheese-making to infant formula. This is probably a good idea, German says, but chronic underfunding of basic lactation research means theres very little known about the role of the membranes in human milk, so its hard to know how to measure the effects of this addition. Embarrassingly, we dont even know the composition, much less the mechanistic function, he says.

Trials of formula supplemented with bovine milk fat globule membranes have shown confusing results. One study, conducted in France and Italy and funded by Nestl, found that babies grew normally and tolerated the ingredient, but they were no less likely to get sick. And there was a concerning outcome: Babies consuming one of the two experimental formulas were four times more likely to have eczema (13.9 percent vs. 3.5 percent in the standard formula group) inflamed, itchy skin that often precedes the development of food allergies, hay fever and asthma.

But a Swedish study testing the same ingredient in a different formula recipe found no such effect. Funded in part by Swedish formula manufacturer Semper, it found that babies consuming the formula had fewer ear infections (1 percent vs. 9 percent in the standard formula group) in the first 6 months of life. And at 12 months, babies getting the supplement tested 4 points higher on a cognitive scale than those receiving standard formula, and the same as a breastfed group. Formula with milk fat globule membranes is now marketed in the US with the claim that it supports cognitive development similar to breast milk."

Steven Abrams, a neonatologist at Dell Medical School at the University of Texas at Austin and chair of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition, cautions against getting excited about these results. The cognitive scale used in the Swedish study, called the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, wasnt designed to measure small differences among a group of normally developing infants, he says, and you cant determine from a tiny difference on a Bayley at 12 months whether or not that child will actually be more likely to make it in to MIT.

Despite the potential for advances in infant formula and the claims of benefits made for these new formula ingredients, a skeptical eye is in order, researchers and clinicians say. Abrams, for his part, is not convinced that these new ingredients have been adequately studied, especially over the long term. Most studies in this area are funded by the formula industry, he adds, raising concerns of bias and making the case for more federal funding of infant nutrition research.

In 2015, Abrams published a commentary in the Journal of Pediatrics suggesting a moratorium on new formula ingredients until more research could be conducted. He notes that the Food and Drug Administration requires little clinical data on effectiveness or long-term safety before allowing addition of new ingredients. Since then, the issue has gotten bigger, not smaller, he says with more new ingredients accompanied by vague, structure/function claims, such as immune-supporting and brain-building, based on minimal evidence. The FDA drafted guidance in 2016 that would require companies to show more meaningful clinical outcomes before making such claims, but the new guidelines havent yet been finalized and an agency spokesperson was unable to provide an estimate for completion.

Helen Hughes, a pediatrician at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, says she doesnt usually recommend any formula product over another, including those touting ingredients that mimic bioactive molecules in breast milk. A coauthor of a 2017 commentary in JAMA Pediatrics urging a higher bar for evidence for claims on formula labels, she worries that the claims may persuade parents to unnecessarily switch formulas or choose more expensive products premium formulas with the newest ingredients can cost more than 50 percent more than standard products from the same companies.

I, as a physician, would love to see more evidence about what they do before theyre added into formula, Hughes says. Its hard as a parent, she adds, to say Im going to buy the formula thats not for brain health. "

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