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Human Genetics | Michigan Medicine | University of Michigan

Posted: December 24, 2018 at 12:42 am

The Department of Human Genetics is dedicated to basic scientific research in human genetics and genetic disease, as well as the training of the next generation of scientists and health care providers.

Our faculty explore three broad areas of human genetics: molecular genetics, genetic disease, and statistical/population genetics. Within molecular genetics, research groups study DNA repair and recombination, genome instability, gene function and regulation, epigenetics, RNA modification and control, and genomic systems. Research in human genetic disease emphasizes the genetics of development, neurogenetics, stem cell biology, medical genetics, reproductive sciences, and the genetics of cancer. Evolutionary and population genetics research includes statistical tools for genetics, genetic epidemiology, and genetic mapping of complex traits and diseases.

We invite you to explore our faculty, students, graduate programs, courses, and events/seminars.

Carlson J, Li JZ, Zllner S. Helmsman: fast and efficient mutation signature analysis for massive sequencing datasets. BMC Genomics. 2018 Nov 28;19(1):845. doi: 10.1186/s12864-018-5264-y. PubMed PMID: 30486787.

Ritter KE, Martin DM. Neural crest contributions to the ear: Implications for congenital hearing disorders. Hear Res. 2018 Nov 14. pii: S0378-5955(18)30414-3. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2018.11.005. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 30455064.

Carethers JM, Quezada SM, Day LW. Diversity Within U.S. Gastroenterology Physician Practices: The Pipeline, Cultural Competencies, and GI Societies Approaches. Gastroenterology. 2018 Nov 16. pii: S0016-5085(18)35270-3. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.10.056. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30452917.

Helbig I, Riggs ER, Barry CA, Klein KM, Dyment D, Thaxton C, Sadikovic B, Sands TT, Wagnon JL, Liaquat K, Cilio MR, Mirzaa G, Park K, Axeen E, Butler E, Bardakjian TM, Striano P, Poduri A, Siegert RK, Grant AR, Helbig KL, Mefford HC. The ClinGen Epilepsy Gene Curation Expert Panel-Bridging the divide between clinical domain knowledge and formal gene curation criteria. Hum Mutat. 2018 Nov;39(11):1476-1484. doi: 10.1002/humu.23632. PubMed PMID: 30311377.

Trenkwalder T, Nelson CP, Musameh MD, Mordi IR, Kessler T, Pellegrini C, Debiec R, Rheude T, Lazovic V, Zeng L, Martinsson A, Gustav Smith J, Gdin JR, Franco-Cereceda A, Eriksson P, Nielsen JB, Graham SE, Willer CJ, Hveem K, Kastrati A, Braund PS, Palmer CNA, Aracil A, Husser O, Koenig W, Schunkert H, Lang CC, Hengstenberg C, Samani NJ. Effects of the coronary artery disease associated LPA and 9p21 loci on risk of aortic valve stenosis. Int J Cardiol. 2018 Nov 17. pii: S0167-5273(18)31830-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.11.094. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30482443.

Lessel D, Ozel AB, Campbell SE, Saadi A, Arlt MF, McSweeney KM, Plaiasu V, Szakszon K, Szlls A, Rusu C, Rojas AJ, Lopez-Valdez J, Thiele H, Nrnberg P, Nickerson DA, Bamshad MJ, Li JZ, Kubisch C, Glover TW, Gordon LB. Analyses of LMNA-negative juvenile progeroid cases confirms biallelic POLR3A mutations in Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch-like syndrome and expands the phenotypic spectrum of PYCR1 mutations. Hum Genet. 2018 Dec;137(11-12):921-939. doi: 10.1007/s00439-018-1957-1. Epub 2018 Nov 19. PubMed PMID: 30450527.

Paik YK, Lane L, Kawamura T, Chen YJ, Cho JY, LaBaer J, Yoo JS, Domont G, Corrales F, Omenn GS, Archakov A, Encarnacin-Guevara S, Lui S, Salekdeh GH, Cho JY, Kim CY, Overall CM. Launching the C-HPP neXt-CP50 Pilot Project for Functional Characterization of Identified Proteins with No Known Function. J Proteome Res. 2018 Nov 29. doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00383. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 30269496.

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Stem Cells | Medford | Ashland | Southern Oregon

Posted: December 23, 2018 at 4:55 am

What are Stem Cells?

Stem Cells are the basic cells throughout the body that become replacement cells as needed. The cells that make up the structure of our tissues and organs only have a limited lifespan, and therefore a system of replacement, repair, and regeneration takes place for the tissues and organs to survive and function. Stem cells are capable of self-replicating, and can evolve into more cells with specialized function. They are highly active in some parts of the body that naturally need ongoing replacements on a regular basis, like the GI tract and skin. Other parts of the body, however, do not naturally have the ability to regenerate as readily. Some tissues in the body have no ability to repair and regenerate if injured. Stem Cells can be found in high concentrations in fat tissue and bone marrow, and then mobilized to areas in which they are needed. Today, regenerative medicine physicians are trying to utilize these remarkable cells that are able to rejuvenate tissues to help heal injuries. They can be used in addition to other regenerative treatments, such as Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP), to help promote healing.

Stem Cells are currently under intense medical investigation to treat various painful conditions, including discogenic back pain and several different Orthopedic conditions, such as hip and knee pain. Stem cells are aspirated using a minor surgical technique, concentrated much the same way PRP is obtained, and then injected along with PRP into the targeted area. Once in that environment, the cells are able to stimulate growth and regeneration, but at this time the exact mechanism of how this happens remains to be illuminated.

The Stem Cells need to be isolated either from a tissue source, such as bone marrow or fat, or from a commercial source. They are then mixed with Platelet Rich Plasma for injection into an injured area. It is best to restrict activity of the injected area to only mild to moderate activity for the first few weeks. Much like other RIT techniques, healing occurs over the course of 2-4 weeks and the results need to be re-evaluated.

Learn More About Stem Cell Treatmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenchymal_stem_celhttp://cellbanktech.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/1.-Caplan-AI.-Mesenchymal-stem-cells-in-JOR-1991.pdf

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Integrative Medicine | Jupiter Medical Center

Posted: December 22, 2018 at 5:43 am

Every year, millions of people see a health care professional for symptoms that diagnostic tests can't explain. In many of these patients, the cause of the illness is stress, particularly stress that isn't fully recognized. Managing stress is all about taking charge of your thoughts, emotions, and the way you deal with problems.

Integrative Medicine is an approach to medical care focusing on the whole person and recognizing the interactions of mind, body and spirit to optimize health and healing.

Mindfulness practice means that we commit fully in each moment to be present; inviting ourselves to interface with this moment in full awareness, with the intention to embody as best we can an orientation of calmness, mindfulness, and equanimity right here and right now.- Jon Kabat-Zinn

To make integrative medicine accessible to patients, physicians and residents of the greater Palm Beaches, Jupiter Medical Center opened a new center for mindfulness to address yet another facet of the communitys health and wellness. The soul purpose of our Calcagnini Center for Mindfulness is to help people heal through the integrative medicine techniques of mindfulness.

The best way to capture moments is to pay attention. This is how we cultivate mindfulness. Mindfulness means being awake. It means knowing what you are doing.- Jon Kabat-Zinn

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Stem Cell Tupelo Mississippi 38801

Posted: December 21, 2018 at 10:43 am

Stem cell treatment has ended up being a popular debate in the global medical scene. This extremely questionable therapy has actually received mixed viewpoints from different stakeholders in the healthcare industry and has likewise brought in the attention of politicians, spiritual leaders and the basic population at large. Stem cell treatment is considered a revolutionary treatment for people dealing with a vast array of degenerative conditions. Some common questions regarding this treatment are responded to below.

Are you a stem cell therapy provider in Tupelo MS 38801? Contact us for more information about joining our website.

Stem cells can be described as blank state or non-specialized cells that have the capability to become customized cells in the body such as bone, muscle, nerve or organ cells. This indicates that these special cells can be utilized to restore or establish a vast array of damaged cells and tissues in the body. Stem cell therapy is therefore a treatment that focuses on accomplishing tissue regrowth and can be utilized to treat health conditions and illnesses such as osteoarthritis, degenerative disc illness, spinal cord injury, muscular degeneration, motor neuron disease, ALS, Parkinsons, cardiovascular disease and much more.

Being a treatment that is still under research, stem cell treatment has not been fully accepted as a feasible treatment choice for the above mentioned health conditions and diseases. A great deal of studio is presently being carried out by researchers and medical specialists in various parts of the world to make this treatment viable and reliable. There are however various restrictions imposed by governments on research including embryonic stem cells.

Presently, there have not been many case studies carried out for this form of treatment. However, with the few case studies that have actually been performed, one of the significant concerns that has actually been raised is the boost in a patients risk of establishing cancer. Cancer is triggered by the rapid multiplication of cells that have a tendency not to pass away so easily. Stem cells have been connected with comparable development elements that may lead to formation of growths and other malignant cells in clients.

Stem cells can be drawn out from a young embryo after conception. These stem cells are typically referred to as embryonic stem cells. After the stem cells are extracted from the embryo, the embryo is ended. This is generally one of the significant causes of controversy in the field of stem cell research study. Many individuals argue that termination of an embryo is dishonest and inappropriate.

Stem cells can still be acquired through other means as they can be found in the blood, bone marrow and umbilical cables of adult people. Regular body cells can likewise be reverse-engineered to become stem cells that have actually restricted capabilities.

New research has actually nevertheless revealed pledge as researchers focus on developing stem cells that do not form into growths in later treatment phases. These stem cells can therefore efficiently change into other kinds of specialized cells. This therapy is therefore worth investigating into as numerous clients can take advantage of this revolutionary treatment.

stem cell doctor close to Tupelo MS 38801

Main address:Tupelo, Mississippi, 38801

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Connecticut Pours Millions Into Embryonic Stem Cell …

Posted: December 21, 2018 at 10:43 am

The State of Connecticut recently announced the award of $9.8 million in state taxpayer funds for twenty stem cell research grants. The list of new award winners was announced by the Connecticut Governors office on July 21. While its difficult to know definitively due to the paucity of information provided, it appears that of the twenty grant awards, all or almost all fund research on human embryonic stem cells and/or human induced pluripotent stem cells, with no obvious funding for any adult stem cell research.The Connecticut program was passed by the Connecticut state legislature in 2005, dedicating $100 million in state public funds over ten years toward stem cell research on embryonic and human adult stem cells. So far, $59.04 million has been allocated for stem cell research in Connecticut.

While both embryonic and adult stem cell research supposedly are eligible for funding, the vast majority of grants have gone to keep the embryonic stem cell researchers afloat. The legislation also claimed that it bans the cloning of human beings in Connecticut, but factually all it bans is the survival of cloned humans; the legislation allows cloning of human embryos for experiments, and requires that the cloned humans be destroyed and not gestated. Definitions in legislation are paramount, and the Connecticut definition reads:

Cloning of a human being means inducing or permitting a replicate of a living human beings complete set of genetic material to develop after gastrulation commences.

Gastrulation, which begins around 12 days after conception for conception, is simply another stage in embryonic development, leading up to specific organ formation. So what the Connecticut legislation does is allow cloning of human embryos, but requires that any human clones be destroyed within the first two weeks of life.

Connecticut might want to take notice of Californias moves regarding embryonic stem cells, since they obviously copied the essence of its legislation. In 2004, California passed Proposition 71 (Prop 71), which put $3 billion state taxpayer dollars over ten years towards embryonic stem cell and cloning research.

As in Connecticut, pro-embryo research advocates touted the cures that would come from embryonic stem cells and human cloning, not to mention the many-fold return on taxpayer funds invested in such research.

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Molecular Genetic Pathology: 9781588299741: Medicine …

Posted: December 20, 2018 at 8:44 pm

From the reviews:

"A compilation of genetic tests and related information . This book would be of great interest to molecular genetics fellows, pathology/laboratory medicine residents or fellows, practicing pathologists, and oncologists. It would also be of interest to anyone in the healthcare professions . I also recommend it to practitioners looking for a comprehensive and concise, state-of-the-art book on clinically useful molecular/genetic tests. It is a great study guide during training and would be a great review book in preparation for specialty board certification exams." (Valerie L. Ng, Doodys Review Service, July, 2008)

"This book provides a comprehensive review of the various molecular genetic tests that are currently being conducted at research and clinical laboratories. This textbook is robust and would be useful in an advanced genetics course ase part of a clinical-based diagnosic genetics-based graduate program; genetic training postdoctoral program, or molecular genetic pathology post-MD fellowship training program. In addition, some of the chapters in this book could be incorporated into existing advanced cytogenetic courses or upper-level molecular biology courses.

In summary, Molecular Genetic Pathology is a comprehensive review guide that looks at the various theories and methodologies of how molecular genetic testing is beingperformed." (Reviewed by Peter Hu, Molecular Genetic Technology Program, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas)

"The book features chapters written by experts in all aspects of molecular pathology . this is a timely and useful book, principally because of its comprehensiveness. Readers seeking an introduction to molecular diagnostics will probably find it thin on background explanations and overwhelming in detail. for trainees and laboratory workers in the field who need a quick summary of available techniques and diagnostic markers, it should prove to be a valuable and convenient resource." (Jeffrey Sklar, The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 360 (20), May, 2009)

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Do Stem Cells Really Work? – New Jersey Stem Cell Therapy

Posted: December 19, 2018 at 6:43 pm

Twenty years ago, if a doctor told you that there are cells present in your body that could not only self-replicate, but were capable of transforming into different types of cells to heal several different organs, tissues and joints throughout your body would you have believed them? What may have seemed like science fiction years ago is the reality today. Stem cells are the only cell in the body that has the ability to turn itself into a new cell with a different function, such as blood cells, brain cells, heart muscle or bone. That creates extraordinary possibilities for therapy. Stem cell therapy is now routinely practiced for a variety of injuries and joint pain, and many believe thats only the beginning.

Stem cell treatments and PRP (Platelet Rich Plasma) therapy were once reserved only for elite professional athletes such as Kobe Bryant, Tiger Woods and Alex Rodriguez, who used the treatments to repair painful knee, shoulder and joint injuries, to get back on the course, field or court, and even delay retirement. Now hundreds of NFL players are using stem cell treatments the NFL views it as a medical treatment. Now available to anyone, stem cell therapy has become more mainstream, and regenerative medicine is a field that is showing tremendous progress and expanding daily.

So what are stem cells, how do they help regenerate tissue, and do they really work? Simply put, yes they work. Stem cells were discovered in human cord blood in 1978, and doctors have been studying the effects of stem cell therapy ever since. Stem cells are the building blocks and raw materials of your body your bodys main cells for repairing damaged tissue and reducing inflammation.

Your body is constantly turning over new cells, as old cells die those replacement cells are stem cells. When isolated and concentrated, stem cells can divide and replenish cells that are damaged by disease and injury or normal wear. Doctors and scientists have known this for decades, but they werent sure how to extract them, and use stem cells for therapeutic purposes until the last ten years or so.

To give an analogy, Dr. David Borenstein of New York was quoted in a recent Mens Journal article comparing stem cells to gold mining. Theres tons of gold in there, he said pointing to the body, then continued, The problem is, its sitting in the ground, doing nothing. You gotta go in there and get it.

Today, stem cells are actively and successfully being used to treat a variety of conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, leukemia, and even sexual dysfunction such as erectile dysfunction and aesthetics like anti-aging to reduce fine lines and wrinkles or non-surgical hair restoration. Stem cells also repair damaged tissue and reduce inflammation from injury or overuse, which is why it is such a popular medical practice with professional athletes. The question is, what can it do for you?

You may be an excellent candidate for stem cell therapy if you:

At the Stem Cell Center of New Jersey, we have several real-life patient examples of how stem cell therapy has improved conditions, relieved pain, and provided an excellent non-surgical option to recovery. Our physicians know that stem cell therapy and regenerative medicine is a developing and expanding field of medicine, and they are actively and aggressively implementing this into patient care every day. Contact us today, and well create an individualized treatment plan for you.

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Gene therapy | Cancer in general | Cancer Research UK

Posted: December 19, 2018 at 6:42 pm

Gene therapy is a cancer treatment that is still in the early stages of research.

Genes are coded messages that tell cells how to make proteins. Proteins are the molecules that control the way cells behave. Our genes decide what we look like and how our body works.We have many thousands of separate genes.

Genes are made ofDNAand they are in the nucleus of the cell. The nucleus is the cell's control centre.Genes are grouped together to make chromosomes. We inherit half our chromosomes from our mother and half from our father.

Cancer cells are different from normal cells. They have changes (called faults or mutations) in several of their genes which make them divide too often and form a tumour. The genes that are damaged mightbe:

Many gene changes thatmake a cell become cancerous are caused by environmental or lifestyle factors. A small numberof people haveinherited faulty genes that increase their risk of particular types of cancer.

Gene therapy is a type of treatment which uses genes to treat illnesses. Researchers have been developing differenttypes of gene therapyto treat cancer.

The ideas for these new treatments have come about because we are beginning to understand how cancer cells are different from normal cells. It is stillearly days for this type of treatment. Some of these treatments are being looked at in clinical trials. Otherscan now be used for some people with types of cancer such as melanoma skin cancer.

Getting genes into cancer cells is one of the most difficult aspects of gene therapy. Researchers are working on finding new and better ways of doing this. The gene is usually taken into the cancer cell by a carrier called a vector.

The most common types of carrier used in gene therapy are viruses because they can enter cells and deliver genetic material. The viruses have been changed so that they cannot cause serious disease but they may still cause mild, flu-like symptoms.

Some viruses have been changed in the laboratory so that they target cancer cells and not healthy cells. So they only carry the gene into cancer cells.

Researchers are testing other types of carrier such as inactivated bacteria.

Researchers are looking at different ways of using gene therapy:

Some types of gene therapy aim to boost the body's natural ability to attack cancer cells. Ourimmune systemhas cells that recognise and kill harmful things that can cause disease, such as cancer cells.

There are many different types of immune cell. Some of them produce proteins that encourage other immune cells to destroy cancer cells. Some types of therapy add genes to a patient's immune cells. Thismakes them better at finding or destroying particular types of cancer.

There are a few trials using this type of gene therapy in the UK.

Some gene therapies put genes into cancer cells to make the cells more sensitive to particular treatments. The aim is to make treatments,such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, work better.

Some types of gene therapy deliver genes into the cancer cells that allow the cells to change drugs from an inactive form to an active form. The inactive form of the drug is called a pro drug.

First of all you have treatment with thecarrier containing the gene, then you havethe pro drug.The pro drug circulates in the body and doesn't harm normal cells. But when it reaches the cancer cells, it is activated by the gene and the drug kills the cancer cells.

Some gene therapies block processes that cancer cells use to survive. For example, most cells in the body are programmed to die if their DNA is damaged beyond repair. This is called programmed cell death or apoptosis. Cancer cells block this process so they don't die even when they are supposed to.

Some gene therapy strategies aim to reverse this blockage. Researchers are looking at whetherthese new types of treatment will make the cancer cells die.

Some viruses infect and kill cells. Researchers are working on ways to change these viruses so they only target and kill cancer cells, leaving healthy cells alone.

This sort of treatment uses the viruses to kill cancer cells directly rather than to deliver genes. So it is not cancer gene therapy in the true sense of the word. But doctors sometimes refer to it as gene therapy.

An example is a drug called T-VEC (talimogene laherparepvec), also known as Imlygic. It uses a strain of the cold sore virus (herpes simplex virus) that has been changed by altering the genes that tell the virus how to behave. It tells the virus to destroy the cancer cells and ignore the healthy cells.

T-VEC is now available as a treatment for melanoma skin cancer. It can be used to treat some people with melanomawhose cancer cannot be removed with surgery. It is also being looked at in trials for head and neck cancer. You have T-VEC as an injection directly into the melanoma or head and neck cancer.

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Stem Cell Therapy for Cancer | Arizona Pain and Spine …

Posted: December 18, 2018 at 9:42 am

Cancer is a debilitating, life-changing disease that has taken the lives of many people. It is caused by cells in a specific part of the body that begin to divide uncontrollably. The extra cells often combine to form tumors. To fight this disease, medical practitioners have started to use stem cell therapy to combat cancer.

Cancer can be life-altering and difficult at best, lethal at worse. The effects are brutal on the human body, which is why doctors and researchers have experimented with different ways to treat the condition. Results vary case to case and while some of the traditional methods cure patients of cancer, they come with nasty side effects. Here are two of the most common methods for fighting cancer, along with their negative side effects:

Stem cell therapy is a newer treatment option used to fight cancer. The process involves using healthy stem cells, which are functional, blood-producing, blank-slate cells from a multicellular organism, to treat or prevent diseases. Although it has proved promising so far, stem cell therapy is still in the early stages of development.

Practitioners have found several consistent uses for stem cell therapy, but researchers are still running clinical trials to determine side effects and other potential uses. Bone marrow transplants are the most common type, with the national marrow donor program providing much of the transplanted material.

Every type of stem cell therapy involves blood cells. Blood is typically divided into three peripheral blood cells: white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Each of them have very specific, specialized roles.

While medical practitioners are using stem cell therapy to fight a variety of diseases, cancer is one of their primary targets to treat with stem cells. But where do the stem cells come from? This article from the National Cancer Institute defines three different types of stem cell therapy:

How stem cell therapy is used is different depending on what type of cancer the patient has. There are two main ways that this therapy can help cancer patients overcome their disease:

While stem cell therapy has provided positive results for some cancer patients, there are some significant side effects that can occur.

Stem cell therapy is continuing to grow in popularity and acceptance. The results so far have been nothing less than promising, and practitioners believe that the full potential of the treatment has not been discovered. Cancer, which previously has been considered untouchable and incurable, is looking more and more stoppable.

The Arizona Pain and Spine Institute offers stem cell therapy for cancer. The treatment usually takes place in as little as three to four hours, allowing our practitioners time to retrieve your stem cells, evaluate them and regenerate more if necessary, and inject them back into your body.

If you are suffering from cancer, stem cell therapy offered at Arizona Pain and Spine Institute may help you on your road to recovery. Schedule an appointment with us today. Our passionate, experienced team wants to help you overcome this brutal disease, and stem cell therapy may be your best solution.

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Four Types of Stem Cells – Texas Right to Life

Posted: December 15, 2018 at 2:44 pm

Reading Time: 7 minutes

Return to Human Cloning and Stem Cell Research

Cloned Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Cloned human embryonic stem cells are derived from a cloned human embryo created by asexual reproduction. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is the scientific term for one of the asexual processes by which a human being or animal is cloned. SCNT involves a donor egg from which the nucleus has been removed. The enucleated egg is then fused with the nucleus from a cell of the person to be cloned, yielding a cloned human embryo that begins to divide and grow in the same fashion as an embryo created by traditional reproduction. This process of human somatic cell nuclear transfer is the identical method by which animals have been successfully cloned and birthed (e.g., Dolly the Sheep, CC the cat, cattle, etc.).

How are cloned embryonic stem cells obtained?

When the cloned human embryos reach 5 to 7 days, stem cells are extracted from the inner mass of the cloned embryos. Such dismemberment kills the cloned human embryo.

What diseases are being treated with cloned embryonic stem cells?

No health benefits or cures have been realized in animal trials using cloned human embryonic stem cells. This lack of clinical evidence, coupled with the appearance of dangerous side effects in animals (the formation of tumors), has discouraged the use of cloned embryonic stem cells in human clinical trials.

What are the challenges of using cloned embryonic stem cells?

Cloned human embryos are difficult to create. Only one laboratory in South Korea has created cloned human embryos and grown them to the point where stem cell extraction is possible. Hundreds of eggs were needed to create just one cloned embryo. In addition, animals injected with cloned embryonic stem cells have developed cancer and tumors due to the unpredictable and immature nature of the genetically altered and cloned embryonic stem cells.

What ethical concerns are linked to the use of cloned embryonic stem cells?

The use of cloned embryonic stem cells requires the creation of a human life solely for the purpose of lethal scientific experimentation, and therefore, carries serious ethical implications. Furthermore, regulations ensuring that these cloned human embryos will not be implanted in the womb to birth a human clone would be impossible to enforce.

How will a human cloning ban affect the use of cloned embryonic stem cells?

Cloned human embryonic stem cell research is the only type of stem cell research prohibited by a human cloning ban.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem cells are derived from the human embryos created for infertile couples at in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics. In the laboratory, IVF clinics unite sperm from the father and an egg from the mother to create a child to implant in the mothers womb. Some parents decide not to implant and birth all their embryonic children; these left-over embryos may be placed for adoption, disposed of, or donated to research. In order to be used by scientists for research, parents must explicitly donate their embryonic children with informed consent, including clear acknowledgement that scientific experimentation will result in the death of their embryonic child.

How are embryonic stem cells obtained?

Embryonic stem cells are typically extracted after the frozen embryo is thawed and allowed to develop to four or five days old. Because the cells are taken from the inner cell mass of the embryo, the embryo dies during the extraction process. Embryonic stem cells extracted from donated embryos are used to start stem cell lines.

What diseases are currently treated with embryonic stem cells?

No illnesses or diseases have been treated using embryonic stem cells. In fact, embryonic stem cells have created tumors when tested in animals because of their immature and unpredictable nature. Furthermore, these cells are often rejected due to the DNA mismatch with the patient.

What are the challenges of using embryonic stem cells?

Embryonic stem cells are not used in human clinical trials because there have been no successes in animal trials. The development of tumors and terratomas (masses of flesh with eyes, hair, and teeth) has discouraged FDA approval of the use of embryonic stem cell transplants in humans. Embryonic stem cells are difficult to use because scientists have been unable to:

Establish and maintain stable cell lines of embryonic stem cells

What are the ethical concerns of using embryonic stem cells?

Embryos created for the purpose of in vitro fertilization are created with the intent to birth children. Extracting stem cells from embryos created for, but not used in, in vitro fertilization does result in the death of a unique human life and, consequently, encompasses serious ethical implications.

Would a comprehensive ban affect the use of embryonic stem cells?

Neither a state or federal ban on human cloning would prohibit in any way embryonic stem cell research that involves embryos created through in vitro fertilization, because IVF embryos are not created by cloning.

Fetal Stem Cells

Fetal stem cells are stem cells extracted from the tissues of aborted or miscarried unborn children in the fetal stage.

How are fetal stem cells obtained?

Fetal stem cells are extracted from a miscarried or aborted unborn child in the fetal stage through a tissue or blood sample. The tissue or blood sample is treated with growth factors in the laboratory, and then injected into the body of the diseased or injured patient.

What diseases are treated with fetal stem cells?

No medical treatment derived from fetal stem cells has successfully treated any human disease. In one of the most well-known human clinical trials using fetal stem cells, the cells were injected into the brains of Parkinsons patients. Unfortunately, these unpredictable young cells created terratomas (masses of tissue with hair and teeth) and tumors, and patients experienced increased Parkinsons symptoms.

What ethical concerns are linked to the use of fetal stem cells?

Although fetal stem cell research does not cause the death of the unborn child (as the child is already deceased at the time of extraction), ethical consideration must be given to research that depends on the death of an unborn child (especially if that death is unnaturally induced).

Will a human cloning ban affect fetal stem cell research?

A human cloning ban would not prohibit in any way the use of fetal stem cells.

Adult Stem Cells

Adult stem cells reside throughout the human body within tissue, blood and organs; they are plentiful and readily available. Adult stem cells do not have to come from an adult; rather, adult refers to the stage or maturity of the stem cell, distinguishing the cell from those stem cells extracted from pre-born humans (embryos and fetuses). Adult stem cells are also found in the tissues of the umbilical cord (after live birth), spinal cord, fat, bone marrow, dental pulp, nasal cavity, brain, peripheral blood, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, skin, cornea, digestive system, retina, liver, and pancreas.

How are adult stem cells obtained?

Adult stem cells are drawn from the body of the patient in a tissue or blood sample without harm to the individual. The cells are then transferred to the laboratory where they are cultured and coaxed to multiply. A dozen extracted adult stem cells may multiply into millions of new cells that are genetically identical to the original extracted cells. After the cells multiply, the healthy cells are re-inserted into the body of the patient where the cells differentiate into the appropriate cell type. Human clinical trials show that these new cells travel to the diseased or injured body part and begin repair and tissue regeneration.

What human diseases or conditions are currently treated with adult stem cells?

While adult stem cell research is by no means a perfected process, there are dozens of human diseases and conditions that have been successfully treated with adult stem cells.

To what is the success of adult stem cell therapies attributed?

Adult stem cells have had proven success in laboratory culture, animal models of disease, and in human clinical treatments. Adult stem cells:

What are the challenges of adult stem cell research?

Sometimes adult stem cells are difficult to identify or distinguish from other cells due to their abundant presence throughout the body and varying appearances depending on their location.

What ethical concerns are linked to the use of adult stem cells?

Unlike other types of stem cell research, the procurement and use of adult stem cells never requires the creation or destruction of innocent human life, and therefore, no ethical challenges arise.

How will a comprehensive cloning ban affect adult stem cell research?

A human cloning ban would not prohibit in any way the use of adult stem cells.

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Four Types of Stem Cells - Texas Right to Life

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Human Genetics | Michigan Medicine | University of Michigan

Stem Cells | Medford | Ashland | Southern Oregon

Integrative Medicine | Jupiter Medical Center

Stem Cell Tupelo Mississippi 38801

Connecticut Pours Millions Into Embryonic Stem Cell …

Molecular Genetic Pathology: 9781588299741: Medicine …

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