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Integrative Medicine Board Certification | ABPS – American Board of …

Posted: October 21, 2022 at 2:13 am

The integrative medicine board certification exam offered by the American Board of Physician Specialties (ABPS) allows successful candidates to present themselves to the public as qualified medical specialists in integrative medicine. Successfully completing the exam indicates mastery of integrative medicine skills and knowledge, as well as a professional commitment to adhere to the ABPS Medical Code of Ethics.

To be eligible to apply for initial board certification in integrative medicine, an applicant must first satisfy the general requirements of the ABPS. These include being a graduate of a recognized U.S., Canadian, or international allopathic or osteopathic college of medicine, and holding a valid and unrestricted license to practice medicine in the United States, its territories, or Canada.

The American Board of Integrative Medicine (ABOIM) has its own eligibility requirements that include:

After applicants are deemed eligible, they must successfully complete a computer-based written exam in order to earn board certification in integrative medicine. For information about dates and fees for the application and the exam, click here.

Once granted, all ABPS certificates are good for a period of eight years, expiring on December 31 of the eighth year.

The ABPS invites qualified applicants to apply for certification in integrative medicine. ABOIM-certified physicians are committed to a practice of medicine that reaffirms the relationship between practitioner and patient, focuses on the whole person, is informed by evidence, and makes use of all appropriate therapeutic approaches and disciplines to achieve optimal health and healing.

To learn more about certification in integrative medicine through the ABOIM, contact the ABPS.

The board certification process consists of submission of the completed application, Board review/approval to ensure all eligibility requirements have been satisfied, and successful completion of a written examination. This examination is based on the Principals of Integrative Medicine and the ExaminationDescription.

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Cellular and Molecular Medicine | Faculty of Medicine

Posted: October 21, 2022 at 2:02 am

The University of Ottawa Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (CMM), is a large, dynamic and interdisciplinary department consisting of 52 faculty researchers and teaching staff, as well as approximately 12 Emeritus Professors, and 70 cross-appointed and adjunct members. CMM was formed from the combined resources of three former departments of the University of Ottawa: Physiology, Pharmacology and Anatomy & Neurobiology.

CMM boasts a large number of highly active research laboratories investigating important questions related to human health and disease. Some areas of interest include neuromuscular and neurodegenerative diseases, stem cell biology and its application to regenerative medicine, the basis for and treatment of various cancers, causes and cures for kidney disease, understanding the contribution of cellular signaling pathways to disease states, and the causes underlying congenital disorders such as neural tube defects.

CMM is part of the Ottawa Health Sciences Centre, a medical complex which also includes the Ottawa Hospital (General Campus), the Childrens Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO), the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) and the Childrens Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute (CHEORI). In addition, through its cross-appointed and adjunct members, the Department has research affiliations with OHRI, the University of Ottawa Heart Institute at the Ottawa Hospital (Civic Campus), the Royal Ottawa Hospital, the Canadian Red Cross, Health Canada and the National Research Council. These relationships greatly facilitate interactions of CMM members with clinicians and researchers involved in diverse aspects of human medicine.

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Molecular Diagnostics > Fact Sheets > Yale Medicine

Posted: October 21, 2022 at 2:02 am

Tests are typically performed to determine whether or not patients have a gene mutation associated with a specific disease, either as an inherited or an acquired mutation. Inherited diseases can be tested for at the prenatal, newborn and adult stages of life.

For example, a commonly inherited disease iscystic fibrosis(CF). If a newborn is found to have two mutations in the gene associated with CF, the baby is most likely to have the condition. The child can then be treated for the disease, which can prolong his or her life.

Doctors can perform a molecular test of a common inherited hereditary cancer. For example, inbreast cancer, they can investigate forspecific inherited mutations in theBRCA1andBRCA2 genes, which may increase the patient's risk of breast and ovarian cancer.

Acquired gene mutations can be tested for in some cases, such as for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).A patient can then start therapy as soon as possible.

Tests can also be done to determine whether a person has become resistant to a specific drug and needs to change course in a treatment regimen. For example, an HIVpatientcan be monitored by a quantitative molecular test to determine whether or not the amount of viral loadhas significantly increased, which is a sign of resistance to the treatment. The patients HIV can then be DNA sequenced to determine if a mutation known to be associated with resistance is found.

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JK Agri Genetics reports standalone net loss of Rs 15.77 crore in the September 2022 quarter – Business Standard

Posted: October 21, 2022 at 1:59 am

JK Agri Genetics reports standalone net loss of Rs 15.77 crore in the September 2022 quarter Business Standard

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North Idaho resident working on a second chance at life – KREM.com

Posted: October 13, 2022 at 2:42 am

Robin Bates, who has lived with multiple sclerosis for two decades, is halfway to his fundraising goal to give him a second chance at life.

HAYDEN, Idaho A second chance at life?

Robin Bates is working on it.

"You never really know what you're in for when you start out on these journeys," Bates said Friday, seated in his motorized wheelchair in his living room. "I'm a really private person, and I've had to be completely transparent and talk to people about things I'd never talk about. It's like creating a whole new you."

For 23 years, Bates, 53, of Hayden, has lived with multiple sclerosis, a disease that affects the brain and spinal cord and causes vision loss, pain, fatigue and impaired coordination.

Nearly 1 million people in the United States are affected by MS, according to the National MS Society. Bates' condition has progressed to the point where he can no longer do simple tasks, like make his own meals or even lift the kettle off the stove without help from Paula, his caregiver and wife of 23 years, as reported by our news partners, the Coeur d'Alene Press.

"There's all these things I can't do," he said. "I'm like a 50-year-old baby. Honestly, I can do nothing."

Earlier this year, Bates launched an effort to undergo a procedure that would basically reset his immune system and repurpose cells or create new MS-free stem cells, allowing him to once again have control of his mobility and possibly even walk once again. If he does nothing, he may end up in an assisted care facility where he will be away from his wife and the life he loves.

"If I can get stem cells, I don't have to take drugs," he said. "Then they do the treatment and I don't need drugs ever again, in a perfect world."

These procedures come with a hefty price tag, and it has been a challenge for Bates to make arrangements because of the advanced level of his condition, especially in the United States. This particular operation, a hematopoietic stem cell transplant, is not approved or covered in the U.S. Bates has had to seek out facilities abroad after being denied or told "no" by U.S. doctors.

"This is America, we have all the best technologies," he said. "It's kind of annoying that the place that should be able to help you, save you, turns you down. I'm the sickest person you'll ever come across and really need this technology, and they give it to healthy people."

Through the frustrations and difficulties, Bates was pleased to report he is halfway to his $50,000 fundraising goal and he is in the final approval stage with stem cell facilities in Mexico and in South Africa, where he is originally from.

He has a few options regarding time and cost $40,000 for a six-week treatment or $75,000 for a six-month treatment.

"The $40,000 place said they'll guarantee that my disease will not get worse," he said. "Six months, they'll guarantee that I'll walk out of there. If I had $75,000, I'd be there yesterday."

Bates said America does have one $25,000 option for him at facilities in Seattle and Florida, but the outcome would only halt progression for six months and would require expensive repeat procedures.

He has an online appointment with a doctor in Mexico today.

"I'm pretty confident, I think it's going to go well," Bates said.

He'll know in the next 30 to 40 days if he will be officially approved for a hematopoietic stem cell transplant. If not, he'll aim for the $75,000 procedure, even though it means he'll have to move to Cabo San Lucas for six months.

"How terrible could that be, living in paradise for six months?" he said with a grin.

Bates is optimistic about the process.

"From a physical standpoint, I have nothing, but from a mental standpoint I'm gung-ho, there's nothing that can get me down," he said. "Even on the worst days, I can take a terrible situation and find good in it. If you have a disease where you have no chance and you believe you've got no chance, you may as well just die. With me, I'm always optimistic, I always look for the good. No matter how terrible things are."

Contributions from friends, community members and strangers have also encouraged Bates, including a dear friend who offered to donate $5,000 if another $5,000 was donated. This resulted in $11,995 being raised in September.

Bates is eager to break free from MS and show others with the disease that there is hope. He is grateful to all who have supported him thus far and those who help in the future.

"Some people want to get better so they can get back to work," he said. "I want to get better so I can teach everyone with MS there's a way out of here. If you haven't got hope, what have you got?"

Info and updates: http://www.gofundme.com/f/stem-cell-transplant-to-stop-multiple-sclerosis.

The Coeur d'Alene Press is a KREM 2 news partner. For more from our partners,click here.

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The Right-Wing Attempt to Control Higher Ed – The Chronicle of Higher Education

Posted: October 13, 2022 at 2:42 am

Expertise and institutional independence are on the ballot this fall. Partisan culture wars have spread beyond specific people, ideas, and events. Now the target is public higher education itself.

American universities are no strangers to the culture wars, of course. President George W. Bush tussled with biomedical researchers over the use of embryonic stem cells. As an editorial in Nature Medicine put it in 2001, Newly inaugurated, Bush wasted no time injecting himself into the controversial debate. Later, Bush allies at Fox News lambasted professors who criticized the U.S. invasion of Iraq as insufficiently patriotic. Republican megadonors Charles and David Koch were among the most notable of those who poured millions of dollars into colleges and universities to support conservative causes, including programs that advanced free-market ideas and traditional American values.

The past quarter-century is full of right-wing attacks on higher education. But most of these attacks targeted specific events, ideas, or people. Often these controversies were triggered by the idea that white people, men, Christians, and/or conservatives are marginalized in higher education. Such culture-war flare-ups continue. Arizona State University, for instance, was plunged into controversy when white men displaying pro-police slogans were asked by other students to leave the universitys multicultural center.

But now partisan attacks on higher education have spread beyond right-wing outrage over specific issues. Today, the very idea of public colleges and universities that operate independent of partisan control is under attack.

Leery of public higher educations autonomy from partisan government, many Republican officials seek to exert more control over state colleges and universities as a way of reducing the influence of nonpartisan institutions and professional expertise. Core principles of academic freedom are at stake. At the University of Idaho, faculty members were advised to remain neutral on the topic of abortion and proceed cautiously when discussing reproductive health. For faculty members who teach about the topics in medical or social-science classes, the guidance doesnt just urge them to avoid hot-button issues. It is a clear step toward a state-controlled curriculum.

Attacks on institutional independence extend beyond the curriculum. Florida now mandates public colleges to change their accreditor frequently, a move seen by the federal government as an accountability runaround. Virginias newly elected attorney general fired the top lawyers at the University of Virginia and George Mason University on seemingly partisan grounds. A change to governance bylaws in Georgia gives the Republican-controlled state board the authority to selectively relocate the power to grant and deny tenure from the campuses to the state board. According to the American Association of University Professors, the governance change eviscerates tenure protections in Georgia.

Harry Campbell for The Chronicle

The contemporary Republican approach to higher education is part of a broader partisan campaign to undermine independent expertise. Anti-intellectualism has deep roots in American political life, and contemporary conservative suspicion of expertise and nonpartisan institutions has been brewing for a while. Its based on ideological skepticism of government and regulation. Fox News, social media, and conspiracy theories fuel mistrust in independent expertise. Indeed, the conservative movement has worked to degrade Americans trust in just about any institution that is not explicitly aligned with the Republican Party be it government agencies, corporations, health-care providers, the media, or colleges.

Republican attempts to control higher education also seek to erase challenges to partisan narratives. The University of Floridas efforts to prevent a professor from testifying against the state in a lawsuit challenging a restrictive voting law was illustrative. Floridas voting law flows directly from the big lie, or the baseless position that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from former President Donald Trump. Academic independence, if left unchecked, could question or even threaten this partisan narrative. And that independence from partisan governance is now unacceptable to many Republican-elected officials. On top of this, Sen. Ben Sasse of Nebraska, a Republican, is set to become the next president of the University of Florida, and State Sen. Ray Rodrigues, also a Republican, will be chancellor of the State University System of Florida more evidence that party fealty counts in appointing academic leaders.

In policy terms, replacing academic independence with partisan control is consistent with the GOPs deconstruction of the administrative state. Bucking the establishment has populist appeal for politicians like Sarah Palin and former President Trump. A decade ago, under the administration of Gov. Scott Walker, a Republican, Wisconsin piloted policies that pit state government against public universities.

Attacks on institutional independence and expertise are also rooted in conservative philosophy and legal thought like constitutional originalism. Recent rulings from the Supreme Court are consistent with the goal of limiting the authority of independent expertise in American life. For example, in their majority opinion restricting the Environmental Protection Agencys authority to regulate greenhouse gasses in West Virginia v. EPA, the courts conservative majority introduced the raised eyebrow doctrine the court could strike down any regulation that raises an eyebrow. According to UCLA law professor Blake Emerson, thats very dangerous because that just depends on the ideological predilections of the judge.

As with environmental regulation at the federal level, public higher education is a front in the right-wing campaign against independent expertise in the states. Gov. Ron DeSantis of Florida, a Republican, visibly leads efforts to assert the partisan rule of higher education, but it doesnt stop in Florida. Prohibiting or limiting instruction about race and gender in the United States has become a campaign priority for Republicans nationwide. According to a database maintained by PEN America, Republicans in state legislatures across the country have introduced nearly 200 educational gag orders since the beginning of 2021. Such bills could dictate what is taught in college and university classrooms, directly challenge a cornerstone of academic freedom, and undermine academic independence.

Of course, Democrats are not immune to partisan meddling in university administration. Andrew Cuomo, former Democratic governor of New York, installed a political loyalist to head the State University of New York system, and legislation to limit tenure and assert greater state control over public higher education is circulating in Hawaii. Electing Democratic candidates is no guarantee of higher educations institutional independence. The difference, however, is that breaking independent expertise is not a central goal of the Democratic Party. It is for the Republicans.

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S.I. school hosts dance-a-thon to support 9-year-old student with sickle cell disease – SILive.com

Posted: October 13, 2022 at 2:41 am

STATEN ISLAND, N.Y. When Micah Thomas was born, he underwent the mandated newborn screening for sickle cell disease. When the news came back that Micah had the disease, he became one of the roughly 2,000 children born each year with the inherited red blood cell disorder.

Now, at just 9 years old, Micah has been advocating for himself and others like him with sickle cell.

Its why his school, PS 29 in Castleton Corners, recently hosted a dance-a-thon and blood drive for sickle cell.

I was thinking of something everybody in school could do, so maybe a dance-a-thon. And I like dancing at school, he said.

Principal Christine Zapata explained she became principal when Micah was in first grade. She had always discussed hosting an event for sickle cell with Micah and his mother, Monique Faure but Micah had been sick for a better part of his first-grade year, with frequent stays at The Childrens Hospital of Philadelphia. And then the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic led to even further delays to host something at school.

Micah stands here with his mother Monique Faure, left, and PS 29 Principal Christine Zapata. (Staten Island Advance/Annalise Knudson)

Micah had to undergo six surgeries, including his most serious the removal of his spleen. But Micah never missed a moment of schoolwork. He was introduced to remote learning even before the coronavirus pandemic, which allowed him to interact with classmates and learn from his teachers while he underwent treatment and recovery.

The support from the school was amazing, said Faure. I think everyone was I mean, they checked on him. We had people come down and check on him. I mean it was amazing. So when Principal Zapata says its a community, it is definitely a community here.

SEVERE SICKLE CELL

Micah is battling HbS beta thalassemia zero, a severe form of sickle cell disease.

It expresses just like sickle cell, even though its sickle cell beta thalassemia, hes treated just like he has full sickle cell, said Faure.

Sickle cell disease means some of Micahs red blood cells are sickle-shaped, while some are round. The sickle cells die early, which causes a constant shortage of red blood cells, and when they travel through small blood vessels, they get stuck and clog the blood flow, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Micah stands with some of his fellow PS 29 students during the dance-a-thon, which took place last month. (Staten Island Advance/Annalise Knudson)

Some of my blood cells would be shaped like a moon, because that would be the sickle, and the other ones would be shaped like a doughnut, because thats the one that can get through my blood easier, Micah explained. But the ones with the moon, they get less oxygen and they sometimes clog up my blood. I had some stomach pain, and a lot of pain when I was little. I had some arm pain and some pain in my stomach and most times in my spleen.

The condition can cause pain and other serious complications like infection, acute chest syndrome and stroke.

The only therapy approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that may be able to cure sickle cell is a bone marrow or stem cell transplant, but those are very risky and can have serious side effects, including death, the CDC stated.

At that point, what we started talking about was the fact that a lot of kids who have sickle cell require blood transfusions, right? Its one of the especially since COVID its something that we are constantly seeing, that theres not enough in the blood supply. Couple that with the fact that sickle cell is pretty prevalent in the United States, said Zapata.

Im excited to dance and everything, Micah said. It makes me feel like sickle cell is getting more support for how it is hurting people, and I just want people to know its helping if you can donate." (Staten Island Advance/Annalise Knudson)

RAISING AWARENESS

Last school year, PS 29 spent a day teaching students about what sickle cell is and how it affects people. The plan to host an event for sickle cell awareness finally came to fruition last month.

On Sept. 30, the school made sure to raise awareness and funds to help those battling sickle cell. Students and staff alike were dressed in red some donning dance-a-thon shirts that read, Brave like Micah.

Throughout the school day, students in each grade made their way to the gymnasium to dance for nearly 30 minutes in the dance-a-thon, led by fifth-grade emcees who volunteered their time.

Im excited to dance and everything, Micah said. It makes me feel like sickle cell is getting more support for how it is hurting people, and I just want people to know its helping if you can donate.

Funds raised from the approximately 300 T-shirts that were sold as part of the dance-a-thon were donated to The Valerie Fund, a non-profit organization that has supported children with cancer and blood disorders since 1976.(Staten Island Advance/Annalise Knudson)

When the fourth-grade class went to the gymnasium, Micah was the first one to start dancing. Students around him joined in, as they danced to popular hits and line dances like the Cha-Cha Slide. Funds raised from the approximately 300 T-shirts that were sold were donated to The Valerie Fund, a non-profit organization that has supported children with cancer and blood disorders since 1976.

The Valerie Funds helps sickle cell awareness, spread the word. So everybody who sees this shirt or they see the videos weve been sending out on stuff, said Micah.

Micah has many friends who are part of The Valerie Fund and struggle with cancer and sickle cell including some who have since died from the diseases, his mother explained.

The school also partnered with the New York Blood Center to host a blood drive.

Anyone can donate to The Valerie Fund at http://www.thevaleriefund.org. Visit http://www.nybc.org/ to donate blood.

PS 29 also partnered with the New York Blood Center to host a blood drive. In this photo, Francie Scherma, a first-grade teacher, donates blood. (Staten Island Advance/Annalise Knudson)

AN ADVOCATE FOR HIMSELF AND OTHERS

Faure said she hopes that she and Micah continue to spread awareness of sickle cell. Micahs treatment is similar to children who have cancer he takes chemo daily. But he still remains upbeat, lively and bubbly.

Zapata noted that the school staff, including the school nurse, know the signs and keep an eye out for Micah if he feels ill at school.

And Micah is very, very good at advocating for himself ,so he lets us know when something is off or something isnt right, said Zapata. He even came to our PTA [parent teacher association] and told our PTA about sickle cell.

Beyond school, Micah has been a voice for those suffering with sickle cell. He has spoken with senators in New York and New Jersey and with other members of Congress to help pass bills for sickle cell, and promote awareness of the disease.

And Micah has big plans for his future he said he hopes to become president of the United States one day.

PS 29 in Castleton Corners held a dance-a-thon and blood drive for sickle cell anemia, which affects a 4th grader at the school, Micah Thomas. (Staten Island Advance/Annalise Knudson)

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Latest Insights on Stem Cell Assay Market Business Strategies, Acquisitions, Revenue Analysis Share, Forecast to 2028 | by Perkinelmer Inc, Promega…

Posted: October 13, 2022 at 2:41 am

New Jersey, United States Analysis of Stem Cell Assay Market 2022 to 2028, Size, Share, and Trends by Type, Component, Application, Opportunities, Growth Rate, and Regional Forecast

The market for stem cell assays is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 17.7% from 2022 to 2028 when it is expected to reach USD 4.5 billion from USD 1.9 billion. Increased funding for stem cell research, rising demand for cell-based assays in drug development, collaborations, and agreements among market participants, among other factors, can all be linked to the growth of the stem cell assay market. Typically, the cell-based assay is used to demonstrate the viability, cytotoxicity, senescence, and percentage of the cell. The majority of the time, high-throughput screening formats make use of cell-based assays. To find and build the current technology for secure treatment facilities, many investors and stem cell assay market stockholders have boosted their funding. Additionally, sophisticated cell-based assay treatments are produced as a result of high technology, which makes it simple for researchers, lab technicians, and other medical professionals to make use of cutting-edge equipment to discover various treatments and medications.

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The COVID-19 epidemic has put more strain on the worlds healthcare systems. As of May 27, 2022, there were 530,469,195 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 530,469,195 fatalities, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). The pandemic has had an impact on financing for stem cell assays and cancer research. In reaction to the pandemic, some cancer research institutes have cut back on financing, while others continue to make investments in the field. By utilizing chances present in the research stem cell assays market and creating novel goods to combat the pandemic, prominent businesses participating in the stem cell assays market are changing their long-term and short-term growth strategies. This has had a favorable effect on the markets expansion.

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Venture money has been invested in firms developing stem cell assays. This has accelerated the creation of novel treatments for conditions like cancer. It also provides an endless supply of difficult-to-find cell types, which makes it useful for creating excellent physiological model cells. The development of cutting-edge medical infrastructures and the creation of cutting-edge new technologies have always aided in the expansion of the stem cell assays market sectors for stem cell assays. This implies that several diseases treatment protocols have also evolved. The procedures of treatment approaches in the medical industry have undergone a full transformation as a result of the development of new therapies and generic medicine facilities.

Segmentation

The stem cell assay market is divided into apoptosis, isolation and purification, cell identification, proliferation, differentiation, and viability/cytotoxicity tests based on type. Tetrazolium reduction assays, resazurin cell viability assays, calcein-AM cell viability assays, and other viability/cytotoxicity assays are other subcategories of the viability/cytotoxicity assays segment. The section of apoptosis assays is further divided into assays for caspase, annexin v, and cell permeability, DNA fragmentation, and mitochondria. In 2021, the viability/cytotoxicity tests segment held the greatest market share. The segments expansion is linked to a rise in the use of tests for toxicology and pharmacology.

The stem cell assay market has been divided into three categories based on technology: microfluidics-based cell trap technologies, microfabricated aided technologies, and others. Cell viability & toxicity tests, cell identification assays, cell proliferation assays, cell apoptosis assays, and others make up the assay section of the market. The application foundation further divides it into five categories: dermatological, cardiovascular, central nervous system, orthopedic & musculoskeletal spine, and others.

Regional analysis

The largest number of market equities in the stem cell assay market sectors are exclusively found in North America. The global market consistently requires the most cutting-edge medical equipment as well as medications that can quickly control disease, according to the rise in rising technology. However, because of the governments sincere efforts, the market has substantially improved in developing nations. The current market expansion is also being boosted by the rise in health awareness. The pandemic has slowed down numerous business platforms economic sectors, but in developing nations, important stockholders and marketers are constantly working to increase production rates to fulfil the wants of the global market. India, China, Japan, and Russia have all contributed significantly to the present market expansion in the Asia-Pacific region.

Key Players

Perkinelmer Inc. Promega Corporation Becton Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. General Electric Company Dickinson and company Danaher Corporation Merk KGaA Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc.

Click here to Download the full index of the Stem Cell Assay market research report 2022

Contact Us:Amit JainSales Co-OrdinatorInternational: +1 518 300 3575Email: [emailprotected]Website: https://www.infinitybusinessinsights.com

This Press Release has been written with the intention of providing accurate market information which will enable our readers to make informed strategic investment decisions. If you notice any problem with this content, please feel free to reach us on [emailprotected]

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Testosterone What It Does And Doesn’t Do – Harvard Health

Posted: October 13, 2022 at 2:40 am

When you think of testosterone, what comes to mind? Macho men? Aggressive, impatient, type A behavior? Road rage? Violence?

Testosterone's role in bad behavior is largely a myth. What's more, testosterone plays other important roles in health and disease that may surprise you. For example, did you know that testosterone is a key player in prostate cancer? Or, that women need testosterone, too? There's more to testosterone than guys behaving badly.

Testosterone is the major sex hormone in males and plays a number of important roles, such as:

Adolescent boys with too little testosterone may not experience normal masculinization. For example, the genitals may not enlarge, facial and body hair may be scant and the voice may not deepen normally.

Testosterone may also help maintain normal mood. There may be other important functions of this hormone that have not yet been discovered.

Signals sent from the brain to the pituitary gland at the base of the brain control the production of testosterone in men. The pituitary gland then relays signals to the testes to produce testosterone. A "feedback loop" closely regulates the amount of hormone in the blood. When testosterone levels rise too high, the brain sends signals to the pituitary to reduce production.

If you thought testosterone was only important in men, you'd be mistaken. Testosterone is produced in the ovaries and adrenal gland. It's one of several androgens (male sex hormones) in females. These hormones are thought to have important effects on:

The proper balance between testosterone (along with other androgens) and estrogen is important for the ovaries to work normally. While the specifics are uncertain, it's possible that androgens also play an important role in normal brain function (including mood, sex drive and cognitive function).

Testosterone is synthesized in the body from cholesterol. But having high cholesterol doesn't mean your testosterone will be high. Testosterone levels are too carefully controlled by the pituitary gland in the brain for that to occur.

Having too much naturally-occurring testosterone is not a common problem among men. That may surprise you given what people might consider obvious evidence of testosterone excess: road rage, fighting among fathers at Little League games and sexual promiscuity.

Part of this may be due to the difficulty defining "normal" testosterone levels and "normal" behavior. Blood levels of testosterone vary dramatically over time and even during the course of a day. In addition, what may seem like a symptom of testosterone excess (see below) may actually be unrelated to this hormone.

In fact, most of what we know about abnormally high testosterone levels in men comes from athletes who use anabolic steroids, testosterone or related hormones to increase muscle mass and athletic performance.

Problems associated with abnormally high testosterone levels in men include:

Among women, perhaps the most common cause of a high testosterone level is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This disease is common. It affects 6% to 10% of premenopausal women.

The ovaries of women with PCOS contain multiple cysts. Symptoms include irregular periods, reduced fertility, excess or coarse hair on the face, extremities, trunk and pubic area, male-pattern baldness, darkened, thick skin, weight gain, depression and anxiety. One treatment available for many of these problems is spironolactone, a diuretic (water pill) that blocks the action of male sex hormones.

Women with high testosterone levels, due to either disease or drug use, may experience a decrease in breast size and deepening of the voice, in addition to many of the problems men may have.

In recent years, researchers (and pharmaceutical companies) have focused on the effects of testosterone deficiency, especially among men. In fact, as men age, testosterone levels drop very gradually, about 1% to 2% each year unlike the relatively rapid drop in estrogen that causes menopause. The testes produces less testosterone, there are fewer signals from the pituitary telling the testes to make testosterone, and a protein (called sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) increases with age. All of this reduces the active (free) form of testosterone in the body. More than a third of men over age 45 may have reduced levels of testosterone than might be considered normal (though, as mentioned, defining optimal levels of testosterone is tricky and somewhat controversial).

Symptoms of testosterone deficiency in adult men include:

Some men who have a testosterone deficiency have symptoms or conditions related to their low testosterone that will improve when they take testosterone replacement. For example, a man with osteoporosis and low testosterone can increase bone strength and reduce his fracture risk with testosterone replacement.

As surprising as it may be, women can also be bothered by symptoms of testosterone deficiency. For example, disease in the pituitary gland may lead to reduced testosterone production from the adrenal glands disease. They may experience low libido, reduced bone strength, poor concentration or depression.

There are times when low testosterone is not such a bad thing. The most common example is probably prostate cancer. Testosterone may stimulate the prostate gland and prostate cancer to grow. That's why medications that lower testosterone levels (for example, leuprolide) and castration are common treatments for men with prostate cancer. Men taking testosterone replacement must be carefully monitored for prostate cancer. Although testosterone may make prostate cancer grow, it is not clear that testosterone treatment actually causes cancer.

Men can experience a drop in testosterone due to conditions or diseases affecting the:

Genetic diseases, such as Klinefelter syndrome (in which a man has an extra x-chromosome) and hemochromatosis (in which an abnormal gene causes excessive iron to accumulate throughout the body, including the pituitary gland) can also affect testosterone.

Women may have a testosterone deficiency due to diseases of the pituitary, hypothalamus or adrenal glands, in addition to removal of the ovaries. Estrogen therapy increases sex hormone binding globulin and, like aging men, this reduces the amount of free, active testosterone in the body.

Currently, testosterone therapy is approved primarily for the treatment of delayed male puberty, low production of testosterone (whether due to failure of the testes, pituitary or hypothalamus function) and certain inoperable female breast cancers.

However, it is quite possible that testosterone treatment can improve symptoms in men with significantly low levels of active (free) testosterone, such as:

However, many men with normal testosterone levels have similar symptoms so a direct connection between testosterone levels and symptoms is not always clear. As a result, there is some controversy about which men should be treated with supplemental testosterone.

Testosterone therapy may make sense for women who have low testosterone levelsand symptoms that might be due to testosterone deficiency. (It's not clear if low levelswithout symptoms are meaningful; treatment risks may outweigh benefits.) However, the wisdom and effectiveness of testosterone treatment to improve sexual function or cognitive function among postmenopausal women is unclear.

People with normal testosterone levels are sometimes treated with testosterone at the recommendation of their doctors or they obtain the medication on their own. Some have recommended it as a "remedy" for aging. For example, a study from Harvard Medical School in 2003 found that even among men who started out with normal testosterone results noted loss of fat, increased muscle mass, better mood, and less anxiety when receiving testosterone therapy. Similar observations have been noted among women. However, the risks and side effects of taking testosterone when the body is already making enough still discourages widespread use.

Testosterone is so much more than its reputation would suggest. Men and women need the proper amount of testosterone to develop and function normally. However, the optimal amount of testosterone is far from clear.

Checking testosterone levels is as easy as having a blood test. The difficult part is interpreting the result. Levels vary over the course of the day. A single low level may be meaningless in the absence of symptoms, especially if it was normal at another time. We need more research to know when to measure testosterone, how best to respond to the results and when it's worthwhile to accept the risks of treatment.

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Testosterone: What It Is and How It Affects Your Health

Posted: October 13, 2022 at 2:40 am

Testosterone is a hormone found in humans, as well as in other animals. In men, the testicles primarily make testosterone. Womens ovaries also make testosterone, though in much smaller amounts.

The production of testosterone starts to increase significantly during puberty and begins to dip after age 30 or so.

Testosterone is most often associated with sex drive and plays a vital role in sperm production. It also affects bone and muscle mass, the way men store fat in the body, and even red blood cell production.

A mans testosterone levels can also affect his mood.

Low levels of testosterone, also called low T levels, can produce a variety of symptoms in men, including:

While testosterone production naturally tapers off as a man ages, other factors can cause hormone levels to drop.

Injury to the testicles and cancer treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation can negatively affect testosterone production.

Chronic health conditions and stress can also reduce testosterone production. Some of these include:

Testosterone levels decline steadily in adult women, however, low T levels can also produce a variety of symptoms, including:

Low T levels in women can be caused by removal of the ovaries as well as diseases of the pituitary, hypothalamus, or adrenal glands.

Testosterone therapy may be prescribed for women with low T levels, however, the treatments effectiveness on improving sexual function or cognitive function among postmenopausal women is unclear.

A simple blood test can determine testosterone levels. Theres a wide range of normal or healthy levels of testosterone circulating in the bloodstream.

Normal male testosterone levels range between 280 and 1,100 nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL) for adult males, and between 15 and 70 ng/dL for adult females, according to the University of Rochester Medical Center.

Ranges can vary among different labs, so its important to speak with your doctor about your results.

If an adult males testosterone levels are below 300 ng/dL, a doctor may do a workup to determine the cause of low testosterone, according to the American Urological Association.

Low testosterone levels could be a sign of pituitary gland problems. The pituitary gland sends a signaling hormone to the testicles to produce more testosterone.

A low T test result in an adult man could mean the pituitary gland isnt working properly. But a young teen with low testosterone levels might be experiencing delayed puberty.

Moderately elevated testosterone levels in men may produce few noticeable symptoms. Boys with higher levels of testosterone may begin puberty earlier. Women with high testosterone may develop masculine features.

Abnormally high levels of testosterone could be the result of an adrenal gland disorder, or even cancer of the testes.

High testosterone levels may also occur in less serious conditions. For example, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, which can affect males and females, is a rare but natural cause for elevated testosterone production.

If your testosterone levels are extremely high, your doctor may order other tests to find out the cause.

Reduced testosterone production, a condition known as hypogonadism, doesnt always require treatment.

You may be a candidate for testosterone replacement therapy if low T is interfering with your health and quality of life. Artificial testosterone can be administered orally, through injections, or with gels or skin patches.

Replacement therapy may produce desired results, such as greater muscle mass and a stronger sex drive. But the treatment does carry some side effects. These include:

Some studies have found no greater risk of prostate cancer with testosterone replacement therapy, but it continues to be a topic of ongoing research.

One study suggests that theres a lower risk of aggressive prostate cancers for those on testosterone replacement therapy, but more research is needed.

Testosterone is most commonly associated with sex drive in men. It also affects mental health, bone and muscle mass, fat storage, and red blood cell production.

Abnormally low or high levels can affect a mans mental and physical health.

Your doctor can check your testosterone levels with a simple blood test. Testosterone therapy is available to treat men with low levels of testosterone.

If you have low T, ask your doctor if this type of therapy might benefit you.

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Testosterone: What It Is and How It Affects Your Health