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Stem Cell Software Firm Cellara Eyes Mid-June for Commercial … – Xconomy

Posted: June 3, 2017 at 6:43 am

Xconomy Wisconsin

A 2015 study in the journal PLOS Biology estimated that $28 billion is spent annually in the U.S. on preclinical research that is not reproducible.

One reason for what some researchers have called a crisis in reproducibility is that in certain types of laboratories, some scientists still track their day-to-day research activities in paper notebooksor, worse yet, in their heads. Thats according to Scott Fulton, CEO of Madison, WI-based Cellara. The startup is developing software designed for researchers in stem cell labs that it says can improve reproducibility of experiments and collaboration among groups around the world.

Formed in 2012, Cellara has been working with several organizations in Wisconsin to develop and test its digital tools. The company plans to formally launch its CultureTrax software to the market later this month in Boston at the annual meeting of the International Society for Stem Cell Research.

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can be programmed to turn into specific cell types. Fulton says there are about 25,000 stem cell culture labs worldwide. Some of them have computerized systems for tracking cell cultures, he says, but many still use paper.

We interviewed more than 200 stem cell scientists over the last several years, he says. We found that [many] plan, track, and document all of their cell culture work using paper lab notebooks, just like Louis Pasteur did.

The name CultureTrax comes from culture track, which according to company materials refers to a combination of a cell line, container, and protocolthe predefined steps that make up a scientific experiment. Researchers who are growing stem cells can use Cellaras software to document the contents of containersand their individual compartmentsas well as what actions theyve taken within a given protocol. Users can also record observations and upload images to monitor whether cells are morphing or proliferating.

Many researchers who work with stem cells do so while standing or sitting in front of biosafety cabinets. Cellara provides customers with an iPad mount that can be attached to cabinets, so that users can more easily switch between logging information and hands-on work with the cells. The startups Web-based software is designed to run on both mobile devices and computers. Fulton says that stem cell scientists do the bulk of their documentation while sitting at their desks.

Multiple labs at both the Medical College of Wisconsin, which is located in the Milwaukee area, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison are currently using CultureTrax. Another recently signed customer is Kings College London, which has a stem cell and regenerative medicine department.

Alex Vodenlich, vice president of business development at Cellara, says the functions and ease of use of his companys software also makes it a useful tool for training aspiring stem cell technicians.

Cellara has formed a partnership with Madison Collegea nearby school that offers a variety of associate degree programs and certificates, including one in stem cell technologiesto train students using a version of the startups software. The program is supported in part by a $661,000 grant the National Science Foundation awarded the schoolin 2015.

Thats a whole other adjacent markettrying to educate the next generation of stem cell scientists, Vodenlich says.

Cellara has worked with Acumium, another software company based in Madison, to write the code for CultureTrax. Dan Costello, founder and CEO of Acumium, is one of Cellaras larger investors, Fulton says.

The startup has raised about $1.8 million in debt and equity funding to date, Fulton says. He says Cellara has spent about $1.5 million building CultureTrax, and is about 90 percent Next Page

Jeff Buchanan is the editor of Xconomy Wisconsin. Email: jbuchanan@xconomy.com

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Gastric Bypass Surgery May Be Best Bet for Diabetes – NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth

Posted: June 3, 2017 at 6:41 am

Diabetes can be deadly. Each year, more than 70,000 Americans die from complications of the disease. About half of all people with Type 2 diabetes don't have their condition under control.

New research now confirms a well-known procedure for weight loss may be the best bet for patients with uncontrolled diabetes.

Lisa Shaffer, at her heaviest, weighed nearly 300 pounds.

"When I was obese, my life was so limited," Shaffer said.

Her health suffered, too. Lisa had Type 2 diabetes, and she tried everything to control it.

"Nothing worked, nope," Shaffer explained.

But today she is 120 pounds lighter and her diabetes is gone. The reason: gastric bypass surgery.

"It's been incredible. Yeah, it really did give me my life back," Shaffer said.

Dr. Phillip Schauer, director of the Cleveland Clinic Bariatric and Metabolic Institute, led a study that compared bariatric surgery, either gastric bypass or gastric sleeve, to intense medical therapy in people with diabetes. After five years, the gastric bypass patients did the best. Many were in complete remission without drugs or insulin.

"Which is pretty remarkable. That's about as close to a cure that you can get," Schauer said.

Twenty-nine percent of gastric bypass and 23 percent of gastric sleeve patients achieved and maintained normal blood sugar levels, compared to just 5 percent of medication-only patients. The surgery groups also lost more weight and reported a better quality of life.

"All in all, the patients who had surgery did better and were happier at the five- year mark," Schauer said.

Three days after her surgery, Shaffer was off all of her meds. Her A1c, a measure of blood sugar control, was 10.5 before the surgery and today, it's 5.3. Now she's able to live the life she's always wanted.

"Ever since I lost the weight, I've run three 5Ks. I've done zip-lining with the family, which is fantastic. Just no limits anymore, there's no limitations on my life anymore," Shaffer said.

Schauer says weight loss is one reason diabetes patients benefit from bariatric surgery. The other is something that happens in the body as a result of the surgery. When the intestines are bypassed, special hormones increase, which helps the pancreas produce insulin more effectively.

Published at 4:48 PM CDT on Jun 2, 2017 | Updated at 4:55 PM CDT on Jun 2, 2017

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Ask a Doc: At risk for diabetes? Simple lifestyle changes could save your life – AZCentral.com

Posted: June 3, 2017 at 6:41 am

Dr. Tiffany Pankow, Special for The Republic | azcentral.com 7:00 a.m. MT June 2, 2017

Dr. Tiffany Pankow(Photo: HonorHealth)

Question: What can I do to prevent becoming diabetic?

Answer: More than one in three Americans has prediabetes, and 90 percent of them dont know it.

With prediabetes, your blood sugar levels are impaired but arent high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes. Because most people dont have symptoms, it can go undetected without screening.

Unfortunately, many with this condition will develop diabetes within a short time if the condition isnt addressed.

If you have prediabetes, youre at increased risk for heart disease and stroke. If diabetes develops, add blindness, kidney failure, and loss of limb from amputation to the risk list.

The good news is that you often can prevent diabetes with healthy lifestyle modifications, education, and sometimes, medication.

Identifying the early stages of glucose impairment before diabetes develops is an important way to reverse and prevent chronic disease.

If you have one or more of the following risk factors, talk to your doctor about screening for prediabetes with a blood test:

If you have prediabetes or are at risk for developing diabetes, several lifestyle changes can greatly decrease your risk. Although making lifestyle changes can be challenging, even small adjustments can have lasting results:

Losing 5-7 percent of your body weight can prevent or delay the progression to diabetes.

Replacing processed and packaged food with vegetables, fruits and lean protein such as chicken, fish, and turkey improves nutrition and decreases calories.

Avoiding white flour in pasta, pastries and bagels and instead choosing whole-grain options for carbohydrates can improve blood sugar levels.

Increasing exercise to a goal of 150 minutes per week and getting enough restful sleep can also help lower glucose levels and prevent diabetes.

Managing stress is another important component of a healthy lifestyle.

Limiting added sugar in foods to 25 grams (6 teaspoons) a day for women and 37.5 grams (9 teaspoons) for men is an American Heart Association recommendation.

For more information or to find a doctor to help you with screening or treatment for prediabetes, visit honorhealth.com/medical-services/primary-care.

Tiffany Pankow, MD, specializes in family medicine with HonorHealth Medical Group. She can be reached at 480-882-7360 or visit https://www.honorhealth.com/physicians/tiffany-pankow

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How Nicole Petit lives with diabetes. Part one: The diagnosis – Bangor Daily News (blog)

Posted: June 3, 2017 at 6:41 am

Nicole Petit

Over the next few weeks, Nicole Petit is going to share her story of living with diabetes, beginning with when she was first diagnosed at the age of nine. This is her first installment.

This October, Iwill be celebrating 32 years with type 1 diabetes. Some might find it odd that Id use the word celebrate to commemorate my chronic illness, but Im hoping my stories that I share will help others find a positive part of their chronic condition, too. Certainly, not everything has been sunshine and roses, but I would say that every single one of my life experiences good or bad has been affected or influenced by my disease.

When I was 9 years old growing up in Portland, Maine, all I cared about was playing outside in our huge backyard where I had endless lilacs to bring to my mother and plenty of time for target practice in the woodpile with fallen apples from our crabapple tree. My cats and dwarf rabbits were always around, a canoe trip or a hike in the woods with family was usually planned and as often as I could, Id join one of my parents on their trip to Saco to play with my more than 20 cousins. Life was sweet.

Always making friends

Right before school started for my 4th-grade year, I came down with a terrible ear infection. This really threw a wrench in things because my father had planned to take my cousin Katie and me to Funtown to close the summer. I was devastated to miss that day and within a few weeks I lost almost 10 pounds from non-stop urination, lack of appetite and was constantly drinking water. My parents became quite concerned when the kilt my mother was tying around my tiny waist fell right to the floor. They became even more concerned when I drank from a stagnant, dirty puddle on a hiking trail out of desperate thirst.

Those two instances sent me to my pediatrician who within less than a few minutes diagnosed me with type 1 diabetes, at the time known as juvenile diabetes. My breath smelled sweet and there were ketones in my urine. My mother cried while on the phone with my father who was in Augusta where he served as Commissioner of Human Services at the time. They both sounded worried. I sat talking to my doctor calmly. I wanted to know two things: will this go away or will it get any better? He didnt sugarcoat it Nope, youve got it for life kid, there might be a cure in ten years. I felt assured that Id be ok with healthy eating and daily injections of insulin and off my mother and I went to Maine Medical Center.

I spent a week at Maine Medical Center. I bombarded the dietician with questions about what foods were off limits. Anything I cared about was off limits (with moderation, but what kid cares about moderation?). I could have a quarter cup of ice cream once per week, but celery was a free food. Awesome.

Aside from that heartbreak, I welcomed the dozens of people who visited me. I got gifts. I became obsessed with Diet Coke. A surgeon who had performed an Intussusception on me as a baby came to visit me when he saw I had been admitted he brought me stickers. I made friends with most of the pint-sized patients on the pediatric floor many of whom I was convinced, were far worse off than I was. I thought to myself, I just have to take shots and cant eat ice cream theyre in real pain.

I had no pain. I read to them, pushed the TV and VCR around and offered movies for them to watch. I visited the baby floor and the Gift Shop and walked the Western Prom with my father. It really wasnt all that bad until my nurse said I couldnt leave until I gave myself or her an injection of saline.

While I was excited to get home to our beautiful yard, my pets, and my normal life, I simply wasnt ready to self-inject, so I refused. The nurse refused to discharge me. Still, I refused. I would have rather stayed there a year with all the Diet Coke and movies I wanted before injecting me or the nurse with that needle. We came to a compromise she had me inject an orange several times and I went on home.

Once home, life seemed normal to me. We had always eaten a healthy diet and been an active family so getting used to the maintenance of diabetes didnt seem too daunting. My family and I attended classes on diabetes, went to the doctor for lots of follow-ups and explained to my friends what it meant when I had a low blood sugar.

The day I decided to inject myself for the first time, my cousins were with me and watched in amazement as I stuck the needle into my thigh. I was so proud of myself and knew I had reached cool status with them. My parents had successfully prepped me to explain my disease, ask for help if I needed it and to not miss out on life because of this new diagnosis. Thats all great but a few years later, teen years hit, and things became a bit more challenging.

Nicole and her dad Michael Petit

When I learned that Nicole had diabetes a disease I hadnt previously associated with children I asked a physician friend about the prognosis. He said that Nicoles Type I/Juvenile Diabetes had been a certain death sentence until scientists learned how to extract insulin from animals in the early 2oth century. He also said that while the illness was deadly serious, it was manageable, but required persistent, daily attention. I wept at the diagnosisbut was relieved to learn the disease could be treated if not cured.

I think every parents worst fear is that their children may pre-decease them. That certainly crossed my mind in the days and weeks that followed. But thanks to attending support groups for parents, participating in a week-long boot camp for children with diabetes and their parents, and, especially, Nicoles determination to not have her life built around her diabetes, we learned to normalize her condition as another part of her life and our familys life that was woven into our daily living.

Now, more than 30 years later, we still worry about a disease that is relentless, but our anxiety is relieved because, medical advances in diabetes notwithstanding, Nicoles determination to lead a near-normal, productive life remains her and our best ally.

Nicole and her mother Ann Kerry

The only thing I knew about diabetes was that it caused excessive thirst and frequent urination. This, I thought, was found only in older adults. I never to my knowledge had met a type 1 diabetic, probably due to it being a faceless disease.

Nicole had an ear infection that was treated and I thought that was it. On a day trip in the fall, she was so thirsty that she wanted to drink from a puddle. I made an appointment the following day with the pediatrician. The doctor diagnosed her by just smelling her breath the tests confirmed his diagnosis.

It was a scary time. We were so uneducated about the disease and we had so much to learn. Nicole was admitted to the hospital where we spent the week. I lay prostrate in a cot next to her, and she became the pediatric floor social director. This I took as a good sign. We were bombarded with so much information on how and what areas to give shots, mixing insulin (no bubbles in the syringe), and a whole new way of eating measuring all her food and the food exchanges. If she wanted ice cream, she couldnt have a potato for dinner; it was all pretty daunting.

We left the hospital armed with all this information, and the first day home Nicole gets the flu, vomiting the whole nine yards. She couldnt eat, but still had to take her insulin; it was trial and error from then on.

I went back to work and Nicole to school. Many times I had to leave work due to her high and low blood sugars. That was the big learning curve. As it happened, the school principal also had just been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Each day at lunch they would both test their blood sugars together this gave me great comfort during school hours.

Nicole at diabetes camp

We spent a week at a camp in Maine for newly diagnosed children, it was so informative and we all learned a great deal from those who had been living with diabetes for years we no longer felt alone. Our pediatrician sent a child about Nicoles age to visit, but my daughter had no interest in hanging out with a kid just because she was diabetic. It was the beginning of Nicole taking charge of her disease.

Together we met with newly diagnosed kids and their parents at Maine Med. It was great for the kids to see this lovely energetic young girl thriving and a mother who was relaxed about her daughters disease. I remember wondering after the diagnosis if the day would ever come that I wouldnt be talking every day about my sadness and fears. It did come, and it was due to Nicoles amazing spirit she just didnt give in. I am so proud of the way she has handled the challenges, and there have been many these past three or four years, but she never quits I really admire my daughter for that.

As Nicole mentioned, when she became a teenager, her life became even more challenging. Shell tell us why in her next blog post.

Do you or does someone in your family have type 1 diabetes? Is your story similar to Nicoles?

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Diabetes specialists seek to push WIC program away from juice – Harvard Gazette

Posted: June 3, 2017 at 6:41 am

The twin epidemics of diabetes and obesity sweeping the country have forced a re-evaluation of the American diet, including the notion that fruit juice is a healthy alternative to soda.

That topic was taken up in a recent op-ed in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The article was written by Harvard Medical School Assistant Professor Florence Brown, director of the Joslin-Beth Israel Deaconess Diabetes and Pregnancy Program; HMS instructor in pediatrics Elvira Isganaitis, a research associate and staff endocrinologist at the Joslin Diabetes Center; and Heather Ferris, a former Joslin research associate and now an assistant professor at the University of Virginia Medical School. The three recommended that fruit juice be cut from the federal WIC (Women, Infants, and Children) supplemental nutrition program for low-income families.

The change would make the WIC program healthier for the 25 percent of pregnant American women and 50 percent of children it benefits, Isganaitis said in an interview.

GAZETTE: What is wrong with juice? When I was growing up, people always thought fruit juice was healthy.

ISGANAITIS: Juice has some healthy aspects to it. Its a good source of vitamin C. If youre talking about 100 percent fruit juice, it contains a lot of the vitamins and phytonutrients that fruit contains. But if youve ever squeezed your own juice or tried to make apple cider, youll know that it takes a lot of fruit to make a glass of juice. When youre drinking a cup of apple juice, youre having a lot more calories than you would if you just ate a whole apple. Youre boosting calories and reducing the amount of fiber, so it winds up being a less healthful choice than eating the whole fruit.

GAZETTE: Weve heard about avoiding extra calories, but how important is the fiber we miss by choosing juice over whole fruit?

ISGANAITIS: Higher fiber intake is healthful for lowering cholesterol levels and the risk of certain cancers. Higher fiber intake at a given meal is associated with a greater feeling of fullness or satiety. Its thought to reduce the degree to which your blood sugar levels will spike in response to a meal and help control your appetite at the next snack or meal. In general, North American diets, in particular the diets of kids, are pretty poor in fiber. So when you choose juice rather than a whole fruit youre really missing out on a lot of the fiber.

GAZETTE: When we talk about calories, fiber, and satiety, are we really talking about obesity?

ISGANAITIS: Absolutely. Just thinking of obesity in energetic terms, it stems from a mismatch between your energy in and your energy output. So thats really whats happened to Western/North American food patterns over the last 30 to 40 years. There are just so many opportunities to max out your energy intake while at the same time we have become more and more sedentary. With juice being a ready source of quickly absorbed calories, its being scrutinized for its contribution to obesity. Its been shown to contribute to excessive weight gain in the Nurses Health Study, based at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, as well as weight gain during early childhood.

GAZETTE: Should people get it out of their heads that juice is healthy?

ISGANAITIS: Absolutely. They should continue to view fruits and vegetables as healthy, but in processing those things into juice, you really miss out on a lot of their healthful nutritional aspects. The reason we got together and wrote this op-ed is that, as diabetes and obesity specialists, we spend a lot of our time trying to dispel nutritional myths. People will often come to us having already received some nutritional information. Theyre aware that theyre dealing with a weight problem or they have prediabetes. Oftentimes they will say, Ive cut out soda, now I only drink juice. But you can potentially pack in the same amount of calories drinking juice as soda. Sure, you get a little bit more vitamin C, but in terms of combating obesity, you dont really make much progress that way.

GAZETTE: The op-ed focuses on juice in the federal governments WIC program.

ISGANAITIS: WIC is a supplemental nutrition program specifically targeting pregnant and nursing women, [different from] SNAP, the food stamp program. Theyre managed a little bit differently. The food stamp program is basically a voucher program and participants are free to choose whatever grocery items they would normally buy. The WIC program is set up really to promote the consumption of healthy and nutritious foods. You actually cant use WIC to buy junk food. The types of bread and cereals, for example, that you can buy through WIC have to be high in fiber, whole grain, no added sugar. Given that its set up to improve the nutritional quality of the diet of these mothers and their children, it caught our attention that WIC continues to provide juice, which I, as a pediatric endocrinologist, and my colleagues Dr. Brown and Dr. Ferris just dont really view as a healthy food.

GAZETTE: And does the WIC population have a greater obesity problem than the general population?

ISGANAITIS: Unfortunately, yes. In this country, obesity disproportionately affects low-income populations, who are by definition the populations that are targeted by this nutritional assistance program. Food insecurity, which the USDA defines as a situation of limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods is increasingly recognized to be a risk factor, not for being underweight, as was previously thought, but rather for obesity and diabetes. So, even though the amount of juice that has been provided by WIC historically has gone down, by continuing to provide some juice, this is just adding one more risk factor to the many obesity risk factors this population is already known to have.

By Liz Mineo, Harvard Staff Writer | May 3, 2017 | Editor's Pick Popular

GAZETTE: Is there a review coming up during which these changes could be suggested?

ISGANAITIS: There is. The WIC food package is congressionally mandated to be reviewed every 10 years, and the framework for revisions will be released later this year. The National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine recently reviewed the current WIC food package and recommended that the program increase the amounts of vegetables, fruits, fish, and whole grains, and reduce the subsidy for fruit juice.

GAZETTE: Is this an opportunity to make a dent in the broader obesity problem?

ISGANAITIS: Absolutely. Unfortunately, a really large percentage of children and mothers in the U.S. live in poverty. Children in the U.S. are 1.5 [times] more likely to live in poverty than adults. Sadly, children are overrepresented in the poor. Whereas children accounted for 24 percent of the total U.S. population in the 2010 census, they made up 36 percent of individuals living in poverty.

WIC is a program that really has the potential to impact multiple generations at once. Increasing data, including some from my research group at Joslin Diabetes Center and others in the Harvard Medical School community, are supporting the concept that a healthy mom whos at an optimal weight as she enters pregnancy is less likely to have children who are overweight or obese or develop diabetes in later life. So, by fine-tuning a moms nutrition when shes pregnant and nursing her child, you have the ability to benefit her nutrition and health as well as her childrens. Its a really high-impact intervention.

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Tech giants and startups alike taking on diabetes – Healthcare Dive

Posted: June 3, 2017 at 6:41 am

Roughly 30 million Americans close to 10% of the population have diabetes, and 75,578 people died from the disease in 2013, making it the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S., according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). And the problem is getting worse, with 1.4 million new cases diagnosed each year. At the current rate, the CDC predicts one in three U.S. adults could have diabetes by 2050.

Thats alarming not just in terms of public health, but also because of the high costs of treating diabetes. In 2012, spending on people with diabetes totaled $245 billion, or about 20% of all healthcare spending in the country. And diabetes-related spending is going up at a startling rate. In 2014, spending on diabetics who were covered by employer-sponsored health plans grew nearly twice as fast as spending on nondiabetics, totaling $16,021 per capita, according to a June 2016 study by the Health Care Cost Institute.

From routine blood glucose testing to nutrition and healthy lifestyle training, the challenge of coping with this epidemic has spawned a growing interest among both new companies and tech giants in diabetes management.

Innovations in the diabetes management space have been focused on both hardware (e.g. glucose monitoring and pumping) and on software (e.g. digital monitoring of blood sugar levels and predictive analytics).

In addition, the global needle-free diabetes management market is expected to grow 17.8% year over year, reaching $16.8 million by 2025, according to a recent reportby P&S Market Research. Included in the space are glucose monitors, advanced insulin jet injectors and artificial pancreases the latter projected to see the fastest growth. Major players include Medtronic,Pharmajetand Zogenix, among others.

Companies focused on delivering behavior change are the ones to watch in this industry, Troy Bannister, lead academy analyst with StartUp Health, told Healthcare Dive. Bannister argues behavior change is the most challenging part of diabetes management.

It is incredibly hard to try and encourage behavior change like exercise, diet and medication adherence, he said. And the problem is only getting worse with the clinician shortage, he added.

"We will need to find ways to incentivize people to change their behaviors.

Troy Bannister

Lead academy analyst, StartUp Health

One company focused on making strides in that area is Omada Health. The online and mobile phone-based program offers lifestyle education, small group support and individual coaching along with a wireless scale and other digital tracking tools to gauge patients progress. In a recent study in a Medicare population, participants using Omada experienced 7.5% weight loss and saw improvements in both glucose control and cholesterol levels.

Taking a slightly different tack on diabetes management is Virta Health, an online specialty medical clinic that aims to not just manage type 2 diabetes but also to reverse it. The company operates as a licensed provider in states across the U.S., delivering telemedicine and support on a 24/7 basis.

What we wanted to do and have now demonstrated can be done is to fundamentally reverse the disease and get patients off of medications and get their blood sugars into a healthy range, Sami Inkinen, founder and CEO of the San Francisco-based startup, told Healthcare Dive.

In a clinical study, more than half of patients using Virtas virtual support reversed their type 2 diabetes in under three months, meaning their blood sugar dropped below 6.5 A1C, according to Inkinen. In addition, more than 90% of patients who started the trial with insulin were able to reduce or stop using it altogether and more than 90% complied with the program and stayed on as patients, he added.

Advances in blood glucose monitoring are also improving diabetes management. In December, One Drop announced regulatory approvals in the U.S. and European Union for its subscription-based One Drop|Chrome mobile blood glucose monitoring system. The tool includes a lancing device, unlimited test strips and an app that wirelessly transmits glucose data to the cloud. The device is available on both iOS and Android.

It isn't just startups that are biting into diabetes. Several tech giants have big plans for diabetes too.

Verily, Alphabets life sciences unit, and French drugmaker Sanofi launched a joint venturelast September called Onduo to create tools for diabetes management. The aim is to combine devices, software, medicine and professional care to create digital solutions to help diabetics manage their disease. The effort, which recently raised $500 million, is focused on type 2 diabetes, but plans to expand over time to include type 1 diabetes and people at risk of developing the condition.

Samsung and WellDoc recently teamed up to offer WellDocs BlueStar mobile diabetes management tool directly to consumers. The app, which received FDA clearance in January, uses clinical and behavioral algorithms to drive individualized, real-time coaching, according to WellDocs website. In two clinical trials, BlueStar reduced blood glucose A1C by an average of 1.9%.

In the area of cognitive computing, IBM Watson is using deep learning to look for genetic variants and molecular indicators of diabetes, Bannister noted. The Sugar.IQ combines IBM Watsons artificial intelligence prowess with Medtronics diabetes expertise to identify patterns in diabetes data that can inform real-time insights into a diabetics health status and actionable steps.

Apple also has plans to enter the space. In April,reports surfaced that the tech giant had hired a team of biomedical engineers to develop noninvasive sensors that can monitor blood sugar and help diabetics manage their disease. If successful, this could open a whole new market for Apple Watch. Word of the top-secret team follows discussions between the tech giant and Food and Drug Administration officials on a range of issues including the 510(k) clearance process.

Bannister expects the trend toward life sciences and technology in diabetes management to continue. The line between life sciences and technology is continuing to dissolve as we quantify our medical statuses, he said. Life science companies want data to understand disease; tech companies are getting really good at building products that not only fit seamlessly into our lives but are also exciting and fun for us to use. They make our lives better.

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World-first trials have been launched to treat Parkinson’s and … – ScienceAlert

Posted: June 2, 2017 at 6:44 am

In a world first, surgeons in the Chinese city of Zhengzhou are planning to inject stem cells derived from human embryos into the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease with the aim of treating their debilitating symptoms.

Meanwhile, another medical team in the same city is aiming to target vision loss using embryonic stem cells (ESC) to replace lost cells in the retina, marking a new direction in China in the wake of major changes in how the country regulates stem cell treatments.

While similar treatments on Parkinson's patients have already been tested in Australia, those trials relied on cells taken from eggs that were forced to divide without first being fertilised in an effort to circumvent any ethical concerns.

Stem cells are a little like blank slates that are yet to take on a specific task. If you rewind the clock on any of your body's tissues, its cells will become less specialised, until you're left with a cell with a lot of potential to become nearly anything.

In the case of both kinds of embryonic stem cells, divided egg cells are subjected to various treatments to encourage them to develop into replacement cells that could treat a condition in a recipient.

The symptoms of Parkinson's disease are largely caused by a loss of nervous tissue deep inside the brain in an area called the basal ganglia.

Losing those cells means a loss of a neurotransmitter called dopamine, and with it a lower ability to control nervous impulses that would prevent muscles in the extremities from activating.

In the case of a condition called macular degeneration, damage to a layer of tissue called the retinal pigment epithelium at the back of the eye causes the light-catching cells above it to die.

By turning ESC into cells that can naturally develop into the tissues that have deteriorated such as the precursors to neurons that can produce dopamine, or into retinal tissue and then injecting it into the target site, the researchers hope to improve the lost functions.

Not everybody is convinced of the success of trials such as those being done in China and last year in Australia.

A stem cell biologist from the Scripps Research Institute in California, Jeanne Loring, believes the choice of cell used in both Parkinson's disease trials won't be specialised enough to match expected results.

"Not knowing what the cells will become is troubling," Loring told David Cyranoski at Nature.

But the research team in China remains confident in its decision.

Qi Zhou from the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Zoology in Beijing is the stem cell specialist leading both sets of ESC trials, and says four years of animal trials conducted on monkeys have so far showed promising results.

"We have all the imaging data, behavioural data, and molecular data to support efficacy," Zhou told Nature.

He also claims the team conducting the Parkinson's trial have been selective with their potential candidates, choosing patients who will have the least chance of rejecting the ESCs from the cell bank.

In 2015, China introduced tough new regulations to deal with the growing problem of 'rogue clinics' offering stem cell treatments without due record keeping or process, making it hard to evaluate safety, or even the types of cells used in the treatments.

The changes are set to improve the ethics and safety of stem cell treatments by enforcing the use of cells through a regulatory body, ensuring informed patient consent, and permitting treatments only through authorised hospitals.

Time will tell if the regulations can be enforced, but for stem cell researchers, the changes are positive.

"It will be a major new direction for China," stem cell scientist Pei Xuetaotold Nature.

If the results are as good as the teams in Australia and China predict, it could also set new standards for the world.

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A new baldness treatment? – University of California

Posted: June 2, 2017 at 6:44 am

In experiments in mice, UC San Francisco researchers have discovered that regulatory T cells (Tregs; pronounced tee-regs), a type of immune cell generally associated with controlling inflammation,directly trigger stem cells in the skin to promote healthy hair growth. Without these immune cells as partners, the researchers found, the stem cells cannot regenerate hair follicles, leading to baldness.

Our hair follicles are constantly recycling: when a hair falls out, a portion of the hair follicle has to grow back, saidMichael Rosenblum, M.D., an assistant professor of dermatology at UCSF and senior author on the new paper. This has been thought to be an entirely stem cell-dependent process, but it turns out Tregs are essential. If you knock out this one immune cell type, hair just doesnt grow.

The new study published online May 26 inCell suggests that defects in Tregs could be responsible for alopecia areata, a common autoimmune disorder that causes hair loss, and could potentially play a role in other forms of baldness, including male pattern baldness, Rosenblum said. Since the same stem cells are responsible for helping heal the skin after injury, the study raises the possibility that Tregs may play a key role in wound repair as well.

Normally Tregs act as peacekeepers and diplomats, informing the rest of the immune system of the difference between friend and foe. When Tregs dont function properly, we may develop allergies to harmless substances like peanut protein or cat dander, or suffer from autoimmune disorders in which the immune system turns on the bodys own tissues.

Like other immune cells, most Tregs reside in the bodys lymph nodes, but some live permanently in other tissues, where they seem to have evolved to assist with local metabolic functions as well as playing their normal anti-inflammatory role. In the skin, for example, Rosenblum and colleagues have previously shown that Tregs help establish immune tolerance to healthy skin microbes in newborn mice, and these cells also secrete molecules that help with wound healing into adulthood.

Rosenblum, who is both an immunologist and a dermatologist, wanted to better understand the role of these resident immune cells in skin health. To do this, he and his team developed a technique for temporarily removing Tregs from the skin. But when they shaved patches of hair from these mice to make observations of the affected skin, they made a surprising discovery. We quickly noticed that the shaved patches of hair never grew back, and we thought, Hmm, now thats interesting, Rosenblum said. We realized we had to delve into this further.

In the new research, led by UCSF postdoctoral fellow and first authorNiwa Ali,several lines of evidence suggested that Tregs play a role in triggering hair follicle regeneration.

First, imaging experiments revealed that Tregs have a close relationship with the stem cells that reside within hair follicles and allow them to regenerate: the number of active Tregs clustering around follicle stem cells typically swells by three-fold as follicles enter the growth phase of their regular cycle of rest and regeneration. Also, removing Tregs from the skin blocked hair regrowth only if this was done within the first three days after shaving a patch of skin, when follicle regeneration would normally be activated. Getting rid of Tregs later on, once the regeneration had already begun, had no effect on hair regrowth.

Tregs role in triggering hair growth did not appear related to their normal ability to tamp down tissue inflammation, the researchers found. Instead, they discovered that Tregs trigger stem cell activation directly through a common cell-cell communication system known as the Notch pathway. First, the team demonstrated that Tregs in the skin express unusually high levels of a Notch signaling protein called Jagged 1 (Jag1), compared to Tregs elsewhere in the body. They then showed that removing Tregs from the skin significantly reduced Notch signaling in follicle stem cells, and that replacing Tregs with microscopic beads covered in Jag1 protein restored Notch signaling in the stem cells and successfully activated follicle regeneration.

Its as if the skin stem cells and Tregs have co-evolved, so that the Tregs not only guard the stem cells against inflammation but also take part in their regenerative work, Rosenblum said. Now the stem cells rely on the Tregs completely to know when its time to start regenerating.

Rosenblum said the findings may have implications for alopecia areata, an autoimmune disease that interferes with hair follicle regeneration and causes patients to lose hair in patches from their scalp, eyebrows, and faces. Alopecia is among the most common human autoimmune diseases its as common as rheumatoid arthritis, and more common than type 1 diabetes but scientists have little idea what causes it.

After his team first observed hair loss in Treg-deficient mice, Rosenblum learned that the genes associated with alopecia in previous studies are almost all related to Tregs, and treatments that boost Treg function have been shown to be an effective treatment for the disease. Rosenblum speculates that better understanding Tregs critical role in hair growth could lead to improved treatments for hair loss more generally.

The study also adds to a growing sense that immune cells play much broader roles in tissue biology than had previously been appreciated, said Rosenblum, who plans to explore whether Tregs in the skin also play a role in wound healing, since the same follicle stem cells are involved in regenerating skin following injury.

We think of immune cells as coming into a tissue to fight infection, while stem cells are there to regenerate the tissue after its damaged, he said. But what we found here is that stem cells and immune cells have to work together to make regeneration possible.

Niwa Aliof UCSF was the lead author on the new study. Additional authors were Bahar Zirak,Robert Sanchez Rodriguez, Mariela L. Pauli,Hong-An Truong, Kevin Lai,Richard Ahn, Kaitlin Corbin, Margaret M. Lowe, PharmD,Tiffany C. Scharschmidt, M.D., Keyon Taravati, Madeleine R. Tan,Roberto R. Ricardo-Gonzalez, M.D., Audrey Nosbaum, M.D.,Wilson Liao, M.D., andAbul K. Abbas, MBBS, of UCSF; Frank O. Nestle, M.D., of Kings College London; Marta Bertoliniand Ralf Paus, M.D., of the University of Mnster in Germany; and George Cotsarelis, M.D., of the University of Pennsylvanias Perelman School of Medicine.

The work was primarily supported by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (K08-AR062064, DP2-AR068130, R21-AR066821), the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, a Scleroderma Research Foundation grant, the National Psoriasis Foundation and the Dermatology Foundation.

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We now have the first evidence that immune cells in the skin directly … – ScienceAlert

Posted: June 2, 2017 at 6:44 am

For the first time, scientists have discovered that a common type of immune cell directly triggers stem cells in the skin that are responsible for hair growth in mice. Without this trigger, hair follicles just don't do their job -even if they have the stem cells necessary to proceed.

As the mechanisms for hair growth in mice are similar in humans, the researchers hope their newly uncovered mechanism could lead to a better understanding of conditions like alopecia, and other types of baldness.

Among the various immune system players we have in the body, there's a subclass of immune cells called regulatory T cells, or Tregs for short.

The vast majority of Tregs live in our lymph nodes, where they help to control inflammation throughout the body. But we also have subsets of Tregs that reside in other body parts, such as muscle or lung tissue.

And studies are starting to show that these 'tissue-resident' Tregs may be performing unique roles specific to the part of body they're in.

Researchers know that both mice and humans have a lot of Tregs in the skin, but so far we know very little about their function there.

Seeing that skin-specific Tregs tend to sit around hair follicles, a team led by researchers from the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) investigated the hypothesis that these immune cells were somehow involved in hair growth.

What they discovered is not just involvement, but a direct trigger - making Tregs a super-important part of the hair growth process.

"Our hair follicles are constantly recycling: when a hair falls out, a portion of the hair follicle has to grow back," senior researcher Michael Rosenblum said in a press statement.

"This has been thought to be an entirely stem cell-dependent process, but it turns out Tregs are essential."

In mammals, hair follicles regenerate in a specific pattern, cycling between growth phases (known as anagen) and rest phases (telogen).

The team tracked the amount of Tregs in the skin of mice during these different phases of hair growth, and found a tight correlation - in the telogen phase these immune cells were much more abundant.

What's more, highly active Tregs were crowding around hair follicles at three times the normal rate, right towards the end of the hair growth rest phase.

Intrigued by this correlation, the scientists took a step further to uncover the biological mechanism involved in the relationship between Tregs and the stem cells that make hair follicles do their job.

To do this, they took genetically modified mice whose Treg cells could be 'knocked out' with a simple intervention.

The researchers clipped the hair on the mice's backs and then applied a depilatory cream for 30 seconds - when you depilate the skin, hair follicles kick into the active hair growth phase.

They monitored the hair regrowth for 14 days, comparing the regrowth between control mice and the ones whose Tregs they had tampered with.

In mice whose Tregs were knocked out in the first three days after depilation, the hair just didn't grow back, leaving them with a bald patch on their backs.

A closer look revealed that Tregs directly trigger the activation of stem cells in the hair follicle through a well-known cell communication mechanism called the Notch signalling pathway, which involves a specific protein called Jag1.

They even found that when they replaced Tregs with microscopic beads covered in Jag1, it triggered the activity in the hair follicles just like Tregs would.

"It's as if the skin stem cells and Tregs have co-evolved, so that the Tregs not only guard the stem cells against inflammation but also take part in their regenerative work," Rosenblum said.

"Now the stem cells rely on the Tregs completely to know when it's time to start regenerating."

It's a really elegant demonstration of a previously unknown mechanism for hair growth in mice, but there's a lot more work to be done before we can tell whether defective skin Tregs could be the culprits behind hair loss in humans.

But there's at least one tantalising clue that the study is onto something here. In genome-wide association studies of alopecia areata, a condition characterised by 'patchy' hair loss, researchers have found mutations on genes that are involved in Treg function.

Next up, the researchers are hoping to expand their results and investigate how Tregs in the skin could be involved in wound healing, and also various hair loss conditions in humans.

"It will be important to determine whether this principle extends to human diseases of epithelial dysfunction and whether Tregs can be exploited to develop new therapies for stem-cell-mediated tissue regenerative disorders," they write in the study.

These new results are also an exciting addition to the growing body of knowledge scientists have about hair growth. Earlier this month, researchers reported the discovery of a protein that causes skin stem cells to develop into hair cells in mice. They are now investigating whether this protein is involved in hair loss in people.

The research has been published in Cell.

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Mice headed for space to test bone-building drug developed at UCLA – UCLA Newsroom

Posted: June 2, 2017 at 6:44 am

What do space travel, rodents and a bone-building protein all have in common? A team of UCLA scientists is bringing these three elements together to test an experimental drug that could one day result in a treatment for osteoporosis, which affects more than 200 million people worldwide.

The drug could also potentially help those with bone damage or loss, a condition that afflicts people with traumatic bone injury, such as injured military service members, as well as astronautswho lose bone density while in space.

Led by Dr. Chia Soo and Dr. Kang Ting, who met and married while working on this project, as well as Dr. Ben Wu, the UCLA research team is scheduled to send40 rodents to the International Space Station this week. Once there, the rodents will receive injections of the experimental drug, which is based on a bone-building protein called NELL-1. The project is being done in collaboration with NASA and the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, which manages the U.S. National Laboratory on the space station.

This is really a pivotal point in the study of NELL-1s effect on bone density, said Soo, principal investigator on the study, the vice chair for research in the UCLA Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and a member of theUCLA Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research. We would not be at this point without many years of funding and support from the National Institutes of Health, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine and several UCLA departments and centers. We are honored to conduct the next phase of our research in the U.S. National Laboratory.

The UCLA researchers have been conducting studies on NELL-1 for more than 18 years and were excited when Julie Robinson, NASA's chief scientist for the International Space Station Program, visited UCLA in early 2014 and encouraged them to submit a grant that would fund their NELL-1 research in space. The teamreceived the necessary fundingfrom the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space in September 2014 to move forward with the project.

The preparations have been very exciting; weve had conference calls with NASAs Ames Research Center every two weeks to go over all the fine details, said Dr. Jin Hee Kwak, an assistant professor of orthodontics in theUCLA School of Dentistryand project manager on the study. Everything is choreographed down to the tiniestdetails, such as whetheryoure going to fill a syringe half way or all the way that small amount affects the total weight of the rocket.

SpaceXs Dragon spacecraft is currently targeted to blast off from Kennedy Space Center in Florida today. It will bethe first time that UCLA scientists send rodents to the International Space Station. After living in microgravity and receiving NELL-1 injections for about four weeks, half of the rodents will return from space andland in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of Baja, California.

This marks the first time that American researchers will bring back live rodents from the International Space Station. After retrieval, the rodents will be returned to UCLA where they will continue to receive the NELL-1 drug for an additional four weeks. The remaining half of the rodents that stay in the space station will also receive an additional four-week dosage of the drug and will return to UCLA later.

To prepare for the space project and eventual clinical use, we chemically modified NELL-1 to stay active longer, said Wu, who is chair of the division of advanced prosthodontics in the UCLA School of Dentistry and professor in the schools of engineering and medicine. We also engineered the NELL-1 protein with a special molecule that binds to bone, so the molecule directs NELL-1 to its correct target, similar to how a homing device directs a missile.

Discovered in 1996 by Ting, NELL-1 has a powerful effect on tissue-specific stem cells that create bone-building cells called osteoblasts. When exposed to NELL-1, the stem cells create osteoblasts that are much more effective at building bone. Furthermore, NELL-1 reduces the function of osteoclasts, which are the cells that break down bone.

Ourpreclinical studiesshow that NELL-1s dual effect on both osteoblasts and osteoclasts significantly increases bone density, said Ting, chair of the section of orthodontics and the division of growth and development in the UCLA School of Dentistry.

After the age of 50, humans typically lose about 0.5 percent of their bone mass each year. But in space, bone loss significantly increases due to the lack of gravity. It is commonly known that bone density is improved by physical activity that puts pressure on bone, which helps it stay strong. Without gravitys pressure, astronauts can lose around 1.5 percent of their bone mass each month. Therefore, space is an ideal testing environmentfor NELL-1s effect on bone density.

Courtesy of Techshot, Inc.

A bone densitometer will accompany the mice to the space station. It measures the bone density of the animals.

Research on NELL-1 is supported by past or current grants from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and SkinDiseases, the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, the UCLA Broad Stem Cell Research Center, the UCLA School of Dentistry, the UCLA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the UCLA Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center.

The experimental NELL-1 drug described above is used in preclinical tests only and has not been tested in humans or approved by the Food and Drug Administration as safe and effective for use in humans.

Wu, Ting and Soo are inventors on multiple NELL-1-related patents and principalfounders of Bone Biologics Corp., which is a licensee of NELL-1 patents from the UC Regents. The UC Regents also hold equity in the company.

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