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Social Determinants and Genetics Work in Tandem to Drive Disparities in Breast Cancer Care – OncLive

Posted: September 8, 2022 at 2:37 am

Adana A.M. Llanos, PhD, MPH, discusses key research on the social and biological factors that influence disparities in breast cancer, how these factors work in tandem to affect patient outcomes, and how this knowledge can be deployed in the real world.

Although genetic and biologic factors play a key role in outcomes for patients with breast cancer, social and structural determinants also have a place in the equation. Addressing these existing genetic factors and social determinants, thereby improving prevention and detection, can help reduce disparities in metastatic breast cancer, where Black women historically present more frequently at advanced stages and have worse outcomes, according to Adana A.M. Llanos, PhD, MPH.

In a presentation during the 2022 ASCO Annual Meeting, Llanos highlighted how understanding the genetic and etiological aspects of breast cancer can help inform prevention and screening techniques. The next challenge for physicians will be implementing these ideas into community practice to better serve underrepresented patient populations.1

Focusing on all of the different time points throughout [the cancer care] continuum will be a critical aspect of achieving more health equity and more equitable outcomes, Llanos said. This is a major goal throughout my long-term research interests.

In an interview with OncLive, Llanos discussed other key research on the social and biological factors that influence disparities in breast cancer, how these factors work in tandem to affect patient outcomes, and how this knowledge can be deployed in the real world. She is an associate professor of Epidemiology at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University and an adjunct associate professor at Rutgers School of Public Health.

Llanos: My talk was part of a discussion involving 2 selected abstracts. The session included abstracts that focused on some of the racial, ethnic, and regional disparities in metastatic breast cancer.

The lead author for the first abstract is Sachi Singhal, MD, [who explored racial and regional disparities in metastatic breast cancer].2 The second abstract focused on the variation of genetic mutations, specifically pathogenic variants in breast cancer predisposition genes, and how they're related to triple-negative breast cancer [TNBC].3 That abstract was presented by Michael J. Hall, MD, MS.

In my talk, I provided an overview of some of the existing racial and ethnic disparities that we see in breast cancer in the United States, highlighting stage distribution and focusing on the fact that the distribution of tumor stage varies by race and ethnicity. We see high rates [of advanced stages of disease] among Black women. Moreover, I talked about some of the factors related to this disparity in advanced stage diagnosis by race.

I also presented the distribution of tumor subtypes, focusing on TNBC, which tend to be among the most aggressive forms of breast cancer. We see that the incidence of TNBC is substantially higher in Black women. [Our goal is to gain a greater] understanding of how some of the racial, ethnic, and ancestral [factors of breast cancer intersect and interact with] genetics and social determinants of health to contribute to these disparities and how they impact poor outcomes among some patient groups.

This session highlighted some of the facts that clinicians already know. The abstracts [by Drs Singhal and Hall] got at the biology [of breast cancer] and the social/structural determinants that could be related and working together to impact outcomes.

Im an epidemiologist, and Im interested in studying social and biological factors that contribute to disparities. One of the takeaways in my talk was how we can address breast cancer disparities at multiple phases in the cancer control continuum. This includes looking at etiology and biology, which is more focused on genetics and ancestry. These are things that we cannot change but understanding them better will give us a good sense of ways that we can address disparities.

Looking at prevention, we talk a lot about precision medicine and treatment. However, maybe we should be talking more about precision prevention, [which includes] detection and diagnosis. There are disparities [in these spaces], and [it is important to consider] how we can address those disparities.

Guideline-concordant treatment was not a major focus of my talk but understanding the genetics behind some of these disparities will contribute to improving the treatment options and guideline-concordant treatment for patients with breast cancer. Lastly, public health is important. [We need to learn] how to deploy all this knowledge to have a broader impact on patients and communities.

[Considering] the emerging data and studies around the genetics of TNBC, one of the limitations of a lot of the existing and past research is the historical underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minority groups, especially those of African ancestry. As new studies and larger studies are initiated, it is critical to have broad representation of diverse ancestral backgrounds to [allow investigators] to get a sense of some of the genetic and etiological differences, why they exist, and how [these factors] can impact treatment.

As important as biology and genetics are, we need to consider the social determinants and structural determinants across the entire cancer care continuum, not just for breast cancer, but for all cancers.

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The power of genetics to unleash the potential of indoor farming – Vertical Farm Daily

Posted: September 8, 2022 at 2:37 am

How can the biology of a crop be manipulated for greater profits in this fast-growing market through breeding?

Since early farmers began collecting seeds for propagation, they focused on varieties that performed best in unpredictable field conditions, not in highly controlled environments. Specifically, crop plants exude up to 40% photosynthate into the soil to "feed" beneficial microbes and allocate additional resources to produce secondary products to protect against pests and diseases.

Unlocking the full potential of seed for precisely controlled environments, where every day is a good day, will allow breeders to focus on plant characteristics that improve when grown indoors and downplay problems that would be of great concern for outdoor production. As we control the environment more, we can engineer crops with traits to delight the consumer and improve the supply chain.

Marc Oshima, co-founder of AeroFarms, says, "For vertical farms, breeders can focus on qualities of primary importance to consumers: flavor, aroma, texture, and other quality-related attributes. It's also important to have plants that are architecturally efficient so that they can be easily maintained and harvested in our unique environment."

The biggest breeding goals for field-grown fruits and vegetables are disease resistance. Breeders are spinning on a treadmill to stay ahead of the next disease in the field. It's not simply a matter of swapping disease-resistant genes for genes that confer good flavor, but CEA allows breeders to stay ahead of the next potentially devastating disease outdoors. Some diseases, such as powdery mildew, are possible indoors but can often be controlled by management practices.

Source: http://www.bioeconomia.info.

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Ticking away in the back of my mind: what does it mean to know the risk embedded in your DNA? – The Guardian

Posted: September 8, 2022 at 2:37 am

Mortality has always been on Perry Jones mind, much more so than your average 20-something. Shes dealt with a number of challenging health conditions since her teens, so when her mother urged her to be screened for the BRCA1 variant and BRCA2 variant gene a couple of years ago (both of which indicate a high risk of breast and ovarian cancer) she didnt exactly jump at the chance.

Jones, who has type 1 diabetes, coeliac disease and spinal development issues, speaks about her dealings with the health system in the world-weary way of someone whos been in and out of waiting rooms her whole life.

Ive got the whole wazoo. So a part of me was like, Whats the likelihood that Im going to have another thing? Itll be fine. Theres no point.

But Jones mother insisted. After all, shed been diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 40. Mum said its better to know than not to know. And if we know, then we can warn others in our family and we can look into better treatment methods for ourselves in future.

Eventually, Jones agreed to take the saliva test. And then I forgot about it. So when I did get that phone call, to tell me I had the (BRCA1) gene, I was like, Oh, youve got to be kidding me.

Jones results have the potential to save her life, but they have also irrevocably informed the way she views and plans for her future, regardless of whether she ever receives an eventual diagnosis. As technological advancements and decreasing costs make testing accessible to broader swathes of the population, what does it mean to know the risk embedded within our DNA?

Last month, Monash University launched DNA Screen, offering 10,000 people aged 18 to 40 secure, free DNA testing to identify risk of cancer and heart disease that can be prevented or treated early.

The study is a chance to gauge the public appetite for preventive genetic testing (as opposed to the current status quo of clinical criteria-based testing) and could help Australia become the first country to offer preventive DNA screening through a public healthcare system.

The appetite from people in this age bracket was overwhelming. The DNA Screen team initially aimed to contact young people across social media to spread the word. Instead, without social media promotion, the website reached their target of registering 10,000 people to do the at-home saliva tests in 24 hours.

The interest is enormous, says Jane Tiller, co-lead of the project and ethical, legal and social adviser for Public Health Genomics at Monash.

DNA Screen, which is partly funded by the federal government, is attempting to pilot and demonstrate the value of population-level screening in an effort to provide greater access to genomics for everyone, similar to the mass bowel and breast cancer screening the government already funds for older Australians. Historically, the costs of genetic testing have been prohibitive, which meant it was only available to people with a family or personal history of disease, but up to 90% of people at high risk are not identified by current family history-based testing.

Although there are many genes that could be studied, the researchers picked 10 gene variants because the conditions they can lead to are medically actionable and there are already preventive measures for them hereditary ovarian and breast cancer, Lynch syndrome and familial hypercholesterolaemia (which increases the likelihood of having coronary heart disease at a younger age).

Those found to be at high risk after DNA testing expected to be about one in 75 will have their situation explained by experts and be offered genetic counselling and prevention measures, such as regular scans and check-ups. Given the stats, roughly 130 people from the study are likely to be found to be high risk. But what does it mean to scale up genetic screening and introduce mass preventive testing into any health system?

Bringing genetic screening into public health has huge promise if we use it wisely, says Prof Ainsley Newson, professor of bioethics at the University of Sydney. But there are questions to consider. For health problems where there isnt a good way to find and diagnose people, can genetics help? If a gene test exists, is it reliable in diverse populations? Does it only detect what we want to know, and nothing else? Is the health system ready to support those who are identified as at higher risk? Is there something people can do with the information it generates, and is there evidence that they will take that action?

Tiller and her co-leads have considered those same questions. If we were to test the whole of Australia tomorrow that would likely identify a number of people that may start to create a strain on a service that may not be resourced to deal with that many people, she says.

But we cant pretend that just not screening is the answer to protect the resources of the health system, because people who are at risk and develop cancer and need care will eventually need that system. And its far better to front-load your preventive care and keep people healthy and well.

The response for the DNA Screen study indicates there is widespread demand for this information beyond people such as Jones with family histories. It is powerful and heavy knowledge. Who seeks this information out?

Its a mix of people who are very big on preventive health who see that connection between finding out information now and being able to do something about it and then people who are just curious, says Tiller. Weve seen a huge increase in ancestry testing in recent years and people being interested to see whats in their genes.

Therell always be people who say, Im not interested in that. I would be too worried. I wouldnt want to know. And thats completely a personal choice.

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Communicating what the results could mean is a vital first step. Tiller says they want to ensure people understand that finding a gene is not a diagnosis of a condition and that not finding a gene doesnt mean they wont ever get cancer or heart disease.

This isnt about fear-mongering we really want to say to people, If you would like to know about this, this can empower you to take preventive steps for your own health.

So what does it mean for a young person to take on that information, to shape their hypothetical future with knowledge that wasnt available to any of us just a few years ago?

For the one in 75 people who are found to be high risk, it can of course be distressing, says Tiller. Theres a lot of support thats required in the initial stages of giving people that information, giving them space to perhaps feel some distress, to grieve over what that might mean for them and to support them through the next steps of decision-making.

Every person reacts differently to what their results could mean for them and their family. For Jones, her results have meant a cascading series of future choices and consequences, all of which are hypothetical at this stage.

Protective surgery such as a double mastectomy was initially suggested, which Jones has thus far resisted. She was also told that she should consider having her ovaries removed as soon as possible. So that changed my view of my timeline for starting a family.

Jones is also acutely aware she could pass the gene on to future children. Shes single and is studying a bachelor of design that she loves. Shed like to travel after graduation, maybe land an internship, meet someone nice.

But concurrently, at the age of 28, she has already weighed up scenarios such as freezing her eggs (shes opted not to thus far); considered what shed do if an embryo tested positive for the variant (she would abort), considered the financial implications of IVF (shed rather conceive naturally, especially given she needs to save a deposit for a house); weighed up how shell tell a future partner about her genetic risk (shed be upfront); and worried about menopause and what it means for removing her ovaries (Im actually more worried about that than the cancer at the moment to be honest). Those possibilities are a lot to deal with, she says. Shes banking on her future self, future and more mature Perry, to be able to handle them.

The knowledge she carries with her doesnt keep me up every night, but its definitely something ticking away in the back of my mind.

But despite all these considerations, Jones is grateful for the opportunity to be tested.

Having the test gave me a sense of control, even if I cant control whether or not I develop cancer. Im in control of knowing about it. I know the risks and I know what steps I can take to capture it as soon as possible if it develops.

Two years on from receiving her results, Jones is philosophical about living with what she knows. Shes much more vigilant and shes made peace with having to endure extra tests.

She also reminds herself that theres a chance that she may never be diagnosed. I guess I just accept that its part and parcel of the body that allows me to live. So whatever it comes with, Im just going to have to deal with. And as much as I dont like carrying these genes, its better to be alive and have them than not at all. So Im still thankful for this meat cage that contains my consciousness.

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How are genetic technologies being applied to combat infectious diseases in aquaculture? – The Fish Site

Posted: September 8, 2022 at 2:37 am

The CrispResist, NoLice and GenoLice research team

Results from the research could help improve the ability of whole stocks of farmed fish and shellfish to avoid and fight off infectious diseases and parasitesNofima

Disease and parasitism cause major welfare, environmental and economic concerns for global aquaculture. A broad team of scientists has been assembled to examine the status and potential of technologies that exploit genetic variation in host resistance to tackle this problem.

In environments that contain high densities of animals or plants there is a high risk of contracting, propagating and spreading infectious disease. Diseases affecting fish and shellfish can lead to 100 percent mortality, necessitate complete destocking and/or severely affect fish welfare. Disease prevention and treatment are necessary, but current options are often costly, ineffective and can negatively impact animal welfare, local ecosystems and product quality. For example, biosecurity is particularly challenging when animals are farmed in an open water system, and logistical difficulties in handling makes it challenging to vaccinate and treat individual animals.

But is there a way that we could improve the ability of whole stocks of farmed fish and shellfish to avoid and fight off infectious diseases and parasites? To answer this question we need to study the improvement of host disease resistance which can be defined as the hosts ability to reduce pathogen invasion (ie limiting pathogen entry into target tissues and replication).

The team is reviewing genetic technologies that can be used to determine the mechanisms underlying host resistance to pathogens and parasitesNicholas Robinson, Nofima

In a new paper published in the latest issue of Reviews in Aquaculture we argue that there is an urgent need to improve understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved, leading to the development of tools that can be applied to boost host resistance and reduce the disease burden. Together with other experts on fish and shellfish breeding, genetics, genomics, proteomics, disease biology, immunology, feed technology, epidemiology, biochemistry, welfare, vaccine discovery, behaviour and gene editing we draw on two pressing global disease problems as case studies sea lice infestations in salmonids and white spot syndrome in shrimp.

We review how the latest genetic technologies can be capitalised upon to determine the mechanisms underlying host resistance to pathogens and parasites, and how the derived knowledge could be applied in ethical and efficient ways to boost disease resistance using selective breeding, gene editing, and/or with targeted feed treatments and vaccines.

Substantial research programmes are underway that aim to produce new knowledge that could be applied for boosting host resistance to eliminate or severely reduce infections by, for instance, sea lice in salmon and WSSV in shrimp.

These projects are utilising a suite of technologies that have been enabled by ultra-high throughput sequencing, such as single nuclei and spatial transcriptomics and single nucleotide polymorphism genome-wide association studies. Newly developed methodologies like in-vivo or in-vitro gene editing and functional testing hold great promise for helping to find and test genetic mechanisms affecting host resistance. These projects are also exploring the possibility of using genomic selection and gene editing with CRISPR-Cas9 to create host populations that will resist these diseases.

The implementation of these technologies needs to be carefully considered. Practical methods that will allow easy adoption, implementation and dissemination by aquaculture sectors are needed. Population genetic variability needs to be maintained, inbreeding limited and possibilities for the genetic improvement of other important traits must be ensured. Ethical concerns, particularly about the use of gene editing, need to be openly discussed and debated in public arenas, and thorough testing and safeguards (eg sterilisation) are needed to ensure that there are no negative consequences for the wild populations of these species or for the broader ecosystem.

The application of new genomic technologies and methodologies is expected to generate knowledge about genes that trigger a more effective immune response in some species or lines; the effect that could be realised by editing these genes in more susceptible species or lines; potential lice attractants, repellents and assays; and the extent of additive genetic variation affecting the production and release of important immune factors and semiochemicals.

Results from the research could help develop of feed additives, gene edits, new vaccines and enhance genomic breeding value estimation that promotes host resistanceNofima

Such knowledge could lead to the development of feed additives, gene edits, new vaccines and the enhancement of genomic breeding value estimation to promote host resistance. The epidemiological implications of these applications on the infectivity and virulence of aquatic diseases needs to be explored, and routines need to be devised to enhance the suppression of disease in the general aquaculture environment.

Such projects are ambitious in that it is hypothesised that specific semiochemical or immune pathways play major roles in differentiating disease-resistant from disease-susceptible hosts and that these differences are measurable, have a strong genetic basis, have implications for the epidemiology of infection and that genomic selection and/or gene editing approaches can be effectively and sustainably applied to reduce or eliminate the effect of disease on the host without counter-evolutionary responses by the infectious agent taking effect.

The long-term suppression of disease will only be realised through a collaborative and coordinated multi-disciplinary effort involving scientists working closely with the aquaculture industry and governments.

Success applying these genetic technologies to combat infectious disease has the potential to transform global aquaculture by greatly improving animal welfare and the sustainability of production.

Such efforts are likely to significantly advance our understanding of host-parasite and host-disease interactions and mechanisms affecting resistance to disease and should result in significant economic impacts for aquaculture sectors, benefit the welfare of production animals and create ecosystem benefits for natural populations of these species.

Application of genetic technologies and approaches has potential to improve fundamental knowledge of mechanisms affecting genetic resistance and provide effective pathways for implementation that could lead to more resistant aquaculture stocks. Large collaborative research efforts provide the best chance of achieving such goals. Success applying these genetic technologies to combat infectious disease has the potential to transform global aquaculture by greatly improving animal welfare and the sustainability of production.

Dr Robinson is also South-East Asia-Pacific contact at Nofima and Melbourne Enterprise Fellow in Aquaculture with the University of Melbourne. He has worked for 18 years with Nofima, focusing on the application of genomic technologies for the genetic improvement of aquatic species.

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CCMB zeroes in on major genetic causes of male infertility – The Hans India

Posted: September 8, 2022 at 2:37 am

Hyderabad: CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad has been researching to understand the genetic causes of male infertility for the last two decades. As per the study, 38 per cent of males with infertility have specific regions missing or abnormalities in their chromosomes or mutations in their mitochondrial and autosomal genes.

CCMB's new multi-institutional study focuses on the cause of infertility in the rest of the cases, which constitutes the majority of infertility-affected men. The researchers have identified eight novel genes that were defective in these men in India. The study has been recently published online in the journal Human Molecular Genetics.

Dr Sudhakar Digumarthi, the lead author of the study, who was a Ph D student of CCMB and presently a scientist at ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health in Mumbai, said, "We first sequenced all the essential regions of all genes (around 30,000 of them) using next generation sequencing in 47 well-characterised infertile men. We then validated the identified genetic changes in about 1,500 infertile men from different parts of India."

Dr Thangaraj, lead investigator of this study and presently Director of the DBT-Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Hyderabad said, "We identified a total of eight genes (BRDT, CETN1, CATSPERD, GMCL1, SPATA6, TSSK4, TSKS and ZNF318), that were not known earlier for their role in human male fertility".

He further said that they have identified variations (mutations) in these genes that cause impaired sperm production leading to male infertility. The researchers have characterised a mutation in one of the eight genes, Centrin 1 (CETN1), to understand how the mutation affects sperm production. They demonstrated the impact of CETN1 mutation in cellular models and found that the mutation arrests cell division, causing insufficient sperm production.

This study should be a reminder to the society that half of infertility cases are due to problems in men. And many of them are due to genes that come from the parents, often mothers, of these men. It is wrong to assume a couple cannot bear children because of only the woman's fertility," remarked Dr Thangaraj.

Dr Vinay Kumar Nandicoori, Director, CCMB said, "The genetic causes established in this study can be used as potential diagnostic markers for male infertility and development of improved management strategies for male infertility".

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In Brief This Week: Illumina, Interpace, Genetic Signatures, Guardant Health, More – GenomeWeb

Posted: September 8, 2022 at 2:37 am

NEW YORK Illumina said this week that it has opened its first manufacturing site in China. The Shanghai-based facility will initially produce 16 clinical sequencing reagents. In a statement, the firm said it plans to "achieve complete localized production for its gene sequencing instruments and consumables within the next five years."

Interpace Biosciences this week announced the closing of the sale of its Pharma Services business to Flagship Biosciences for an undisclosed amount. Parsippany, New Jersey-based Interpace will use the proceeds of the transaction for working capital requirements and investments to help drive the growth of its molecular diagnostics business. The company said the disposition of its pharma services business is expected to improve operating cash flow by nearly $5 million annually.

The American Society of Human Genetics said this week that the Illumina Corporate Foundation has awarded it a one-year, $175,000 grant to support the ASHG learning center.

The web portal offers scientists access to professional education videos, webinars, workshops, and other content. ASHG said it would use the grant to implement closed captioning across its live and on-demand content. Other details were not disclosed.

Genetic Signatures this week reported fiscal year 2022 revenues of A$35.4 million, a 25 percent increase from A$28.3 million in FY 2021. The growth was driven by demand for the firm's EasyScreen SARS-CoV-2 Detection Kit, although the company said in a statement that demand for other non-COVID-19 tests has increased. The company's net income for the full year was A$3.3 million, or A$2.11 per share, compared to A$1.8 million, or A$1.23 per share, in the previous year. The Australian firm had A$36.9 million in cash and cash equivalents at the end of the fiscal year.

OpGen has been granted a 180-day extension from the Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq to regain compliance with the exchange's minimum bid price requirement. If at any time until Feb. 27, 2023, the bid price for OpGen's common stock closes at or above $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive trading days, the firm will regain compliance with the rule. The firm's share price hasn't closed at $1 or higher since mid-January.

Ochsner Health this week became the first healthcare system to incorporate Epic Systems' Orders and Results Anywhere integration with its genomic module. Physicians at New Orleans-based Ochsner, through the system's Precision Medicine Program, will now be able to order Tempus Health genomic tests for patients within the electronic health record system. Through the Epic EHRs, physicians can order genomic tests to identify actionable variants, in turn informing therapeutic decisions and clinical trial eligibility. In addition to Tempus, Epic has also partnered with Caris Life Sciences, Guardant Health, and Myriad Genetics to integrate biomarker testing into EHRs.

Guardant Health said this week that it has expanded its collaboration with Merck KGaA to further leverage the GuardantINFORM real-world evidence platform to help accelerate development efforts for the pharma firm's precision oncology pipeline. The expanded strategic collaboration will focus on therapy development for core cancer indications with significant unmet need.

Caris Life Sciences said this week that the Medical College of Wisconsin Cancer Center has joined its Precision Oncology Alliance, a growing network of leading cancer centers that collaborate to advance precision oncology and biomarker-driven research. MCW is the largest private research institution in Wisconsin, and its cancer center serves a distinct region that includes large, underserved populations of patients who experience significant disparities in cancer incidence and outcomes.

POA members gain access to a growing portfolio of biomarker-directed trials as well as Caris' CODEai, an industry-leading dataset with cancer treatment information and clinical outcomes data for over 275,000 patients.

The Malaysian Genomics Resource Centre Berhad said this week that it has signed a memorandum of understanding to explore opportunities for the distribution of biopharmaceutical and genomics products and services with Ajlan & Bros Medical Company. Under the MoU, the parties will explore the feasibility of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia-based Ajlan becoming a marketing and distribution representative for Malaysian Genomics for genetic screening tests, mesenchymal stem cell products, and exosome products. Ajlan will also identify commercial R&D opportunities for genome sequencing and analysis in the Middle East and North Africa region for areas such as agriculture, aquaculture, plantations, healthcare, and industrial biotechnology. In turn, Malaysian Genomics will analyze samples for genetic screening tests as well as provide Ajlan with genomic and bioinformatics expertise to bid for projects.

BioEcho Life Sciences, a Cologne, Germany-based biotech company specializing in nucleic acid extraction technology, has opened a US subsidiary in Boston. In a statement, BioEcho General Manager Lydia Willing noted that the company will provide an extensive portfolio of its products in the US and have the ability to work on specific customer needs around nucleic acid research.

In Brief This Week is a selection of news items that may be of interest to our readers but had not previously appeared on GenomeWeb.

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Atossa Genetics (ATOS) Atossa Therapeutics, Inc. to Attend the 24th Annual H.C. Wainwright Global Inves – Benzinga

Posted: September 8, 2022 at 2:37 am

SEATTLE, Sept. 07, 2022 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Atossa Therapeutics, Inc. ATOS, a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company seeking to develop innovative medicines in areas of significant unmet medical need in oncology and infectious disease with a current focus on breast cancer and COVID-19, announced today that Kyle Guse, General Counsel & Chief Financial Officer will attend the 24th Annual H.C. Wainwright Global Investment Conference being held on September 12 14, 2022 at the Lotte New York Palace.

Mr. Guse will be available for one-on-one meetings. To request a meeting and to register for the conference, click below:

Annual Global Investor Conference

About Atossa Therapeutics

Atossa Therapeutics, Inc. is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company seeking to develop innovative medicines in areas of significant unmet medical need in oncology and infectious diseases with a current focus on breast cancer and COVID-19.

For more information, please visitwww.atossatherapeutics.com

Contact:

Atossa Therapeutics, Inc.Kyle Guse, General Counsel and Chief Financial Officerkyle.guse@atossainc.com

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New Stem Cell Therapy Protects Brain Against the Neurological Disorder – Nature World News

Posted: September 8, 2022 at 2:36 am

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig's disease is attributed for progressive motor neuron loss, leading to paralysis and death with no cure in sight.

Now, a new study spearheaded by the Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, developed a new stem cell therapy for brain protection against the neurological disorder. The novel approach is believed to be the first of its kind.

(Photo : Photo by Nuccio DiNuzzo/Getty Images)

In a media release on Monday, Cedars Sinaisaid its investigators developed an investigational therapy utilizing support cells and a protective protein that can be sent beyond the blood-brain barrier. The dual stem cell-gene therapy can potentially protect contaminated motor neurons in the spinal cord of ALS patients.

The team used stem cells mainly designed to produce a protein called glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). The novel protein enables the survival of motor neurons, which are responsible for muscle movement by sending signals from the brain or spinal cord.

Applying stem cells is a strong method to deliver important proteins to the brain or spinal cord that are normally unable to get through the blood-brain barrier, according senior author Clive Svendsen, Ph.D., a professor and executive director at Cedars-Sinai.

The breakthrough findings were published in the journal Nature Medicineon Monday, September 5, as part of an ALS safety trial involving the participation of 18 ALS patients.

Also Read:Combined Efforts for a Successful Ice Bucket Challenge Led to ALS Research Breakthrough

In 1939, American football player was known as a famous hitter until he was forced to retire in 1939 because of ALS, which made the name of the disease associated with him. Gehrig's case is one of the many instances that the neurological disorder became more known. It was first discovered by French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot in 1869.

According to the ALS Association, ALS is a "progressive neurodegenerative disease" where the word "Amyotrophic" comes from the Greek language, meaning "A" for no, "Myo" for muscle, and "Trophic for nourishment. This means that no muscle nourishment or muscles in throughout the body are wasted away.

When motor neurons or motor nerves are affected, the ALS says people could lose the ability to breathe, eat, move, and even speak.

The association adds for around 90% of all cases, there is no known signs of family history of the disease or indications of genetic mutation connected to ALS. Approximately between 5% to 10% of all cases are inherited or had a family history, which is called familial ALS.

Understanding of ALS has improved over the decades. However, no one knows how many people are exactly affected by the disease, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Yet, the CDC estimates that over 31,000 patients in the United States are living with ALS. An average of 5,000 new patients are diagnosed with ALS each year. The scarcity of data is because ALS records have not been kept across the country, according to the US health body.

Related Article:Adding Fruits, Vegetables to Diet Could Slow ALS Progression

2022 NatureWorldNews.com All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission.

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What happens to the brain on prescription steroids? – Medical News Today

Posted: September 8, 2022 at 2:36 am

Glucocorticoids also known as corticosteroids or just steroids are a class of medications prescribed for a variety of different diseases and conditions. These are different from anabolic steroids that may be used to increase muscle mass.

Concerningly, prescription steroids can sometimes come with harsh side effects, including neurological issues, such as mood disorders and cognitive issues.

Now a team of scientists from Leiden University Medical Center in The Netherlands has found evidence suggesting the use of prescribed steroids causes structural and volume changes in the white and gray matter of the brain.

This study recently appeared in the journal BMJ Open.

Doctors mainly prescribe corticosteroids to help lower inflammation in the body, suppress the bodys immune system, or balance hormone levels

They normally prescribe them in tablet or inhaler form, although sometimes people require prescribed steroid injections. There are also topical corticosteroids in the form of lotions or creams.

A doctor might prescribe steroids for the following conditions:

Using glucocorticoids for an extended time increases a persons risk of developing certain side effects, such as:

According to doctoral researcher Merel van der Meulen, from the Department of Medicine in the Division of Endocrinology at Leiden University Medical Center and lead author of this study, previous research of people with Cushings disease, who have very high levels of the bodys own glucocorticoid cortisol, shows that long-term exposure to glucocorticoids can affect both the function and the structure of the brain.

Correcting cortisol levels can at least partially reverse these changes. But what about people whose steroid levels increase due to other medical needs?

A few small studies in selected populations also showed that long-term systemic glucocorticoid medication use is associated with some differences in the brain, van der Meulen told Medical News Today.

We wondered whether these effects of glucocorticoids on brain structure could also be observed in the large population-based cohort of the UK Biobank, including inhaled glucocorticoid users, she added.

The research team examined data, including questionnaires and MRI scans, from 222 systemic glucocorticoid users meaning they took the prescribed medication orally or through an injection and 557 inhaled glucocorticoid users from the UK Biobank population recruited between 2006 and 2010.

None of the participants had a history of neurological, psychiatric, or hormonal issues. Researchers compared the data from glucocorticoid users to that of 24,106 people who did not use steroids.

The researchers found that participants using either systemic or inhaled prescribed steroids had less intact white matter structure in the brain compared to non-steroid users. However, this observation increased in systemic steroid users compared to inhaled steroid users.

White matter occurs deep in the brain and is made up of bundles of nerve cells. It plays a role in neuronal connections and signaling in the brain.

The scientists moreover found that participants taking systemic steroids had a larger caudate a part of the gray matter of the brain involved in high-level activities like planning the execution of movements, learning, and memory compared to non-users.

And participants using inhaled glucocorticoids had a smaller amygdala compared to those not taking prescribed steroids. The amygdala is also part of the brains gray matter and is linked to the processing and regulation of emotions.

MNT spoke with Dr. Santosh Kesari, a neurologist at Providence Saint Johns Health Center in Santa Monica, CA, and Regional Medical Director for the Research Clinical Institute of Providence Southern California about this study.

I was excited to know someone did this study that really validates what weve known for a long time that steroids cause brain atrophy and a lot of neuropsychiatric symptoms or side effects, he stated.

This study showed that steroids do have an effect on the structure of the brain, Dr. Kesari continued. You do lose white matter, which [makes up] the connections from one neuron to another. Theres also some loss of the gray matter, the actual neurons, that needs to be studied [further].

Dr. Kesari explained that white matter is the conduit for information from one neuron to another:

When you lose white matter, everything slows down, meaning slower response, some memory issues potentially, or cognitive issues. And then there [are] also psychiatric issues, so they [people who take prescription steroids] can get agitated, depressed, mood disorders, things like that.

Adding to the white matter discussion, van der Meulen said that previous research shows that glucocorticoids can have psychiatric side effects, such as depression and anxiety.

In our observational study, we report associations between glucocorticoids and a lower white matter microstructure in the brain, she continued. It is possible that these associations may be related to the psychiatric side effects of glucocorticoids, but more research is needed to confirm this.

MNT also spoke with Dr. Ilan Danan, a sports neurologist and pain management specialist at the Center for Sports Neurology and Pain Medicine at Cedars-Sinai Kerlan-Jobe Institute in Los Angeles, CA.

He cautioned that it is important to note there is a difference between the prescribed steroids discussed in this study compared to those taken by athletes.

As opposed to the steroids that may be prescribed by physicians, the ones that athletes will look into are going to be more for performance enhancement, he explained. Those are anabolic, androgenic-type steroids that dont necessarily apply in this context.

As for the next steps in this research, van der Meulen said that many questions remain unanswered that she hopes to address in the future.

For example, are these effects reversible? she wondered. How do they depend on the dose and duration of glucocorticoid use and the type of glucocorticoid medication used? And could selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators a type of glucocorticoid-like medication that has a more selective effect and therefore potentially [fewer] side effects prevent these effects from happening?

Dr. Danan stated that he would like to see more details regarding how long participants used prescribed steroids and whether the systemic glucocorticoid users took the medication orally or through an injection.

Those are things that as a physician [I] would want to know so that I can tie in whether or not this has a potential impact on my patient base, he added.

And Dr. Kesari said that although this study documents atrophy of the brain, more research is required to understand how that happens.

We need to do more basic science research to understand the mechanisms of how steroids are causing this brain damage, and then how we can mitigate it with other medications or reparative mechanisms in the future, whether its stem cells or growth factors that may stimulate stem cells, he said.

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What happens to the brain on prescription steroids? - Medical News Today

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Scientists Are Working on New and Improved Hair Loss Treatments – Gizmodo

Posted: September 8, 2022 at 2:36 am

The near-future of hair loss treatment seems to be quite promising. Recent research in mice points to a potentially new way of restoring hair, while other approaches are set to undergo clinical trials in humans soon.

An experimental treatment developed by researchers at the University of California, Irvine, highlighted in a recent Wired article by writer Simar Bajaj, uses a protein molecule known as SCUBE3. The teams work has suggested that SCUBE3 plays a vital role in how certain cells found at the bottom of our hair follicles known as dermal papilla induce hair growth. Theyve also shown that injecting SCUBE3 into the skin of mice can produce new hair, including on mice with grafted human hair follicles. Their latest research was published in July in the journal Developmental Cell.

Its possible, the scientists argue, that SCUBE3 could be packaged into microbeads that are injected into peoples balding scalps via a relatively painless and short procedure. The treatment would be similar to how Botox is now used for treating wrinkles but likely less expensive than hair grafts, which can cost thousands per session and rely on a finite number of existing hair follicles to be available somewhere else on the scalp. You have a patient sitting in a dentist-like chair, they close their eyes, and then you go tch, tch, tch, tch, study author Maksim Plikus, professor of developmental and cell biology and chief scientific officer of hair biotech company Amplifica, told Wired.

Of course, many experimental drugs have shown promise in animal studies only to fail later in human trials, so the jury is still out on whether SCUBE3 will turn out to be anything valuable. But there are other hair loss treatments further along in development.

This spring, the Food and Drug Administration approved an existing arthritis drug called baricitinib as the first drug of its kind to treat alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder that can cause complete baldness along the body and scalp. Baricitinib and other similar drugs that are likely on the way can suppress the specific parts of the immune system that attack hair follicles in people with the condition, which can lead to the dramatic restoration of their hair.

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Even older hair loss drugs may get a new day in the sun. In recent years, doctors have started to prescribe very low doses of minoxidil, the active ingredient in Rogaine, in pill form to hair loss patients. While the research into this method is still ongoing, oral minoxidil so far appears to be just as safe and (modestly) effective as topical minoxidil can be, but could be more convenient and easier to adhere to for many patients.

As noted by Wired, Turn Biotechnologies is hoping to use mRNA technologythe underlying basis of the covid-19 vaccines developed by Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTechto rejuvenate dormant stem cells within hair follicles. The company is expecting human trials to begin by late 2023 or early 2024. Two other companies, RepliCel and HairClone, are planning to harvest, grow, and then transplant hair cells from a healthy area of a persons scalp to one where hair is balding, and RepiCel has already begun human trials in Japan.

Any way you look at it, it seems like the futures looking good for those of us worried about balding as we get older.

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Scientists Are Working on New and Improved Hair Loss Treatments - Gizmodo

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