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Type 2 diabetes on the rise among Wisconsin children – Iron Mountain Daily News

Posted: April 19, 2022 at 2:05 am

MADISON, Wis. (AP) New data shows a sharp increase in Type 2 diabetes among children in Wisconsin and doctors think COVID-19 could be a factor.

Figures from UW Health Kids shows a nearly 200% increase in the number of cases over the last several years.

Dr. Elizabeth Mann is a pediatric endocrinologist and director of the Type 2 Diabetes Program at UW Health Kids. Mann says its a trend medical experts have noticed for years, but its taken a worrisome turn recently.

Since the beginning of the pandemic, weve just seen a sharp increase beyond what we had expected, Mann said.

In 2018, 5.8% percent of pediatric patients with new onset diabetes at Madisons American Family Childrens Hospital had Type 2, a disease that primarily affects adults. In 2021, that number grew to 16.4%. And so far in 2022, 1 in 6 pediatric patients at the childrens hospital with new onset diabetes has Type 2, Wisconsin Public Radio reported.

In kids, this Type 2 diabetes just acts a little bit more aggressively, Mann said. So its not only that were seeing Type 2 diabetes at younger ages, but it also seems to be a more severe form where kids are needing more medications and have more significant complications from it.

In Type 2 diabetes, the most prevalent form overall, the pancreas produces insulin but the body has developed a resistance to it.

Mann said there is a common misconception that Type 2 diabetes is purely a result of diet and activity levels. She said genetics and epigenetics play a big role in making people more susceptible to the disease.

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Molecular Biology Enzymes, Kits & Reagents Market likely to bring in approximately US$ 22000 Million revenues by 2026-end Political Beef -…

Posted: April 19, 2022 at 2:05 am

Technological Advancements Leading to Enhanced Efficiency & Greater Precision of Molecular Biology Enzymes, Kits & Reagents

Many technological advancements are been made by the molecular biology enzymes, kits & reagents manufacturers, who dedicate their focus toward developing advanced products in a bid to enhance their product portfolio. The advanced products facilitate the research processes with offerings such as enhanced efficiency and greater precision. One of the greatest examples of this is SMART Digest Kit developed by Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., designed particularly for the biopharmaceutical & proteomic applications. This kit enables the generation of data of high quality, meanwhile curtailing time needed for preparation of samples. Adoption of molecular biology enzymes, kits & reagents will further be propelled by huge investments made in the research & development by pharmaceutical & biotechnology industries coupled with the provision of several reimbursements for molecular diagnostics.

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A significant increase in the genetic disorders prevalence has been witnessed since the recent past, thereby driving adoption of molecular diagnostics. The processes of molecular diagnostics including epigenetics and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) require molecular biology enzymes, kits & reagents as, which form an integral part of these processes. Mounting cases of genetic disorders in light of growing geriatric population will significantly fuel demand for molecular biology enzymes, kits & reagents in the near future. Genetic data of individuals is considered highly confidential, and sharing this data is strictly prohibited. Genome sequencing aids identifying & treating a wide variety of diseases. However, there is lack of tools that are effective for securing the genetic information of individuals, and the information ends up being stored in cloud databases, which further poses threats regarding data thefts. The absence of effective technology to store genetic information is anticipated to negatively influence demand for molecular biology enzymes, kits & reagents.

Key Research Findings from the Report

Prominent companies in the global molecular biology enzymes, kits & reagents market are implementing strategies including manufacturing capacity & geographic expansion. Manufacturers are also concentrating on new product launches for enhancing their shares in this increasingly competitive market. The report has listed key players supporting the market growth, which include Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Illumina, Inc., Roche Holdings, Inc., Takara Bio Inc., Jena Bioscience GmbH, Merck & Co Company, Qiagen N.V., Agilent Technologies, Inc., KRISHGEN BioSystems, and Promega Corporation.

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Market Taxonomy

A segmentation analysis offered in the report propounds forecasts on global molecular biology enzymes, kits & reagents market. Categorizing the market in terms of application, end-user, product type, and region. Analysis on Y-o-Y growth comparison, the market share comparison, and the revenue comparison coupled with relevant market numbers is offered in this chapter. Global market for molecular biology enzymes, kits & reagents has been regionally divided into Japan, Middle East & Africa, Europe, Asia-Pacific excluding Japan, North America, and Latin America.

Region

Product Type

End User

Application

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Molecular Biology Enzymes, Kits & Reagents Market likely to bring in approximately US$ 22000 Million revenues by 2026-end Political Beef -...

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Dr. Carol Gregorio Named AAAS Fellow | UArizona Health Sciences – University of Arizona

Posted: April 19, 2022 at 2:04 am

Carol Gregorio, PhD, professor and head of the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine at the University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, co-director of the Sarver Heart Center and assistant vice provost for Global Health Sciences, was named as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Dr. Gregorio is being honored for her internationally recognized contributions toward understanding heart and skeletal muscle structure, function and disease. The designation is one of the most distinct honors in the scientific community.

It is an honor to be recognized among people of such excellence in their research, Dr. Gregorio said.

Dr. Gregorio, who is also the director of the Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program and a member of the BIO5 Institute, earned her bachelors and masters degrees from the State University of New York at Buffalo and her doctorate from Roswell Park Cancer Institute in New York. She did her postdoctoral research at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California.

My research is focused on identifying the components and molecular mechanisms regulating contractile proteins in cardiac muscle, Dr. Gregorio said. By studying the effects of human mutations in contractile proteins those responsible for allowing the heart to beat my lab can decipher how the protein normally functions in health and development, which is important for predicting heart disease before it manifests and for designing potential therapeutics for cardiomyopathies.

Dr. Gregorio joined the University of Arizona Health Sciences in 1996 as a faculty member. I feel privileged to work with a strong team of faculty and researchers in the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Cardiovascular Research Program and Sarver Heart Center who continuously challenge me to continue to be productive and to address critical gaps in our knowledge about heart and skeletal myopathies at the cellular and molecular levels, she said.

The AAAS is the worlds largest general scientific society and publisher of the Science family of journals. The AAAS Fellows tradition began in 1874 to recognize individuals for their extraordinary achievements across disciplines. Past fellows include scientists, engineers and innovators who have made significant contributions to research, teaching, technology, communicating and interpreting science to the public, and administration in academia, industry and government. Along with Dr. Gregorio, UArizona plant sciences professor A. Elizabeth (Betsy) Arnold, PhD, and professor of linguistics Cecile McKee, PhD, also were elected as fellows to the AAAS.

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Journal of the American Medical Association Appoints First Black Editor-In-Chief – Because of Them We Can

Posted: April 19, 2022 at 2:04 am

Shes the second woman to hold the position!

Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo has made history as the first Black editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American Medical Association, MedPage Today reports.

Bibbins-Domingo holds a degree in molecular biology from Princeton University and a masters degree in clinical research from the University of California San Francisco (UCSF). She got her start as a biochemist, studying under Nobel Prize-winning scientist Harold Varmus, who also served as former director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). She is currently a professor and chair of the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at UCSF, previously making history as the first vice dean for population health and health equity. Now she has made history again, becoming the first Black editor-in-chief of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and the JAMA Network.

She spoke about the significance of her appointment, vowing to make the journal a trusted voice, again in medicine.

[Many things] shape how we think about health. Its the responsibility of a journal like JAMA and the JAMA Network to be able to put science in context of these broader voices I think theres never been [a] more important time for JAMA to be that trusted voice, said Bibbins-Domingo.

From 2010 to 2017, Bibbins-Domingo served as part of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and as a member of the American Society for Clinical Investigation, the Association of American Physicians and the National Academy of Medicine. Bibbins-Domingo is also co-founder of the UCSF Center for Vulnerable Populations at Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center.

American Medical Association EVP James L. Madara, spoke about Bibbins-Domingos appointment, saying, [We are] tremendously pleased and fortunate to welcome Dr. Bibbins-Domingo as the new editor-in-chief ... As a physician, scholar, and leader, she has focused on health equity, on cardiovascular disease prevention -- top priorities for the AMA -- and more recently on COVID-19I am confident Dr. Bibbins-Domingo -- with her remarkable professional background ranging from basic science to an array of scholarly approaches to clinical studies -- will effectively advance JAMA's mission that accelerates clinical research into practice at this critical time in health care in the U.S. and in global public health.

Bibbins-Domingo was selected by an 18-person committee of academic and medical experts. She will take over for former JAMA editor-in-chief, Howard Bauchner, who resigned in June due to insensitive racialized comments he made on a podcast. Bibbins-Domingo acknowledged the ever-present racism in the medical field, noting that it is why it's even more important to use journals as a way to build trust and rapport with the community.

"The entire scientific and medical enterprise has been plagued by the inability to acknowledge these important forces that shape the health of our patients. And we know that some of this blindness to seeing these forces has to do with who's in the room making the decisions, who's in the room conducting scientific studies, who's in the room shaping policy, [and] who's in the room deciding what gets published [JAMA has an opportunity to] not only help readers make sense of our changing world, but to communicate science and scientific discovery in a way that actually advances clinical practice, advances the health of all of our patients, and improves the health of the population nationally and globally," she explained.

Congratulations, Dr. Bibbins-Domingo. Because of you, we can!

Photo Courtesy of Social Innovation & Universal Opportunity Lab

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Bioinformatics Market Size will Grow Profitably in the Near Future – Digital Journal

Posted: April 19, 2022 at 2:04 am

BioinformaticsMarket: Introduction

According to the report, the globalbioinformatics marketwas valued at US$24.7Bn in 2020 and is projected to expand at a CAGR of5.9%from 2021 to 2028. Bioinformatics is used to manage the data gathered from research & development projects in the biopharmaceutical, life sciences, and biotechnology industries. Growth of the bioinformatics market is driven by rise in applications of IT in the healthcare sector, along with robust technological advancements. The usage of information technology or IT has enabled easy storage, processing, access, and retrieval of data.

Additionally, the demand for advanced treatment of several diseases and effective preventive solutions is rising. Hence, healthcare professionals focus on research & development projects. Moreover, surge in R&D activities has led to rise in data generation, which increases demand for efficient technology for data management in the healthcare sector.

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Usage of Bioinformatics in High Throughput Screening

The high throughput screening is an emerging bioinformatics field that performs biological tests at high speed with the help of data processing software, sensitive detectors, and liquid handling devices. Increase in importance of high throughput screening in drug discovery is likely to drive the global bioinformatics market over the next few years.

Platforms Segment to Dominate Global Market

The global bioinformatics market has been segmented into services, tools, and platforms. These are commercially available for the purpose of processing the data obtained from various research & development projects employing bioinformatics. In terms of consumption, the platforms segment dominated the global market in 2020, accounting for leading share. The growth of the segment can be attributed to rise in usage of bioinformatics in the process of drug discovery and increase in research & development activities. However, the services segment is projected to dominate the global market during the forecast period.

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Molecular Medicine Segment to Dominate Market

Bioinformatics has applications in preventive medicine, molecular medicine, gene therapy, drug development, and others. Other application areas include forensic analysis of microbes, genetic research for antibiotic resistance, and veterinary science. The molecular medicine segment accounted for the largest market share in 2020. The drug development segment is anticipated to expand at the highest CAGR from 2021 to 2028.

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North America to Dominate Global Market

In terms of region, the global bioinformatics market has been segmented into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. North America dominated the global bioinformatics market in 2020, followed by Europe. Availability of developed technology, structured regulatory framework, higher adoption rate of new technology, and significant investment in research & development by companies boost the growth of the bioinformatics market in North America and Europe. Asia Pacific is a lucrative market for bioinformatics. Factors such as surge in government initiatives to boost biotechnology research & development activities in respective country, increase in funding, rise in awareness about bioinformatics, and surge in literacy rate are expected to fuel the growth of the bioinformatics market in Asia Pacific.

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Competition Landscape

The global bioinformatics market is fragmented in terms of number of players. Key players in the global market include Accelrys, Inc., ID Business Solutions, Ltd., Affymetrix, Inc., CLC bio A/S, Agilent Technologies, Inc., GenoLogics Life Sciences Software, Inc., Life Technologies Corporation, and Illumina, Inc.

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Institute and Mayo scientists publish research on preventing associated sunburn effects – Austin Daily Herald – Austin Herald

Posted: April 19, 2022 at 2:04 am

A team of scientists, co-led by Luke Hoeppner, Ph.D., assistant professor and leader of the Cancer Biology research section at The Hormel Institute, and Stephen Ekker, Ph.D., Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Mayo Clinic and Dean of the Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, recently published findings from preclinical studies that could lead to treatments that reduce inflammation and pathology associated with sunburn.

The article, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor as an Immediate-Early Activator of Ultraviolet-Induced Skin Injury, was published in Mayo Clinic Proceedings, a premier general medicine journal.

The negative effects of sunburn are relatively common and can range from simple redness to hospital visits and are known to eventually induce inflammation. For example, in the United States, sunburn leads to 30,000 emergency room visits every year.

Repeated sunburns can cause skin cancer.

While current treatments relieve the pain and symptoms, those approaches do not reverse the cumulative effects of sunburn, in part because they only target secondary or tertiary effects of UV exposure. Dr. Hoeppner and his team report on an early molecular cause of sunburn.

We hope that we can target this molecular cause to reduce the negative consequences of sunburn, Hoeppner said. We discovered a new step in the process of sunburn that occurs before inflammation, which opens a new post-exposure window to potentially inhibit all of the negative effects of sunburn. We found that targeting a molecule called vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) reduces the subsequent inflammation and pathology associated with skin damage caused by sunburn.

The authors emphasize that future clinical studies would be needed to determine the possible value of VEGF inhibitors as a topical sunburn treatment in humans.

The approach we used in this study was designed to explore options for potential topical treatments, Ekker said. We added VEGF inhibitors after initial UV exposure, to model what happens when people are sunburned and also long after exposure. People often do not realize they are getting sunburned until after they start feeling warm or get flushed. We were able to see VEGF signaling activating in human samples and this strongly suggests there are options to develop interventions and prevent these negative effects.

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Pandemic: why in Italy about 100 people per day still die of covid? – Zyri

Posted: April 19, 2022 at 2:04 am

A spring Easter fully fills tourist places and restores confidence after two years of pandemic in Italy, but a study shows that Omicrom and its variants are lethal to the unvaccinated. Italy also has 10% more deaths than the rest of Europe, which maintains a certain concern.

Professor Fabrizio Precliasco, from the University of Milan, pointed out that the data from the study carried out in Hong Kong revealing that Omicron 2 and its variants more related ones are as deadly as the ancestral variants of Covid-19.

Pregliasco said that the illness does not turn into a cold with the advancement of omicron 2, the dominant virus. There is an objective reduction of the worst effects with those who have received the two, three and now fourth doses of Pfizer or Moderna, but the risk of mortality is similar to the times when they began to apply the vaccines, in 2021.

Easter is a test bench, says the expert Pregliasco, who invites citizens to use good senseto gradually recover normality because the virus is still circulating And it does a lot of harm.

In 2020 there were 79 thousand deaths from the pandemic in Italy, which fell to 53 thousand in 2021. Until the first fortnight of April, 22 thousand more deaths are registered.

CASES0.000.000

per million inhab.

DEATHS00.000

Fuente: Johns Hopkins Chart: Flourish | Infographic: Clarion

The government has begun to apply the fourth dose to those over 80 years of age and to frail patients with a series of diseases. Along the way, it is expected to advance to the other age groups. There is no certainty that the youngest should also be vaccinated But this will be indicated by the reality of the infections and the spread of the most serious cases, Pregliasco said.

Health Minister Roberto Speranza said that after May 1 they will adopt the new orientations. The day before expires the obligation to use masks in closed places.

Speranza said that he believes that in schools, students over the age of six should continue to wear a mask in class until the end of the school year.

The North American cardiologist Eric Topol, professor of molecular medicine, confirmed that the Omicron 2 and related variants, already dominate in most of the world. And he highlighted the cases that have occurred in southern China and that led the government to establish the quarantine of the 26 million inhabitants of Shanghai.

People in protective gear walk the streets of Shanghai on Monday. Photo: EFE

With drastic measures of isolation, vaccinations and controls, it had prevented the penetration of the Covid 19 virus. In the first two years of the pandemic in southeastern China, 12,531 cases were registered with 213 deaths. The important wave came this year, guided by Omicron 2.2, which caused more than 1.1 million infected with 7,900 deaths.

Specialist Topol highlights how precious Hong Kongs experience with Omicron 2 is, which attacked a population with a previous low exposure to the virus, In the Italian case, local scientists warn that the greatest risk of a pandemic that is in a recession phase but remains activesuffered by infected patients who they did not complete the vaccination.

They appear to have a mortality risk similar to those who were infected in the ancestral strains of sars-Cov-2.

The famous microbiologist from the University of Padoa Andrea Crisanti, with several daily statements in front of television cameras, has its own theory. In his favor is that he always thinks and is rarely wrong.

With the rate of contagion that Omicron has, containment measures no longer work. In Shanghai they have been in quarantine for a month and the end is not in sight. If you can not contain it is better make it circulate more freely to the virus, strictly protecting the elderly and the frail sick.

Crisanti presents his strategy like this: No masks in closed places and quarantine for the one who is positive. With micron, the priority has changed, which is no longer controlling the spread of the virus but dont make the frail sickbecause if it infects a child under fifteen years of age, nothing happens and, on the other hand, if it happens to an elderly person with other diseases, they can still lose their lives .

The laboratory director virologist at the University of Padua launched his lunge, against giving the anti-Covid vaccine together with the flu. I think that It is a commercial operation because the flu with containment measures has practically disappeared.

On the weekend in Italy the infected and the dead decrease because there are fewer controls. Nevertheless deaths reached 210 and those infected were 115,148 between Saturday and Sunday.

In Italy there are currently 1.22 million infected in their homes. The data of the 9,758 common hospitalized patients are reassuring, with a decrease of 120 compared to Friday and only 403 in intensive care: less than eight in 24 hours. In March 2020, the maximum peak of 4,300 hospitalized in intensive care was reached, the most seriously ill.

Rome, correspondent

ap

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Study finds different gastroprotective potential for reishi components based on molecular weight – NutraIngredients-usa.com

Posted: April 19, 2022 at 2:04 am

The new study was published in the journal Nutrients. It was the work of researchers associated with Zhejiang University of Technology in Huzhou, China and an employee of Longevity Valley Botanical Co., Ltd., in Hangzhou, a 113-year-old company devoted to the development of health products based on fungi. The research was funded by public and industry sources.

The researchers used acute gastric injury induced by ethanol in lab rats as a model to test the effects of various polysaccharides derived from Ganoderma lucidum, colloquially known as reishi mushroom.

Reishi is one of the longtime mainstays of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The 2011 text Herbal Medicine: Bimolecular and Clinical Aspects published by Taylor and Francis has this to say about the fungus:

In Chinese, the name lingzhi (as rendered as reishi) represents a combination of spiritual potency and essence of immortality, and is regarded as the herb of spiritual potency, symbolizing success, well-being, divine power, and longevity. Among cultivated mushrooms, G. lucidum is unique in that its pharmaceutical rather than nutritional value is paramount. A variety of commercial G. lucidum products are available in various forms, such as powders, dietary supplements, and tea. These are produced from different parts of the mushroom, including mycelia, spores, and fruit body. The specific applications and attributed health benefits of lingzhi include control of blood glucose levels, modulation of the immune system, hepatoprotection, bacteriostasis, and more.

An issue with the effects of many TCM preparations from a Western scientific point of view has been that these are multicomponent formulas with many active constituents. That makes parsing out precise modes of action difficult. The same is true for reishi.

To drill down deeper into reishis effects the authors of the present study decided to focus on the polysaccharide fractions of the mushroom. After extracting the polysaccharide fractions of the fruiting body, the researchers used progressively finer filtration membranes of 100 kDa, 10 kDa ad 1 kDa to divide the polysaccharides into three groups by molecular weight that averaged 322.0 kDa, 18.8 kDa, and 6.4 kDa, respectively (kDa=kilodaltons).

The test rats were divided into several groups, with the experiment groups having had gastric injury induced by ethanol administration. Ethanol is what the researchers called an acute gastric mucosal injury model. Ethanol can act directly on the gastric mucosa, leading to erosion, bleeding, perforation, and other injuries.

Direct examination of the texture and integrity of the mucosal walls of the rats guts was one of the primary outcomes of the study. Other outcomes included measurement of antioxidant molecules in the serum, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1).

The researchers found that the higher the molecular weight of the polysaccharide, the greater the effect in lessening the gastrointestinal injury caused by ethanol.

GLP100 has a greater improvement effect on acute gastric greater improvement effect on

injury than GLP10, and GLP10 has a better effect than GLP1, the researchers wrote.

There are still many contents that are worth further study. For instance, further separation and purification of GLPs are needed to determine efficacy. For instance, further separation and purification of GLPs are needed to determine efficacy. The synergistic effect of the components of each GLP fraction on gastrointestinal protection, and which proportion of GLP components are more effective when mixed in proportion are worthy of further study, so as to make the research results viable to application, the authors concluded.

Source: Nutrients2022, 14(7), 1476; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071476Gastroprotective Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides with Different Molecular Weights on Ethanol-Induced Acute Gastric Injury in RatsAuthors: Tian B, et al.

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Substance Derived From Licorice May Have Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Cancer Effects – SciTechDaily

Posted: April 19, 2022 at 2:04 am

Licorice root and black licorice candy. A licorice-derived substance may have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects.

Licorice is more than a candy people either love or hate it may play a role in preventing or treating certain types of cancer, according to researchers at the University of Illinois Chicago.

Gnanasekar Munirathinam and his research team are studying substances derived from the licorice plant Glycyrrhiza glabra to determine if they could be used to prevent or stop the growth of prostate cancer. Munirathinam is an associate professor in the department of biomedical sciences at the College of Medicine Rockford.

A research review into molecular insights of a licorice-derived substance called glycyrrhizin for preventing or treating cancer conducted by Dr. Munirathinam and student researchers suggests further research could lead to specific agents for clinical use.

The journal Pharmacological Research recently published the study titled Oncopreventive and oncotherapeutic potential of licorice triterpenoid compound glycyrrhizin and its derivatives: Molecular insights.

When we look at the research out there and our own data, it appears that glycyrrhizin and its derivative glycyrrhetinic acid have great potential as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents, Munirathinam said. More research is needed into exactly how these could best be used to develop therapies, but this appears to be a promising area of cancer research.

Should everyone go out and eat a bunch of licorice? Probably not, because it may affect blood pressure, interact with certain medications, and cause serious adverse effects, including death, when used excessively. An occasional sweet treat of licorice candy or tea may be better options until more studies can show how to best harness the plants benefits.

Very few clinical trials in humans have been conducted, Munirathinam said. We hope our research on prostate cancer cells advances the science to the point where therapies can be translated to help prevent or even cure prostate and other types of cancer.

Reference: Oncopreventive and oncotherapeutic potential of licorice triterpenoid compound glycyrrhizin and its derivatives: Molecular insights by Rifika Jain, Mohamed Ali Hussein, Shannon Pierce, Chad Martens, Preksha Shahagadkar and Gnanasekar Munirathinam, 19 February 2022, Pharmacological Research.DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106138

College of Medicine Rockford students Rifika Jain, Mohamed Ali Hussein, Preksha Shahagadkar, Shannon Pierce and Chad Martens are co-authors of the review, which was partly supported by the National Institutes of Health (R0CA227218) and Brovember Inc.

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Reading a Book That Never Ends – University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus

Posted: April 19, 2022 at 2:04 am

Olivia Rissland, DPhil, compares RNA to photocopies of pages of books at a library.

RNA is to DNA what photocopies are to precious books in library stacks: An abridged reproduction with a temporary existence, explains Rissland, a scientist with the University of Colorados RNA Bioscience Initiative.

You can read just a few photocopies, and only for a limited time. Understanding those copies depends on where and when you read them. Even then, you get a just a few clues about whats in the book; you dont get the whole story. Those pages wont easily yield the librarys secrets.

What is really cool about RNA is what happens to those photocopies once they leave the library is different for each photocopy, Rissland says.

Figuring out which photocopy to read and how to interpret what its saying before it disappears is a challenging task at best. It becomes a staggering enterprise when considering the numbers.

There are some 20,000 genes in the human genome. In humans, genes vary from a few hundred DNA base pairs to more than 2 million bases. Messenger RNA the temporary photocopy provides a picture of a piece of the DNA, a snippet of the story.

But ask Rissland about the challenge of studying those photocopies and you discover that its more than a practical question for framing a particular study. Its a philosophy.

I think about what research is, Rissland says. Research exists at the boundary of known and unknown. And so, what were always looking for are mysteries and things that dont make sense. We are trying to understand what it is that were missing, that explains what we see.

Rissland, an assistant professor of biochemistry and molecular genetics, joined the CU School of Medicine in 2017 when the school boosted investment into RNA research, thanks to a gift from The Anschutz Foundation and other supporters. Those funds allowed Dean John Reilly, Jr., MD, to target strategic growth opportunities, which is how the RNA Bioscience Initiative, or RBI, was born.

The goal with these investments is to bring together teams of scientists to work on some of the most challenging questions in human health.

I think were very lucky in the RBI, Rissland says. Its easy for us to foster collaborations. There were five of us who were hired in the same search. Were all close enough in our work that we can have a conversation with points of common interest. But were not so close that therell be competition. For me, that is probably the starting point for all the collaborations. We are bouncing ideas with others in the offices right here and then building out from there.

Risslands lab studies what happens to messenger RNA, or mRNA, after its made. Specifically, she and her lab team are trying to understand how the mechanics of protein production and of mRNA destruction connect with one another. Why do some mRNAs get destroyed quickly and others slowly?

The processes are connected, but how remains a multifaceted mystery and a source of endless fascination for Rissland and the team of scientists in her laboratory. Understanding what happens during that interaction could yield insights into genetic factors causing of human disease.

Although all cells have the same collection of genes, cells differ in which genes are turned on and which are turned off. When that process goes awry, adverse health conditions can result, such as cancer, neurodegeneration, or developmental defects.

One area of inquiry for Risslands lab is the impact of translation elongation speeds on how fast mRNAs are destroyed. Translation occurs when the ribosome in the cell reads the sequence on the mRNA and turns that into a sequence of amino acids, thus building proteins.

You have these machines theyre called ribosomes that are the actual interpreters that go between the different languages and make the protein, Rissland says. The speed at which the ribosome moves matters. A way to think about this is like on a freeway.

You accelerate as you get on the freeway, but your speed can vary once youre on the road. That time span between destinations is elongation. Your speed depends on weather, it depends on traffic, and sometimes you slow down or speed up depending on the conditions. In a cell, a traffic jam is a signal that theres a problem, that theres something a little bit wrong about the RNA, then the cell takes action to deal with that, Rissland says.

There are ample opportunities for traffic jams in a cell because the average cell produces 2 million protein molecules every minute. For a researcher, that means there are ample opportunities to explore.

Thats when you sit down and try to come up with what question to ask, she says. You read the literature and you say, Well, what things are here that dont make sense? What things surprise me? Or what is an implication of something that we know if this is true, then that would imply this is true?

Questions shape the experiments, and the experiments provide answers.

The majority of the time it doesnt work the way you think its going to, Rissland says. You think it could be answer A or it could be answer B. And its always answer C.

Surprise endings are nothing new in literature or life.

Rissland had planned to go to medical school after completing her undergraduate degree in Biology, Mathematics, and Classics (Latin) at Brown University in 2004. She was awarded a Rhodes Scholarship and went to University of Oxford where she earned a DPhil in molecular biology.

The plan actually was to come back to the States and go do my MD, Rissland says. Then Id be an MD, PhD, and drive off into the sunset.

Well, plans change, and the sun also rises. In Risslands case, the light on the horizon was the opportunity to become an independent investigator running a research laboratory.

When I came of age as a scientist was right when we started having all of these methods that allow us to ask questions about RNA and answer them. Five or 10 years earlier, this just wasnt possible, Rissland says. For me it was not only that there were all these questions that I wanted to answer, but we also had these tools to answer them. It was just this huge technological revolution. I mean, its like being a kid in a candy store. How could you say no to that?

The advent of high-throughput sequencing technology has allowed scientists to look widely and deeply into the full spectrum of genetic variations and other factors affecting biological change that were impossibly laborious to study for previous generations of investigators.

Classically, we were able to look at gene A or gene B and we looked at them one by one, she says. What high-throughput sequencing allowed us to do is to not look at things one-by-one, but to look at every single gene at the same time and that gives you just so much more power.

Its the power to think about the themes and larger plot of the story rather than paying attention to one or two characters in a book.

I am most interested in general principles, Rissland says. Specific examples dont provide general insight. They are fine, but theyre not what really get me out of bed in the morning. And to know if something is general you need to be able to look at many things. High throughput sequencing, then, is a really good match for the types of questions I like to ask.

After completing her doctorate, Rissland did postdoctoral work at the Whitehead Institute, an independent biomedical research institute in Cambridge, Mass., and then launched her laboratory at The Hospital for Sick Children, which is affiliated with the University of Toronto, in 2014.

Since starting her career as an independent investigator, her laboratory has trained more than 20 young scientists, nurturing their research, preparing them for their own careers, and encouraging them to ask questions.

I think success looks like someone who has taken real intellectual ownership of their project, who pushes back against my ideas, who tells me that Im wrong. I think when they do that, thats the best part. It means that they have the skills so that they can put those ideas into practice.

Its like reading a book that never ends.

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Reading a Book That Never Ends - University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus

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