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NSU research scientist leads group that discovered gene variants that delimit HIV-1 infection – EurekAlert

Posted: November 8, 2021 at 2:03 am

image:Dr. Stephen J. O'Brien (back row, second from left) with orphans in Botswana view more

Credit: Dr. Stephen J. O'Brien

Research Take-a-Ways:

FORT LAUDERDALE/DAVIE, Fla. HIV emerged from African chimpanzee transmission to humans in the first decades of the 20th century. The deadly AIDS disease was first detected among American gay men, hemophiliacs, transfusion blood recipients, and IV drug users sharing needles in the early 1980s. Since then, the rapid world-wide spread of HIV has claimed 37.2 million lives leaving some 38 million people living with HIV infection today.

Today, African AIDS comprises 65-70% of all HIV cases worldwide. In Africa, the HIV-1C strain, which has been suggested as more easily transmitted in heterosexual contact, is predominant. Although AIDS spread and transmission have been reduced by widespread dissemination of anti-retroviral therapies, the horror of AIDS continues, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa.

This study was led by Nova Southeastern University (NSU)Halmos College of Arts and Sciences professor and research scientist Stephen J. OBrien, Ph.D., in collaboration with researchers at the Laboratory of Genomic Diversity at ITMO University, St Petersburg, Russia, Botswana-Harvard AIDS Institute, Gaborone Botswana, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, and Yale University, New Haven, and St. Petersburg State University.

Epidemiological variation in HIV acquisition, AIDS progression and therapy effectiveness has been attributed, in part, to endemic gene determinates. Studies in the past decades have discovered more than 50 human gene variants that confer relative sensitivity or resistance to AIDS. Nearly all these important studies involved American and European Caucasian patients in spite of the fact that sub-Saharan Africa is the epicenter of AIDS.

In 1996, author Max Essex and the President of Botswana established the Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (BHP) in Gaborone Botswana to carry out training , surveillance and treatment of HIV-AIDS patients implementing research Virology, Molecular biology, immunology, genetics and epidemiology

In one of the largest studies to date of African people at risk for HIV infection, a group of 1,173 patients recruited by BHP were sequenced, genotyped, and analyzed to reveal three new common genetic DNA variants that influence whether one becomes infected and in American replication cohort studies the rate and AIDS defining disease by which infected individuals progressed to AIDS.

OBrien and his team have pioneered the field of AIDS Restriction Gene discovery for 25 years, beginning when he led a Research Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health (1986-2012).

The research, published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, revealed three new human genes (AP3B1- Chr-5; PTPRA-chr-20; NEO1-Chr-15) with a marked influence on HIV acquisition. Each gene variant was statistically significant in a Genome Wide Association Study -GWAS of 1.3-8.6 million single nucleotide polymorphism-SNPs.

The new study provides valuable insights into the genetic variants associated with HIV-1C infection and AIDS progression in sub-Saharan Africa, potentially paving the way for new therapies.

Each associated gene has been previously implicated functionally in one or more stages of AIDS pathogenesis and their association was replicated using independent American AIDS cohorts.

A provocative aspect of the AP3B1 variant is that it encodes two alleles G and T, predicting TT, GT and GG genotypes. The Botswana population has a relatively high allele frequency of the G variant (MAF=0.38) relative to other world populations, yet no homozygous GG individuals were detected in Botswana. The GG genotype is also completely absent among 2500 people of all races studied to date, raising the prospect that the AP3B1 -GG genotype may be lethal genotype which does not survive embryogenesis. Further there are several described variants in the in the AP3B1 gene that cause Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, a rare genetic disease affecting pigmentation and platelets that is sometimes fatal.

The study further describes the replication of 13 previously described AIDS resistance genes using the Botswana population cohort, increasing the confidence in the influence of each. The replication studies were facilitated by the GWATCH ( Genome Wide Association Tracks Chromosome Highway) cyber suite of programs that enhance GWAS data analyses, replication, and release.

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About Nova Southeastern University (NSU):At NSU, students dont just get an education, they get the competitive edge they need for real careers, real contributions and real life.A dynamic, private research university, NSU is providing high-quality educational and research programs at the undergraduate, graduate, and professional degree levels. Established in 1964, the university includes 15 colleges, the 215,000-square-foot Center for Collaborative Research, the private JK-12 grade University School, the world-classNSU Art Museum Fort Lauderdale, and theAlvin Sherman Library, Research and Information Technology Center, one of Floridas largest public libraries. NSU students learn at our campuses in Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Jacksonville, Miami, Miramar, Orlando, Palm Beach, and Tampa, Florida, as well as San Juan, Puerto Rico, and online globally.With nearly 200,000 alumni across the globe, the reach of the NSU community is worldwide.Classified as having high research activity by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, NSU is one of only 59 universities nationwide to also be awarded Carnegies Community Engagement Classification, and is also the largest private institution in the United States that meets the U.S. Department of Educations criteria as a Hispanic-serving Institution.Please visitwww.nova.edufor more information.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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New technology sends Tufts veterinary scientists on journey to center of the cell – Tufts Daily

Posted: November 8, 2021 at 2:03 am

New cutting edge technology recently installed at the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University reminds Cheryl London, the associate dean for research and graduate education, of the 1966 sci-fi film Fantastic Voyage.

In the movie, an intrepid submarine crew shrinks down small enough to float through an injured scientists bloodstream to save his life.

The new technology, called spatial profiling, allows scientists to see so deep into tissue samples that London, an oncologist, said it feels like youre actually there on the surface of the cell.

Its like taking a birds-eye look inside the cell itself, London said.

The Cummings School won a $2 million grant from the Waltham-based Massachusetts Life Sciences Center for the new equipment this spring, and it was installed over the summer.

London and her team submitted their grant proposal to the MLSC, an organization that pools state and private money to invest in science research across the state, through the agencys Research Infrastructure Program in the fall of 2020.

At the end of February of this year, an email informed London that Tufts had won the competitive grant.

When you get the notification that youve been funded its one of those woo-hoo moments, London said. You do a little dance, and youre pretty excited.

The equipment was installed last June and July in the newly renovated Peabody Pavilion lab space, and by September it was available for use.

The new lab equipment also includes advanced genetic sequencing and NanoString technology, which is able to sequence the DNA of a single cell.

London said the technology is a product of the latest in a series of major scientific leaps in the fields of genomics and pathology and has advanced rapidly.

Spatial profiling technology was only developed in the last five years. Next generation sequencing is slightly older, having been developed in the years following the conclusion of the Human Genome Project in 2003.

This is the first time that either technology will be available on Tufts campus, and the new lab will function as a shared resource, London said. While the technology is currently only available to those who have been trained extensively on how to use the expensive equipment, students and faculty from any of the universitys campuses will be able to submit proposals to use the equipment. London is talking with researchers at Tufts University School of Medicine who intend to apply for funding for experiments that use the technology.

Some research is already underway with the new technology. One of the few researchers who has been using the technology for her research is Heather Gardner (GBS20), a Cummings School assistant research professor specializing in veterinary oncology and genetics.

Gardner studies the impact of losing subsets of genes when DNA is transcribed into RNA in the context of bone cancer. The next generation sequencing has enabled her to examine that process in individual cells, she wrote in an email to the Daily.

The spatial-profiling technology is helping Gardner too. It allows her to zoom in on canine bone cancer micro-environments to examine how the tumors change gene expression.

This equipment really compliments and adds a new dimension to the research already being done, Gardner said.

Frequently, Cummings School researchers like Gardner are doing experiments on nonhuman animal cells not only to develop therapies for the animals themselves, but to use them as models for treatments in humans as well.

For that to work, though, scientists have to ensure the animal models accurately mimic the human body.

Sometimes models look like theyre the real deal on the outside, London said. But when you look at the genetic level its really not the same.

The new technology will help Cummings School researchers do just that.

Joseph Sullivan, vice president of marketing, communications, and community relations at the MLSC, said the organization was very proud to have funded Tufts new equipment.

Sullivan wrote in an email to the Daily that the organization hopes the new shared resources will catalyze scientific collaboration, research and innovation in Worcester and the rest of central Massachusetts with the Cummings School as an anchor institution.

For now, London said the team is still getting [its] feet wet but quickly warming up to the new lab.

Walking in and seeing all of this is super cool, London said. Its like a car enthusiast seeing 10 Lamborghinis in a garage. Its amazing to see the power of the equipment you have around you.

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More than 75% of Texans have COVID-19 antibodies, survey says – KHOU.com

Posted: November 8, 2021 at 2:03 am

An estimated three-quarters of Texans have COVID-19 antibodies, either due to natural infection or from a vaccine.

HOUSTON It's estimated that over 75% of Texans have the antibodies that fight COVID-19, according to a survey done by public health experts with Texas CARES.

The survey also determined that on average, COVID-19 antibody levels peak about 120 days after someone's infected and may return to undetectable levels as early as 275 to 500 days following the virus' infection.

Additionally, experts say those who are not vaccinated and were previously infected with COVID-19 have a lower number of antibodies compared with fully vaccinated survey participants.

Texas CARES data revealed to us that fully vaccinated participants showed significantly higher antibody levels than those with a natural infection only, said Eric Boerwinkle, PhD, dean, M. David Low Chair in Public Health, and Kozmetsky Family Chair in Human Genetics at UTHealth School of Public Health. This suggests to us that vaccination may provide the highest level of protection, even for those who have had a prior COVID-19 infection and developed antibodies.

Nearly 4,000 children ages 5 to 19 enrolled in a COVID-19 seroprevalence survey and the data revealed more than 33% who participated have antibodies to the virus, and of those, 50.8% were asymptomatic. Nearly half, 44.9%, of parents reported the pandemic impacted their childs mental health negatively.

How was the survey done?

Participants were asked to complete a brief survey about their health and were then instructed to visit a participating clinic to have their blood drawn for three antibody tests administered several months apart. This allowed the survey team to measure antibody levels over a longer period of time and understand how long immune protection from natural infection and vaccination may last.

We are so thankful for all the Texans who volunteered to be in our survey, said Jennifer Shuford, MD, MPH, Chief State Epidemiologist with DSHS. We now have a better understanding of antibody levels in a diverse group of Texans with different experiences. Texas CARES participants are helping us understand the dynamics of the pandemic and what we can do to end it. And were not done yet.

Texas CARES is composed of a team of health experts from the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston) and is funded by the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS).

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Hair colour: Maybe we’re born with it. Maybe it’s a melanin gene – National Post

Posted: November 8, 2021 at 2:03 am

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Roughly, for every redhead, there are three people with black hair, five with blonde, 15 with light brown and 20 with dark brown, according to a new Canadian study

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A vast survey of nearly 13,000 Canadians of European background has uncovered new clues to the genetic causes of hair colour.

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Using data from a massive genetic survey of Canadian volunteers, the study out of University of Toronto at Mississauga identified several possible previously unknown genetic causes for blonde, red and light or dark brown hair. It also offers a good estimate of how those colours are distributed among white Canadians.

Roughly, for every redhead, there are three people with black hair, five with blonde, 15 with light brown and 20 with dark brown, according to the studys findings.

These colours are what geneticists refer to as phenotypes, the observable or measurable characteristics of an organism, such as a human being. Most phenotypes are determined by the interaction of an organisms genotype, its set of genes, with the environment and experience.

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But hair colour is curious. It is a genetically controlled expression of pigmentation, like eye colour and skin colour with which it correlates, and one of the few complex human traits that is largely unaffected by a persons environment.

Hair colour arises from differences in the amount and ratio of melanins in the hair bulb, from which the strand grows. This is a process that is controlled by genetics and has been affected by many different evolutionary factors. The genes that are known to control it, however, do not seem to do so directly, more by regulating other genes.

We know from recent studies that there are hundreds of variants in many genes involved in this, but sometimes just knowing the gene is not enough information because within one gene you can have mutation, what we call variants, said lead author Frida Lona-Durazo, who recently completed doctoral research on the biology of hair, skin and eye pigmentation in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Toronto at Mississauga.

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Our objective was to pinpoint which variants are responsible, even if we know already some genes.

The researchers did not discover any previously unknown genes, but they were able to pinpoint other variants in or near genes that have not been described before, Lona-Durazo said in an interview.

To do this, she and colleagues looked at many complex areas of the human genome that are known to change a persons hair colour, seeking correlation with self-declared hair colour.

The research focused on people of European background because they show the greatest variation in hair colour. Asian and African populations show variation in hair colour, but the range is narrower, and it is harder to study as a self-reported variable. Ideally, Lona-Durazo said, research could be done on all populations by measuring melanin levels objectively in the lab, rather than asking subjects to report their own hair colour.

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Participants in the new Canadian study were asked to self-report their natural hair colour as falling into one of the five colour categories offered, or to answer not applicable. The question specified that this was about hair colour before greying, in which pigmentation declines normally with age.

The data showed interesting regional variations. The proportion of people with black hair from Quebec was much higher than British Columbia, and the proportion of people with red hair from B.C. was much higher than Quebec. Ontario and Albertas proportions were very similar, whereas the Atlantic provinces had proportionally more black and dark brown hair and less blonde.

There was a slight sex bias in the number of participants, with about 54 per cent female. But roughly two thirds of people who describe their hair as black were male. All other colour categories were more evenly balanced, male to female. One possible reason for this, according to Lona-Durazo, is a bias among men to say they have black hair and/or a bias among women to say they do not. Another possible factor is that females in general tend to have lighter skin pigmentation, which is correlated with hair colour.

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Variation in hair colour is correlated with variation in eye and skin colour, though not perfectly. Some people with blonde hair have blue eyes, for example, but not all all of them. Also, the global variation in skin pigmentation shows a clear pattern that suggests it is an adaptation to ultraviolet radiation. Hair colour is not so obvious.

Current evidence indicates that there is a partial overlap in the genetic architecture of hair, eye and skin pigmentation, according to the paper newly published in Communications Biology.

Much of the interest, beyond pure science, is the application of this knowledge about pigmentation genetics to the understanding of skin cancers. Several genes associated with pigmentation are known to increase melanoma risk, for example.

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This genome-wide meta analyses of hair colour among 12,741 Canadians of European background was made possible by the Canadian Partnership For Tomorrows Health, known as CanPath. Using data collected from volunteers, the studys purpose is to offer health researchers around the world comprehensive genomic, clinical, behavioural and environmental data on 330,000 Canadians.

A similar project in Britain in 2018 noted that natural hair colour within European populations is strikingly variable. It found more than 200 genetic variants independently associated with multiple hair colours on the spectrum of blond to black, and learned that many of those genes are involved in hair growth and texture, not pigmentation. The authors suggested that perceived hair colour in fact arises from the complex interaction of pigmentation and shape, because of different refractive and reflective properties. Strands of blonde hair, for example, tend to be thinner than darker hair.

Curiously, the British study also found the male bias toward black hair, but it also found females were more likely to report blonde or red hair. The Canadian numbers do not seem to show this.

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International Symposium on Sorgner’s "We Have Always Been Cyborgs"Back to Events – Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies

Posted: November 8, 2021 at 2:02 am

Organized by JCUsGuarini Institute for Public Affairs(in cooperation with theHistory and Humanities Department), the InternationalSymposium on SorgnersWe Have Always Been Cyborgswill bring together a group of internationally renowned thinkers, academics, and intellectualsto discuss, analyze and reflect upon suggestions about values, norms, and utopia, as they were presented inProfessor Stefan Lorenz Sorgners latest monograph entitledWe Have Always Been Cyborgs(Bristol University Press 2022).

According to Julian Savulescu from the University of Oxford,We Have Always Been Cyborgsis an eye-opening, wide-ranging and all-inclusive study of transhumanism. Sorgners account avoids both the utopian trap and the bogeyman spectre. He makes a compelling case for placing ourselves on the transhuman spectrum. How we continue to use technologies is in our hands. Sorgners book is both a comprehensive introduction to transhumanist thought and a clear-sighted vision for its future realization. N. Katherine Hayles from the University of California, Los Angeles adds further that With an encyclopedic knowledge of transhumanism and a deep philosophical grounding, especially in Nietzschean thought, Stefan Sorgner tackles some of the most challenging ethical issues currently discussed, including gene editing, digital data collection, and life extension, with uncommon good sense and incisive conclusions. This study is one of the most detailed and comprehensive analyses available today. Highly recommended for anyone interested in transhumanist/posthumanist ideas and in these issues generally.

The blurbs by Katherine Hayles and Julian Savulescu provide an excellent summary of the myriad of topics, which will be analysed, discussed, and reflected upon in this ground-breaking international symposium. The discussants, who agreed to respond to Sorgners reflections are world-leading academics in the fields of political sciences, applied ethics, theology, as well as philosophy, i.e. Jennifer Merchant from the University of Paris 2, Benedikt Paul Gcke from the University of Bochum, Fr. Philip Larrey from the Pontifica Univerity Lateranense in Rome, Sarah Chan from the University of Edinburgh, Maurizio Balistreri from theUniversity of Turin, and Piergiorgio Donatelli from the Sapienza in Rome. Thus, the state of the arts of intellectual exchanges on transhumanism, critical posthumanism, and the ethics of gene technologies, digitalisation, and human-machine-interfaces will be critically dealt with during this event.

Program

You can access to more detailed information about the speakers in the file Speakers Biographies file located in the Additional Info tab down below.

Please send an email to reserve your spot and use your John Cabot University email address. If you are part of our study abroad programs, please state your university.

For those who cannot attend in person, the event will be streamed live onMetahumanities YouTube channel.

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As Facebook evolves to Meta, what is the future of consciousness and control? – Baptist News Global

Posted: November 8, 2021 at 2:02 am

On the heels of therecent whistleblower accusationsagainst Facebook, the social media company has decided to change its primary organizational name and logo.

Founder/CEO Mark Zuckerberg noted the irony of the name-change timing during the launch of Meta, Facebooks new parent company brand. With all the scrutiny and public debate, some of you might be wondering why were doing this right now, he acknowledged. The answer is that I believe that were put on this earth to create. I believe that technology can make our lives better. We live for what were building, and while we make mistakes, we keep learning and building and moving forward.

Late-night comedians have had a field day with the name change.Jimmy Fallon joked, This feels like when theres an E. Coli outbreak at a pizza place, and they just change the name from Sal & Tonys to Tony & Sals.Stephen Colbert added: So, weve reached the part of the movie where the corporation creates their own virtual world. What do you say we skip the whole robot uprising to harvest our organs and just jump straight into the Thunderdome?

Allison Morrow wrotefor CNN: No amount of corporate re-branding should let Zuck or anyone else off the hook for the real, tangible harms their product has manifested and continues to propagate without consequence.

But whatever one feels about Zuckerberg, Facebook or the role social media has played in our lives over the past decade, the vision Zuckerberg laid out for Meta goes far beyond a simple face-saving rebrand. His vision ultimately is about controlling evolution itself.

The evolution of connection

In his introductoryaddress, Zuckerberg explained: Our mission remains the same. Its still about bringing people together. We are still the company that designs technology around people, adding the most important experience of all is connecting with people.

But while the mission and the company remain the same, the way these connections happen is evolving.

The new Meta websiteopens with the statement: Connection is evolving and so are we. The metaverse is the next evolution of social connection. Our companys vision is to help bring the metaverse to life, so we are changing our name to reflect our commitment to this future.

Whatever the metaverse might be or become, Metas repetition of the word evolving and evolution should be noted. On its community page, Meta says it is about coming together to connect and create change. People are using Meta to connect and strengthen their communities. We change the game when we find each other. And people connecting lift up their communities.

Whatever the metaverse might be or become, Metas repetition of the word evolving and evolution should be noted.

These statements are not simply platitudes meant to target a younger, socially conscious audience. They tap into the story of the cosmos as an evolution of transcending wholeness.

The evolution of the cosmos

In the history of cosmic evolution, particles began to come together and connect. In their convergence, they created change by including and transcending each individual particle to create a greater whole called an atom. Then atoms repeated this process of connection with one another, which strengthened their community and changed again to transcend and to create a greater whole called a molecule.

This is the story of how our universe evolved to create stars, planets and galaxies. This is the story we carried within our bodies as we evolved to include and transcend into the complex relational network of mind and body we are today. This is exactly the story Meta is telling us it taps into, helping us come together to connect, strengthen our communities, and then lift up and transcend our communities together to create change in human consciousness.

The evolution of consciousness

Each stage in the evolution of human consciousness has been triggered by technology. As the first primates began making tools, humans evolved using technology to explore and expand our worlds. From about 64,000 B.C. to 800 B.C., our ancestors primarily lived as ritualistic tribes whose consciousness evolved toward a mythical relationship to the cosmos.

During the first millennium B.C., human consciousness shifted to a new level due to a complexity of factors including technology, socialization, urbanization, politicization and economics, reflecting a new sense of self in relation to the cosmos, notes Ilia Delio, a Catholic theologian with doctoral degrees in both theology and science.

During this time, the worlds major religions began to take form and people began to emerge from their tribes with a new sense of autonomy and individuality. Hierarchies also developed, which led to 3,000 years of violent, male-dominated power dynamics.

As individuals pursued rationality, they began to idealize a future of perfection that reminded them of their mythic past.

As individuals pursued rationality, they began to idealize a future of perfection that reminded them of their mythic past. Ernst Benz, a 20th century Eastern Orthodox historian, said, The founders of modern technology felt that justification of the most far-reaching aims of their technological efforts could be found in the destiny of man as image of God and his vocation as a fellow worker of God, to cooperate with God in the establishment of the kingdom and to share Gods power over nature. Zuckerberg seems to echo Benz as he casts his co-creating vision, in which people have been put on this earth to create.

However, as Christianity dealt with the insecurities of realizing the cosmos wasnt centered on Earth, many Christians began to disconnect from science and technology, choosing instead to deny science and to create other-worldly visions of ultimate hope.

But in the everyday world, technology began to replace religion. Now, ancient religious myths are replaced by techno myths and techno rituals the myth of super-intelligence, the myth of betterment, the myth of longevity, and the rituals of purchasing the technological means of enacting these myths, Delio observed.

The Jesuit priest and scientist Teilhard de Chardin recognized the invention of the computer would lead to a new evolution of consciousness toward a global, collective networked mind.

Teilhard recognized the evolving consciousness decades before social media developed. Today, scholars such as Delio believe a new type of person is evolving within an unprecedented grid of networked consciousness. InRe-Enchanting the Earth: Why AI Needs Religion, she writes, AI arose as natures cry for connectedness and wholeness, an effort to transcend our crippled individualism.

We stand at the precipice of an emerging consciousness unlike anything seen in human history.

The evolution of choice

As we evolve, we must choose how the virtual world will integrate with the real world. Zuckerberg explained: Youre going to be able to bring things from the physical world into the metaverse. Almost any type of media that can be represented digitally photos, videos, art, music, movies, books, games you name it. Lots of things that are physical today, like screens, will just be able to be holograms in the future.

Our choices will extend even to the people we allow into our lives. Youll get to decide when you want to be with other people, when you want to block someone from appearing in your space, or when you want to take a break and teleport to a private bubble to be alone, he said.

The more we become integrated with artificial intelligence, the faster our evolution will develop. And we will have to choose the direction of our evolution.

The more we become integrated with artificial intelligence, the faster our evolution will develop. And we will have to choose the direction of our evolution.Transhumanismarose in the 1950s as a vision to evolve thehomo sapieninto atechno sapien. By utilizing artificial intelligence, the transhumanist envisions a future where the human mind can be extracted from the body and exist forever in a virtual metaverse. However, while this vision may seem attractive to some, it becomes completely cut off from the natural world.

In contrast, Teilhard de Chardin envisionedultrahumanismas a new evolution of humanity, in which people embody the global, complex, computer networked mind and think in terms of the collective unity while remaining embodied in the world. Delio says the human body will extend to the whole electronically connected planet and the ego will embrace the All a oneness with all life in the cosmos.

As the individual ego expands to include the All, hierarchies will fall.

The evolution of control

In our previous stages of human consciousness, hierarchies based on gender, race, age, wealth and sexual orientation dominated the planet. In Zuckerbergs metaverse, all of these hierarchies, with their discriminating ethics, will begin to disappear.

The transition to a globalized, posthuman consciousness like the metaverse will utilize blockchain so that the control goes from a centralized, hierarchical power dynamic to a more widely spread access across traditional boundaries.

Were already beginning to see the playing field leveled through cryptocurrency, asAfrican crypto-artistsare able to build generational wealth and maintain control of their art in ways unavailable to them in our existing traditional hierarchies.

The evolution of Christianity

With all the talk about virtual reality and augmented reality, many people are concerned we will lose touch with reality, and with good reason. But many Christians have not accepted our current reality to begin with, because we still are stuck in the hierarchies of the past. Many of us are too busy pretending we live in a young, fallen, static, hierarchical universe rather than an ancient, converging, becoming universe. Evolution is speeding up, and religion is stuck in (an earlier) consciousness, Delio observes.

If church communities decline to engage the next stage in human evolution, they will be left behind.

If church communities decline to engage the next stage in human evolution, they will be left behind. However, if they participate in the convergence of an emerging, globalized person, many of their power dynamics will fall. How will a complementarian church determine only men are in charge in the metaverse, when peoples physical gender may not even be revealed? How would people tithe, when many of their assets are holograms? How would pastors hold people accountable to their expectations, when people can just block the church and join a new one with the swipe of a hand?

A centralized, hierarchical Christian institution will be incompatible with a decentralized, converging consciousness. However, Christianity could evolve to enhance the next stage of evolution if Christians are willing to adapt theology that already exists into this next phase.

Through the incarnation of Jesus, Christianity teaches God becomes embodied. So, biological roots possess divine value. Through the passion of Jesus, Christianity teaches suffering must be faced and entered into. Zuckerbergs vision suppresses suffering by allowing people to mask surroundings with an incredibly inspiring view of whatever you find most beautiful, and to simply block out of the universe anyone who is bothersome. And Christianity teaches the future is about the uniting of all things, the making of all things new. So, with Christianitys emphasis on incarnation, suffering, converging unity and renewal, it possesses the potential to participate in and enhance the next stage of human consciousness.

With Christianitys emphasis on incarnation, suffering, converging unity and renewal, it possesses the potential to participate in and enhance the next stage of human consciousness.

Christianitys liberation theologies can recognize and dismantle hierarchies. Its many centuries of mystics can walk with us toward converging unity with the All. If we can get over ourfear of empathy, we can enter into these new worlds to connect with people we would never meet otherwise, hear their stories and converge with them in empathy.

If Christian leaders can be bold enough to embrace our reality of a converging, evolving humanity and forsake all power dynamics of superiority and hierarchy, then Christian communities can play a vital role in our future.

As Ilia Delio says: Technology and religion must find each other for the good of the whole earth. To do this, institutional religion will have to let go of everything that prevents engagement in the dynamic flow of evolution, and technocrats must rethink their dystopia, disembodied ideals in view of whole-earth posthuman life.

Rick Pidcock is a freelance writer based in South Carolina. He is a former Clemons Fellow with BNG and recently completed a master of arts degree in worship from Northern Seminary. He is a stay-at-home father of five children and produces music under the artist name Provoke Wonder. Follow his blog at http://www.rickpidcock.com

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As Facebook evolves to Meta, what is the future of consciousness and control? - Baptist News Global

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Introduction to Stem Cell Therapy – PubMed Central (PMC)

Posted: November 8, 2021 at 2:01 am

J Cardiovasc Nurs. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 Jul 21.

Published in final edited form as:

PMCID: PMC4104807

NIHMSID: NIHMS100185

1Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago

2Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago

1Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago

2Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago

Stem cells have the ability to differentiate into specific cell types. The two defining characteristics of a stem cell are perpetual self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into a specialized adult cell type. There are two major classes of stem cells: pluripotent that can become any cell in the adult body, and multipotent that are restricted to becoming a more limited population of cells. Cell sources, characteristics, differentiation and therapeutic applications are discussed. Stem cells have great potential in tissue regeneration and repair but much still needs to be learned about their biology, manipulation and safety before their full therapeutic potential can be achieved.

Stem cells have the ability to build every tissue in the human body, hence have great potential for future therapeutic uses in tissue regeneration and repair. In order for cells to fall under the definition of stem cells, they must display two essential characteristics. First, stem cells must have the ability of unlimited self-renewal to produce progeny exactly the same as the originating cell. This trait is also true of cancer cells that divide in an uncontrolled manner whereas stem cell division is highly regulated. Therefore, it is important to note the additional requirement for stem cells; they must be able to give rise to a specialized cell type that becomes part of the healthy animal.1

The general designation, stem cell encompasses many distinct cell types. Commonly, the modifiers, embryonic, and adult are used to distinguish stem cells by the developmental stage of the animal from which they come, but these terms are becoming insufficient as new research has discovered how to turn fully differentiated adult cells back into embryonic stem cells and, conversely, adult stem cells, more correctly termed somatic stem cells meaning from the body, are found in the fetus, placenta, umbilical cord blood and infants.2 Therefore, this review will sort stem cells into two categories based on their biologic properties - pluripotent stem cells and multipotent stem cells. Their sources, characteristics, differentiation and therapeutic applications are discussed.

Pluripotent stem cells are so named because they have the ability to differentiate into all cell types in the body. In natural development, pluripotent stem cells are only present for a very short period of time in the embryo before differentiating into the more specialized multipotent stem cells that eventually give rise to the specialized tissues of the body (). These more limited multipotent stem cells come in several subtypes: some can become only cells of a particular germ line (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm) and others, only cells of a particular tissue. In other words, pluripotent cells can eventually become any cell of the body by differentiating into multipotent stem cells that themselves go through a series of divisions into even more restricted specialized cells.

During natural embryo development, cells undergo proliferation and specialization from the fertilized egg, to the blastocyst, to the gastrula during natural embryo development (left side of panel). Pluripotent, embryonic stem cells are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastoctyst (lightly shaded). Multipotent stem cells (diamond pattern, diagonal lines, and darker shade) are found in the developing gastrula or derived from pluripotent stem cells and are restricted to give rise to only cells of their respective germ layer.

Based on the two defining characteristics of stem cells (unlimited self-renewal and ability to differentiate), they can be described as having four outcomes or fates3 (). A common fate for multipotent stem cells is to remain quiescent without dividing or differentiating, thus maintaining its place in the stem cell pool. An example of this is stem cells in the bone marrow that await activating signals from the body. A second fate of stem cells is symmetric self-renewal in which two daughter stem cells, exactly like the parent cell, arise from cell division. This does not result in differentiated progeny but does increase the pool of stem cells from which specialized cells can develop in subsequent divisions. The third fate, asymmetric self-renewal, occurs when a stem cell divides into two daughter cells, one a copy of the parent, the other a more specialized cell, named a somatic or progenitor cell. Asymmetric self-renewal results in the generation of differentiated progeny needed for natural tissue development/regeneration while also maintaining the stem cell pool for the future. The fourth fate is that in which a stem cell divides to produce two daughters both different from the parent cell. This results in greater proliferation of differentiated progeny with a net loss in the stem cell pool.

Four potential outcomes of stem cells. A) Quiescence in which a stem cell does not divide but maintains the stem cell pool. B) Symmetric self-renewal where a stem cell divides into two daughter stem cells increasing the stem cell pool. C) Asymmetric self-renewal in which a stem cell divides into one differentiated daughter cell and one stem cell, maintaining the stem cell pool. D) Symmetric division without self-renewal where there is a loss in the stem cell pool but results in two differentiated daughter cells. (SC- Stem cell, DP-Differentiated progeny)

The factors that determine the fate of stem cells is the focus of intense research. Knowledge of the details could be clinically useful. For example, clinicians and scientists might direct a stem cell population to expand several fold through symmetrical self-renewal before differentiation into multipotent or more specialized progenitor cells. This would ensure a large, homogeneous population of cells at a useful differentiation stage that could be delivered to patients for successful tissue regeneration.

Pluripotent stem cells being used in research today mainly come from embryos, hence the name, embryonic stem cells. Pre-implantation embryos a few days old contain only 10-15% pluripotent cells in the inner cell mass (). Those pluripotent cells can be isolated, then cultured on a layer of feeder cells which provide unknown cues for many rounds of proliferation while sustaining their pluripotency.

Recently, two different groups of scientists induced adult cells back into the pluripotent state by molecular manipulation to yield induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) that share some of the same characteristics as embryonic stem cells such as proliferation, morphology and gene expression (in the form of distinct surface markers and proteins being expressed).4-8 Both groups used retroviruses to carry genes for transcription factors into the adult cells. These genes are transcribed and translated into proteins that regulate the expression of other genes designed to reprogram the adult nucleus back into its embryonic state. Both introduced the embryonic transcription factors known as Sox2 and Oct4. One group also added Klf4 and c-Myc4, and the other group added Lin28 and Nanog.6 Other combinations of factors would probably also work, but, unfortunately, neither the retroviral carrier method nor the use of the oncogenic transcription factor c-Myc are likely to be approved for human therapy. Consequently, a purely chemical approach to deliver genes into the cells, and safer transcription factors are being tried. Results of these experiments look promising.9

Multipotent stem cells may be a viable option for clinical use. These cells have the plasticity to become all the progenitor cells for a particular germ layer or can be restricted to become only one or two specialized cell types of a particular tissue. The multipotent stem cells with the highest differentiating potential are found in the developing embryo during gastrulation (day 14-15 in humans, day 6.5-7 in mice). These cells give rise to all cells of their particular germ layer, thus, they still have flexibility in their differentiation capacity. They are not pluripotent stem cells because they have lost the ability to become cells of all three germ layers (). On the low end of the plasticity spectrum are the unipotent cells that can become only one specialized cell type such as skin stem cells or muscle stem cells. These stem cells are typically found within their organ and although their differentiation capacity is restricted, these limited progenitor cells play a vital role in maintaining tissue integrity by replenishing aging or injured cells. There are many other sub-types of multipotent stem cells occupying a range of differentiation capacities. For example, multipotent cells derived from the mesoderm of the gastrula undergo a differentiation step limiting them to muscle and connective tissue; however, further differentiation results in increased specialization towards only connective tissue and so on until the cells can give rise to only cartilage or only bone.

Multipotent stem cells found in bone marrow are best known, because these have been used therapeutically since the 1960s10 (their potential will be discussed in greater detail in a later section). Recent research has found new sources for multipotent stem cells of greater plasticity such as the placenta and umbilical cord blood.11 Further, the heart, until recently considered void of stem cells, is now known to contain stem cells with the potential to become cardiac myocytes.12 Similarly, neuro-progenitor cells have been found within the brain.13

The cardiac stem cells are present in such small numbers, that they are difficult to study and their function has not been fully determined. The second review in this series will discuss their potential in greater detail.

Since Federal funding for human embryonic stem cells is restricted in the United States, many scientists use the mouse model instead. Besides their ability to self-renew indefinitely and differentiate into cell types of all three germ layers, murine and human pluripotent stem cells have much in common. It should not be surprising that so many pluripotency traits are conserved between species given the shared genomic sequences and intra-cellular structure in mammals. Both mouse and human cells proliferate indefinitely in culture, have a high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, need the support of growth factors derived from other live cells, and display similar surface antigens, transcription factors and enzymatic activity (i.e. high alkaline phosphatase activity).14 However, differences between mouse and human pluripotent cells, while subtle, are very important. Although the transcription factors mentioned above to induce pluripotency from adult cells (Oct3/4 and Sox2) are shared, the extracellular signals needed to regulate them differ. Mouse embryonic stem cells need the leukemia inhibitory factor and bone morphogenic proteins while human require the signaling proteins Noggin and Wnt for sustained pluripotency.15 Surface markers used to identify pluripotent cells also differ slightly between the two species as seen in the variants of the adhesion molecule SSEA (SSEA-1 in mouse, SSEA-3 & 4 in humans).16 Thus, while pluripotency research in mouse cells is valuable, a direct correlation to the human therapy is not likely.

Last, but certainly not least, a big difference between mouse and human stem cells are the moral and ethical dilemmas that accompany the research. Some people consider working with human embryonic stem cells to be ethically problematic while very few people have reservations on working with the mouse models. However, given the biological differences between human and mouse cells, most scientists believe that data relevant for human therapy will be missed by working only on rodents.

Cell surface markers are typically also used to identify multipotent stem cells. For example, mesenchymal stem cells can be purified from the whole bone marrow aspirate by eliminating cells that express markers of committed cell types, a step referred to as lineage negative enrichment, and then further separating the cells that express the sca-1 and c-Kit surface markers signifying mesenchymal stem cells. Both the lineage negative enrichment step and the sca-1/c-Kit isolation can be achieved by using flow cytometry and is discussed in further detail in the following review. The c-Kit surface marker also is used to distinguish the recently discovered cardiac stem cells from the rest of the myocardium. A great deal of recent work in cardiovascular research has centered on trying to find which markers indicate early multipotent cells that will give rise to pre-cardiac myocytes. Cells with the specific mesodermal marker, Kdr, give rise to the progenitor cells of the cardiovascular system including contracting cardiac myocytes, endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells and are therefore considered to be the earliest cells with specification towards the cardiovascular lineage.17 Cells at this early stage still proliferate readily and yet are destined to become cells of the cardiovascular system and so may be of great value therapeutically.

Scientists are still struggling to reliably direct differentiation of stem cells into specific cell types. They have used a virtual alphabet soup of incubation factors toward that end (including trying a variety of growth factors, chemicals and complex substrates on which the cells are grown), with, so far, only moderate success. As an example of this complexity, one such approach to achieve differentiation towards cardiac myocytes is to use the chemical activin A and the growth factor BMP-4. When these two factors are administered to pluripotent stem cells in a strictly controlled manner, both in concentration and temporally, increased efficiency is seen in differentiation towards cardiac myocytes, but still, only 30% of cells can be expected to become cardiac.18

Multipotent cells have also been used as the starting point for cell therapy, again with cocktails of growth factors and/or chemicals to induce differentiation toward a specific, desired lineage. Some recipes are simple, such as the use of retinoic acid to induce mesenchymal stem cells into neuronal cells,19 or transforming growth factor- to make bone marrow-derived stem cells express cardiac myocyte markers.20 Others are complicated or ill-defined such as addition of the unknown factors secreted by cells in culture. Physical as well as chemical cues cause differentiation of stem cells. Simply altering the stiffness of the substrate on which cells are cultured can direct stem cells to neuronal, myogenic or osteogenic lineages.21 Cells evolve in physical and chemical environments so a combination of both will probably be necessary for optimal differentiation of stem cells. The importance of physical cues in the cells environment will be discussed in greater detail in the final review of this series. Ideally, for stem cells to be used therapeutically, efficient, uniform protocols must be established so that cells are a well-controlled and well-defined entity.

Pluripotent stem cells have not yet been used therapeutically in humans because many of the early animal studies resulted in the undesirable formation of unusual solid tumors, called teratomas. Teratomas are made of a mix of cell types from all the early germ layers. Later successful animal studies used pluripotent cells modified to a more mature phenotype which limits this proliferative capacity. Cells derived from pluripotent cells have been used to successfully treat animals. For example, animals with diabetes have been treated by the creation of insulin-producing cells responsive to glucose levels. Also, animals with acute spinal cord injury or visual impairment have been treated by creation of new myelinated neurons or retinal epithelial cells, respectively. Commercial companies are currently in negotiations with the FDA regarding the possibility of advancing to human trials. Other animal studies have been conducted to treat several maladies such as Parkinsons disease, muscular dystrophy and heart failure.18,22,23

Scientists hope that stem cell therapy can improve cardiac function by integration of newly formed beating cardiac myocytes into the myocardium to produce greater force. Patches of cardiac myocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells can form viable human myocardium after transplantation into animals,24 with some showing evidence of electrical integration.25,26 Damaged rodent hearts showed slightly improved cardiac function after injection of cardiac myocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells.21 The mechanisms for the gain in function are not fully understood but it may be only partially due to direct integration of new beating heart cells. It is more likely due to paracrine effects that benefit other existing heart cells (see next review).

Multipotent stem cells harvested from bone marrow have been used since the 1960s to treat leukemia, myeloma and lymphoma. Since cells there give rise to lymphocytes, megakaryocytes and erythrocytes, the value of these cells is easily understood in treating blood cancers. Recently, some progress has been reported in the use of cells derived from bone marrow to treat other diseases. For example, the ability to form whole joints in mouse models27 has been achieved starting with mesenchymal stem cells that give rise to bone and cartilage. In the near future multipotent stem cells are likely to benefit many other diseases and clinical conditions. Bone marrow-derived stem cells are in clinical trials to remedy heart ailments. This is discussed in detail in the next review of this series.

Pluripotent and multipotent stem cells have their respective advantages and disadvantages. The capacity of pluripotent cells to become any cell type is an obvious therapeutic advantage over their multipotent kin. Theoretically, they could be used to treat diseased or aging tissues in which multipotent stem cells are insufficient. Also, pluripotent stem cells proliferate more rapidly so can yield higher numbers of useful cells. However, use of donor pluripotent stem cells would require immune suppressive drugs for the duration of the graft28 while use of autologous multipotent stem cells (stem cells from ones self) would not. This ability to use ones own cells is a great advantage of multipotent stem cells. The immune system recognizes specific surface proteins on cells/objects that tell them whether the cell is from the host and is healthy. Autologous, multipotent stem cells have the patients specific surface proteins that allow it to be accepted by the hosts immune system and avoid an immunological reaction. Pluripotent stem cells, on the other hand, are not from the host and therefore, lack the proper signals required to stave off rejection from the immune system. Research is ongoing trying to limit the immune response caused by pluripotent cells and is one possible advantage that iPS cells may have.

The promises of cures for human ailments by stem cells have been much touted but many obstacles must still be overcome. First, more human pluripotent and multipotent cell research is needed since stem cell biology differs in mice and men. Second, the common feature of unlimited cell division shared by cancer cells and pluripotent stem cells must be better understood in order to avoid cancer formation. Third, the ability to acquire large numbers of the right cells at the right stage of differentiation must be mastered. Fourth, specific protocols must be developed to enhance production, survival and integration of transplanted cells. Finally, clinical trials must be completed to assure safety and efficacy of the stem cell therapy. When it comes to stem cells, knowing they exist is a long way from using them therapeutically.

Supported by NIH (HL 62426 and T32 HL 007692)

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What is Stem Cell Therapy?

Posted: November 8, 2021 at 2:01 am

HUMAN CELLS AND TISSUE PRODUCTS (HCT/P) REGULATIONS

According to FDA 21 CFR 1271, an HCT/P is regulated solely under section 361 of the PHS Act and the regulations in this part if it meets all of the following criteria:

(1) The HCT/P is minimally manipulated;

(2) The HCT/P is intended for homologous use only, as reflected by the labeling, advertising, or other indications of the manufacturer's objective intent;

(3) The manufacture of the HCT/P does not involve the combination of the cells or tissues with another article, except for water, crystalloids, or a sterilizing, preserving, or storage agent, provided that the addition of water, crystalloids, or the sterilizing, preserving, or storage agent does not raise new clinical safety concerns with respect to the HCT/P; and

(4) Either: (i) The HCT/P does not have a systemic effect and is not dependent upon the metabolic activity of living cells for its primary function; or (ii) The HCT/P has a systemic effect or is dependent upon the metabolic activity of living cells for its primary function, and: (a) Is for autologous use; (b) Is for allogeneic use in a first-degree or second-degree blood relative; or (c) Is for reproductive use.

To learn more about FDA Regulations, please visit the following link: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=1271

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What is Stem Cell Therapy?

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Dream Body Clinic Stem Cell Therapy Stem Cells HGH

Posted: November 8, 2021 at 2:01 am

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy

At Dream Body Clinic we offer Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy Treatments for Autoimmune disorders, Chronic Degenerative disorders, Articulations, Cosmetic Issues and more.

What kind of stem cells are these?

Our Mesenchymal Stem Cells are derived from Umbilical cord (Wharton Jelly) and Placenta. All donors are under 30 years old and put through a stringent screening process to ensure we only have gold quality stem cells. This tissue that we derive from is the youngest possible source for stem cells. This means that the stem cells we administer are as young and healthy as possible. There is no chance of rejection as mesenchymal stem cells lack human leukocyte antigen (HLA). HLA is what the immune system looks for to detect intruders. Our stem cells are sourced in the best way possible and then cultivated to provide the tens of millions or hundreds of millions of stem cells needed for a successful stem cell therapy.

What Does Stem Cell Therapy Cost?

Stem Cell Anti-Aging Treatments

Our Mesenchymal Stem Therapy Treatments have many anti-aging benefits. We are able to effect the whole body with a stem cells anti-aging IV Treatment or focus on specific areas like the face or hair. The stem cells target inflammation and then fix the route cause. Chronic inflammation always speeds up aging so this is the first way anti-aging stem cells effect.Next they donate mitochondria to weak cells. The mitochondria are like the engines of the cells and by having fresh, new mitochondria they have more energy and work better. The stem cells have also been found to extend telomere length in at least 6 types of cells. It is believed that research will show they do this for even more cells.The stem cell facial treatment is able to restore collagen and fat below the surface of the skin. This fills in the lines and restores a youthful appearance. It also improves skin quality and thickness.The Stem Cell Hair Restoration Treatment allows hair follicles that are closing to re-open. They also help regenerate the existing hair. stem cell therapy for anti-aging is wonderful

Type 2 Diabetes Stem Cell Treatment

Our Diabetes Stem Cell Treatment is extremely effective at mitigating the negative effects of Type 2 diabetes. The mesenchymal stem cell treatment for Type 2 diabetes is an IV of 300 Million mesenchymal stem cells. These stem cells send out cytokines that effectively reprogram the immune system to protect the pancreas instead of attacking it. This leads to stabilized blood glucose levels and proper insulin response. A proper diet with low sugar and low fast carbohydrates is needed to maintain results, but the stem cell treatment has a profound effect on Type 2 diabetes. Learn more about our Type 2 Diabetes Stem Cell Therapy.

Type 2 Diabetes Stem Cell Treatment Studies

.All of these studies back up how effective mesenchymal stem cells are at treating type 2 diabetes. Learn more about Dream Body Clinics Type 2 Diabetes Stem Cell Treatment Here.

Lyme Disease Stem Cell Treatment

Our Lyme Disease Stem Cell Treatment is extremely effective at mitigating the negative effects of Lyme disease. The mesenchymal stem cell treatment for Lyme disease is an IV of 300 Million mesenchymal stem cells. These stem cells send out cytokines that effectively reprogram the immune system to protect the body instead of attacking it. This leads to feeling normal again. Learn more about our Lyme Disease Stem Cell Treatment.

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Our HGH Legal Fly & Buy Program is our longest running program that we have been doing for 8 years. It is legal to seek medical treatment abroad and return home with any prescribed medication. We start with a blood panel to make sure you are healthy and then prescribe the HGH to meet your country of origins law. For the USA that is 50 dose units and the rest of the world is a 90 day supply. We can legally send you home with up to 720 IU of pharmaceutical HGH like Norditropin HGH, Genotropin HGH or Humatrope HGH. That is enough for 2IU a day for a year. Learn more about our HGH Legal Fly & Buy Program.

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Our Genotropin HGH Legal Fly & Buy Program is the best. We can legally send you home with up to 720 IU of Genotropin HGH. Enough for 2IU a day for a year. Buy HGH the legal way. Learn more about our Genotropin HGH Legal Fly & Buy Program.

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Stem Cell Therapy Research

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CAR T-cell therapy: Hear from a Canadian patient – CTV News

Posted: November 8, 2021 at 2:01 am

TORONTO -- Owen Snider was given as little as three months to live. His blood cancer had returned and the prognosis was not good. The news, delivered over the phone during the height of the early pandemic lockdown in spring 2020, was devastating.

The Ottawa-area retiree began putting his affairs in order, preparing for what appeared to be inevitable.

It was terrible, his wife Judith Snider told CTV News. But we finally decided that what we had to do was to live each day not to look forward to the end, but to look forward to tomorrow.

And yet, a year later, Snider is alive -- transformed, even -- and his non-Hodgkins lymphoma is in remission. His second chance is all thanks to a promising, Canadian-run program for cancer treatment called CAR T-cell therapy.

Snider became one of the first patients to participate in a national research program that is assessing whether this experimental treatment can be done safely in Canada and cheaper than in the U.S., where costs can run upwards of half a million dollars per patient.

I think I am a pretty successful lab rat, Snider, who previously endured chemotherapy treatments and a stem cell transplant, said in an interview.

Thirty days after treatment, the lymphoma was gone. So how can you not be happy about that?

CAR T-cell therapy is a type of gene therapy that trains or engineers a patients own immune system to recognize cancerous cells. A type of white blood cell, called a T-cell, is a key component of a bodys immune system. They are developed from stem cells in the bone marrow and help fight infection and disease by searching and targeting specific foreign substances, known as antigens, in the body.

The protein receptors on T cells bind to the protein antigens on the surfaces of foreign particles that fit those receptors, like a lock and key. The foreign substance is eradicated once their antigens are bound to a T-cell. But blood cancer cells are normal cells that undergo mutations, so they are not recognized as a foreign threat to the body. In other words, T-cells generally do not have the right receptor key to fit with the antigens of a cancer cell.

CAR T-cell therapy modifies the cells so they are able to identify the cancer cells and destroy them. Its a labour-intensive process that involves taking blood from a patient and separating the T-cells. Then scientists add a gene to the cells that gives them instructions to develop an artificial receptor called a chimeric antigen receptor, or CAR.

We actually take the T-cells out and we modify them in the lab and put them back into the patient. So now they're able to recognize the cancer and kill it off, explained Dr. Kevin Hay, Medical Director for Clinical Cell Therapy with BC Cancer.

I think we're just at the cusp of really understanding what this is going to do for patients in the future.

The therapy is a labour-intensive process -- Snider's cells were shipped to Victoria, B.C to be processed in a special lab facility, then shipped back to Ottawa about a week later, where they were infused back into his body.

The treatment is still being studied, but is already available for some cancers in the U.S. and Canada at a steep price.

Researchers began trials in Canada in 2019 to see if it could be done domestically at a lower cost, highlighting the importance of having key medical production and therapies available in Canada.

We knew we had to do domestic manufacturing and if we've learned anything from COVID-19, it's that domestic capability is really important when it comes to science and medicine, and this is a perfect example of that, said Dr. Natasha Kekre, a hematologist and lead researcher on the trail based at the Ottawa Hospital.

Progress was impacted slightly by the pandemic, but Snider was fortunate enough to participate and is the first patient to come forward to discuss their experience and why he hopes the program will expand across Canada to help others dealing with otherwise untreatable forms of cancer.

Scientists are hoping to release more data in the coming months -- more than 20 patients have been treated so far, according to Dr. Kekre.

This is hopefully just the beginning for us. So this first trial was a foundation to prove that we could actually manufacture T cells, that we could do this in a clinical trial. And so this trial will remain open for patients who are in need, she said.

So absolutely we feel like were opening a door.

Snider's first experience with cancer treatment was more than a decade ago, in 2010, when he underwent a powerful and aggressive chemotherapy regimen that helped him stay cancer-free for six years.

But the treatment was so harsh that when his cancer came back in 2016, doctors told him he could not go through that kind of chemotherapy again. Instead, Snider underwent a stem cell transplant, which gave him another four years without cancer, until April 2020.

This time the outlook was grim, so doctors decided to try and get him into the CAR T-cell trials that started just before the pandemic hit. The study was specifically for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkins lymphoma who were not responding to other treatments.

Snider said the entire process was a walk in the park compared to what he had gone through before. He was given a mild chemotherapy treatment for three days while his T-cells were being modified in a lab on the other side of the country.

[The T-cells] went to work right away. There's a period of time where there's a lot going on inside fighting each other and that sort of thing. You don't feel great or you don't really know how you feel, Snider described. The treatment was met with outstanding success.

And in 30 days, there was no lymphoma. I couldn't believe it.

For Dr. Kekre, the results bring hope. Snider has done quite well and does not have any evidence of lymphoma at the moment, she said.

I'm unfortunately in a business where I often have to give bad news, and it is really motivating and exciting to be able to offer therapies to patients who didn't have options and to make them better, she said.

The trial is currently at the stage where scientists are making sure the product remains safe. Side-effects can include neurotoxicity, which harms the nervous system, and cytokine release syndrome, which triggers an acute system-wide inflammatory response that can result in organs not functioning properly. But so far researchers have, for the most part, been able to manage and reverse any side effects.

With such promising outcomes for patients who otherwise had no options left, researchers are talking about expanding these studies across Canada and to other forms of cancer. For now, the lab in Victoria is the only facility equipped to make these cell modifications.

I think its really going to be revolutionary with how we treat cancer in the future, not just blood cancers, but all cancers, said Dr. Hay.

Today, Snider is healthy and strong, even able to chop wood at his home near Ottawa. He and his wife Judith, a retired federal judge, are enjoying life anew.

It certainly has given us a future that we didnt know we had, she said.

The treatment not only bought Snider extra time, but also significantly improved his quality of life.

What was given to me is practically a normal life, he added.

It's really just transformed, not just extended, but transformed my life.

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