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Ting Earns 2021 ICIS-Pfizer Award for Excellence in Interferon and Cytokine Research | Newsroom – UNC Health and UNC School of Medicine

Posted: June 23, 2021 at 2:18 am

Jenny Ting, PhD, has been chosen as the 2021 ICIS-Pfizer Award winner in recognition of her outstanding discoveries in the fields of immunology, molecular biology, genomics, and microbiology, and especially for her observations regarding the control of immunity which impact a wide variety of diseases.

Jenny Ting, PhD, the Kenan Professor of Genetics at the UNC School of Medicine, director of the Center for Translational Immunology, and Immunology Program co-leader at the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center at UNC-Chapel Hill, has been chosen as the 2021 ICIS-Pfizer Award winner in recognition of her outstanding discoveries in the fields of immunology, molecular biology, genomics, and microbiology, and especially for her observations regarding the control of immunity which impact a wide variety of diseases. Combining her knowledge of cytokine regulation and function with state-of-the-art approaches to unravel the immunologic basis for inflammation in infection, inflammatory diseases and cancer, Dr. Ting has elevated worldwide research on interferons and cytokines, most notably through her seminal work in NLRs that in many ways started the field of NOD-like receptor proteins.

As an active member of the cytokine community working on various aspects of cytokine biology since 1984, Dr. Tings focus for the last 25 years has been on understanding how cytokines such as interleukin-1 and type I Interferons are regulated during immune activation and how these cytokines in turn regulate the immune response to a plethora of diseases including inflammatory diseases, autoimmunity, metabolic diseases, neuroinflammation, cancer and infection by bacterial and viral pathogens. Her work has focused on the events that lead to the development of protective immunity as well as to understanding how cytokine dysregulation leads to an array of chronic inflammatory diseases. While most of her early research focused on the regulation of cytokine-induced major histocompatibility complex class II and the function of immune genes in brain glial cells, her pioneering work on pattern recognition receptors, especially the role of the NOD like receptor superfamily as sensors of microbial infection and sterile inflammation is perhaps her most significant and impactful contributions to the field of immunology.

This body of work coupled with her curiosity, generosity, and mentoring skills, has led to other equally path-breaking observations relevant to cytokine biology and human diseases. Her lab was amongst the first to describe the NLR family of proteins. These studies have been extended in many different ways to define NLRs and other novel intracellular sensors that respond to viral and intracellular bacterial infections. Since her early work identifying the CATERPILLER family (NLR family), Dr. Ting has worked steadfastly to identify the molecular mechanisms regulating these proteins and their ability to induce inflammasome formation, regulate interferon and inflammatory cytokines, impact microbiota and alter immunometabolism. Her lab has also shown the relevance of some of the NLRs in adaptive immune cells to alter T effector cells. These efforts have led to a large body of literature from her lab linking NLRs to the regulation of both inflammasome NLRs and non-inflammasome NLRs in a wide range of disorders. This body of work has provided compelling data to suggest that therapeutic targeting of NLRP3 and related inflammasomes could be a viable therapeutic approach for the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory diseases. Indeed, several biotech companies are exploring this issue now.

Dr. Ting will give her ICIS-Pfizer Award Presentation at Cytokines 2021 Hybrid Meeting on October 17, 2021 on: The all-encompassing importance of innate immune receptors.

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Half of Portland areas 22 top National Merit winners hail from just 2 schools – OregonLive

Posted: June 23, 2021 at 2:18 am

Across metro Portland, 22 students from 10 public and private high schools have won the coveted $2,500 National Merit scholarships given to students who show exceptional promise.

Half of those 2021 winners attended just two high schools: Sunset and Westview, both in the Beaverton School District.

Three other high schools had two winners each: the private Jesuit and Catlin Gabel schools and Lake Oswego High.

Winners of the $2,500 scholarships are judged the best of the best among National Merit Scholars, with what the scholarship organization says are the strongest combination of accomplishments, skills and potential for success in college. Panels of high school counselors and college admission officers pick them based on grades, difficulty of courses taken, standardized test scores, an essay and recommendations from a teacher and their high school.

Normally, as happened this year, National Merit officials limit that to 26 students across Oregon. In addition to the 22 winners from the Portland area, students in Ashland, Bend, Eugene and Silverton also made the elite achiever list.

The National Merit Corporation provides extremely limited information about winners, and The Oregonian/OregonLive found most of this information through independent research. Some school officials, including those at Sunset High, did not respond to requests for information about their winning students.

Here are the winning Portland-area students with additional information as available:

Catlin Gabel

Sophie Kruse, senior class president at Catlin Gabel, is headed to Columbia University to study engineering.

Sophia Kruse

She was a state leader in the Students Demand Action office, which mobilizes and educates voters about gun violence, and was elected senior class president at Catlin Gabel. She competed for four years as a member of Lincoln Highs varsity lacrosse team and was named player of the year in Portland Public Schools her senior year. She competed on Catlins cross country team and its soccer team, which won two state championships. She worked on her schools environmental action team all four years of high school. She will attend Columbia University, where she plans to study engineering.

Tiffany Toh, a standout in debat and robotics, is headed to Yale University.

Tiffany Toh

During high school, she was interested in music and debate and was known for being extremely energetic, according to the Catlin website. She served as a three-year member and eventual co-leader of the winning robotics team, The Flaming Chickens. She was a member of the varsity swim team and served as a school ambassador. As a senior, she was named one of 10 Deans List students among 90,000 who competed in events leading to the international high school robotics competition. She is headed to Yale University and told National Merit officials she is likely to major in biomedical engineering.

Krishna Home school

Gopal Goel, who placed fourth in the nation's oldest and most prestigious math and science competition for high school seniors, is headed to MIT to study math and physics.

Gopal Goel

He won $100,000 the nations oldest and most prestigious science and math competition for high school seniors for math research that made connections between two subjects regarding randomness and probability. He told contest organizers he hopes his work will aid in the search for the true nature of quantum gravity, more commonly known as the theory of everything. He can solve a Rubiks cube even while blindfolded. He won a silver medal at the 2020 International Math Olympiad. He mentored students on the U.S. Physics Olympiad team. He is headed to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, better known as MIT, and plans to study math and physics.

Jesuit

Eliza Daigle, who reveled in lacrosse, science and volunteerism during high school, is headed to Whitman College, where she plans to study biochemistry and related fields.

Eliza Daigle

She earned class academic achievement awards in science and Spanish. She served as co-captain of the womens varsity lacrosse team, which won its first state championship in 2019 and won again this year. She took part in Oregon Health & Science Universitys partnership in scientific inquiry program, which introduces high school students to the scientific process and laboratory research. In turn, she served as a co-leader of Jesuits junior scientists program, which aims to encourage a love of science through fun experiments that develop problem solving and critical thinking skills. She volunteered at Trinity Episcopal Cathedral and contributed more than 100 hours of service to Good Samaritan Medical Center. She is headed to Whitman College, where she will play lacrosse and plans to major in biochemistry, biophysics and molecular biology.

Passionate about computer science, problem solving and research, Marissa Kuo is headed to Santa Clara University to study computer science and engineering.

Marissa Kuo

She received the outstanding applied chemistry award from the Portland chapter of the American Chemical Society at the Northwest Science Fair for her research on green chemistry methods for degrading neurotoxic herbicides. She interned at Portland State University in a computer science lab where she studied computer algorithms for night vision. She helped lead her schools Asian Student Union and research club. She competed on the Jesuit swim team. Passionate about computer science, problem solving, and research, she is headed to Santa Clara University to study computer science and engineering.

Lakeridge

Roselyn Dai

She volunteered as a peer intervention specialist at the Portland-based teen crisis hotline YouthLine and was honored by the Oregon Chinese Coalition for her volunteerism. She also volunteered at two local medical centers and was a multi-year member of her schools speech and debate team. She told National Merit officials she is likely to study medicine.

Lake Oswego

Jackie Booth, who played varsity tennis and taught younger students math for three years, is headed to the University of Southern California.

Jaqueline Jackie Booth

She competed all four years on the varsity tennis team and volunteered regularly at Portland Rescue Mission and other community organizations. She co-led the schools fellowship club and worked as a math instructor at Mathnasium Learning Center since her sophomore year. She is headed to the University of Southern California, where she plans to major in philosophy, politics and law.

George Danzelaud, a poet, violin player, singer-songwriter and varsity sprinter, is headed to the University of Southern California to study business and computer science.Randal Leitch Photography

George Danzelaud

A varsity sprinter who loves both science and the arts, he was elected president of his senior class. He performed a virtual concert with his brother to raise money for the Oregon Humane Society in the wake of last summers deadly wildfires. He performed solo violin at Carnegie Hall, won a gold award for his poetry and is a self-taught guitarist and singer who published three songs on iTunes and Spotify. He is headed to the University of Southern California and plans to double major in computer science and business.

Oregon Episcopal School

Lila Schweinfurth

She was the state winner of U.S. Stockholm Junior Water Prize. Her research on predicting harmful algal blooms to improve water quality also put her among the five Oregon students named semifinalists in the nations oldest and most prestigious math and science compeitions for high school seniors. She plays violin and plans to study science and prepare for a career involving research, according to National Merit officials.

Sunset

Anika Gupta is passionate about the real-world applications of science and technology and has deeply researched aquaponics in pursuit of sustainably growing food. She will attend the University of Southern California, where she plans to double major in business and computer science.

Anika Gupta

Anika Gupta is passionate about equity and real-world applicability of science and technology. Four years ago, she started a classroom aquaponics project that shes since grown into a bioengineering syllabus used by more than 700 student researchers. Shes working alongside the NASA Ames Research Center to learn to grow food sustainably. Anika also co-founded Project Portland Carry, a nonprofit to support students during COVID through educational helplines and accessible lunch delivery. As president of the Sunset speech and debate club, Anika rebuilt her club amid what she called existential challenges and led Sunset to a state championship victory this spring. She personally was named Oregons top extemporaneous speaker. She is also a recipient of the prestigious Coca-Cola Scholarship. She is headed to the University of Southern California, where she plans to study business and computer science.

Amuthan Amu Ilavarasan

He won a scholarship for winning an art competition. He designs and sells t-shirts. He told National Merit officials he was likely to study environmental science.

Eric Kim conducted two years of research on bioinformatics at Oregon Health & Science University, plays clarinet and is a competitive Taekwondo sparring athlete. He is headed to Columbia University.

Eric Kim

He founded and led the Sunset Science Ambassadors program that matches high school science scholars with fifth-graders to mentor them through hands-on science projects. He is one of five Oregon students named a Regeneron Scholar for his biology research as part of the nations oldest and most prestigious science and math competitions for high school seniors. A longtime volunteer for hard-of-hearing individuals, he designed see-through face masks to aid their communication during the pandemic and helped people all over the country get materials and instructions needed to make them. He conducted two years of research on bioinformatics at Oregon Health & Science University, plays clarinet and is a competitive Taekwondo sparring athlete. He is headed to Columbia University.

Kevin Seog led Oregon's top team in the Tests of Engineering Aptitude, Mathematics, and Science contest in 2020 and 2021. He is headed to Berkeley, where he plans to double major in business and computer science.

Kevin Minjay Seog

He co-led Oregons top team in the Tests of Engineering Aptitude, Mathematics, and Science contest this spring and last. He provided illustrations for a college-level economics book focusing on risk and insurance. He plays piano and guitar. He is headed to the University of California, Berkeley, where he intends to double major in computer science and business.

Stan Wing founded and led a nonprofit dedicated to providing free debate opportunities to middle schoolers across Oregon. He is headed to New York Universitys Stern School of Business to study business with concentrations in finance and econometrics.

Stanley Wang

During high school, he honed his skills as a landscape and portrait photographer. He competed as a member of Sunsets golf team. His primary extracurricular involvement during high school was with Health Occupations Students of America, an organization that holds state and international business competitions and conferences for high school students and its health careers counterpart. He helped found and served as president of the Oregon Middle School Speech and Debate League, a nonprofit dedicated to providing free debate opportunities to middle schoolers across Oregon. He is headed to New York Universitys Stern School of Business to study business with concentrations in finance and econometrics.

Lele Yang was a frequent volunteer during high school, including leading a group that taught computer science lessons to middle and high school students. She is headed to Penn State University, where she will take part in an accelerated premedical and medical program.

Lele Zixin Yang

Yang was president of Tech4Girls, in which she taught computer science lessons to middle and high school students. She gathered resources and grants for the program and also trained student teachers to help with the classes. She is an artist and a competitive fencer. Yang will enter the accelerated premedical-medical program at Penn State University in the fall.

Tualatin

Aven Sadighi, who competed in sports and business, is headed to Oregon State Universitys Honors College to study computer science with a focus on artificial intelligence.

Aven Sadighi

The Tualatin High valedictorian volunteered for three years tutoring fellow students. He competed and medaled at the 2020 Health Occupations Students of America state conference. He spent three years as a member of Pack Leaders, the student group that aids incoming freshmen in navigating their first year of high school. He competed freshman year in cross country, baseball and track and spent many hours volunteering in the community as a member of the National Honors Society. Hes headed to Oregon State Universitys Honors College to study computer science with a focus on artificial intelligence.

West Linn

Gillian Herbert

Herbert plans to study public policy in college, National Merit officials indicated.

Westview

Sangana Ilango

Ilango won a Congressional App Challenge for her mobile phone application, Spoiler Alert!, that helps consumers determine if food and medications are safe to use. She founded a club called CodeHERS to help encourage elementary girls to try computer coding. She worked as a research assistant at Oregon Health & Science University in summer 2019, interned at Mentor Graphics in summer 2020 and is interning with the product management team at Oregon Sesame this summer. Shes headed to the University of Southern California and will major in computer science.

Adam Jones

He conducted genomic research in Portland State Universitys Extreme Virus Lab. He competed at least one year for his high schools baseball, track and soccer teams. He is likely to study engineering in college, according to National Merit officials.

Pranav Mandyam, who placed in the top 10 in an international high school competition for biomedical laboratory science, is headed to Rice University to study cell biology and genetics.

Pranav Mandyam

He was named one of the top 10 National finalists biomedical laboratory sciences by the Health Occupations Students of America. He likely plans to major in cell biology, National Merit officials said.

Sophie Ong competed in speech and debate and did two years of research analyzing cancer genome databases and studying the impact of mRNA on tumors. At the University of California, Los Angeles, she plans to study genetics and related fields on a premed track.

Sophia Joy Ong

She competed as a member of Westviews speech and debate team. She served as co-president of Westviews chapter of Health Occupations Students of America and won that groups state championship in prepared speaking. She conducted research on cancer for two years at Oregon Health & Science University. She was also a captain of the school speech and debate team and competed at tournaments on both the state and national level. She is an avid guitar player and holds a third degree black belt in taekwondo. Shes headed to the University of California, Los Angeles, to study microbiology, immunology, and molecular genetics.

John Wang

He competed in and volunteered at many middle and high school robotics competitions, including serving as captain of his high school team. He competed as a member of Westviews varsity cross country and track teams. He was captain of the science club and president of the schools quiz bowl team, according to his profile on LinkedIn. He helped conduct research as an intern at Portland State Universitys Extreme Virus Lab. He is likely to study bioinformatics in college, National Merit officials said.

Note: If you know, or better are, one of these students, and I dont have a photo or full information, please contact me so I can make the coverage more complete.

-- Betsy Hammond; betsyhammond@oregonian.com; @chalkup

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Inari Medical Appoints Outset Medical Executive Rebecca Chambers to Board of Directors – BioSpace

Posted: June 23, 2021 at 2:18 am

IRVINE, Calif., June 22, 2021 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) --Inari Medical. (NASDAQ: NARI) (Inari) a medical device company focused on developing products to treat and transform the lives of patients suffering from venous diseases, today announced the appointment of Ms. Rebecca Chambers to its board of directors. Ms. Chambers also will serve as a member of the Audit Committee. Ms. Chambers, currently Chief Financial Officer of Outset Medical, Inc., brings more than a decade of healthcare leadership experience. Over the course of her career, Ms. Chambers has led numerous financial functions as well as served in leadership roles in investor relations for publicly traded companies in the healthcare space.

We are pleased to welcome Rebecca as a new independent director to our board. Her extensive healthcare leadership experience in high growth companies will be a valuable asset to Inari as we continue revolutionizing the treatment of venous thromboembolism, said Bill Hoffman, Inaris Chief Executive Officer.

Since June 2019, Ms. Chambers has served as the Chief Financial Officer of Outset Medical, Inc., a NASDAQ listed medical technology company pioneering a novel technology to reduce the cost and complexity of dialysis. Prior to that, she was at Illumina, a NASDAQ listed genetic tools company, where she served in a number of roles: as the Vice President, Financial Planning and Analysis from July 2017 to May 2019, as Vice President, Investor Relations and Treasury from April 2015 to June 2017, and as Senior Director, Investor Relations from October 2012 to April 2015. Previously, Ms. Chambers served as Head of Investor Relations and Corporate Communications at Myriad Genetics, a NASDAQ listed molecular diagnostic company, from January 2011 to October 2012, and in various roles in investor relations at Life Technologies, a biotechnology company, from May 2009 to December 2010. She also previously held positions with Bank of America, a financial services company, and Millennium Pharmaceuticals, a biopharmaceutical company that was acquired by Takeda Pharmaceuticals Co. Ms. Chambers holds a B.S. from John Carroll University and an M.B.A. from The S.C. Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University.

About Inari Medical, Inc.Inari Medical, Inc. is a medical device company focused on developing products to treat and transform the lives of patients suffering from venous diseases. Inari has developed two minimally-invasive, novel catheter-based mechanical thrombectomy devices that are designed to remove large clots from large vessels and eliminate the need for thrombolytic drugs. The company purpose-built its products for the specific characteristics of the venous system and the treatment of the two distinct manifestations of venous thromboembolism, or VTE: deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The ClotTriever system is 510(k)-cleared by the FDA and CE Mark approved for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis. The FlowTriever system is 510(k)-cleared by the FDA and CE Mark approved for the treatment of pulmonary embolism and clot in transit in the right atrium.

Investor Contact:Westwicke PartnersCaroline CornerPhone +1-415-202-5678caroline.corner@westwicke.com

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Minuteman Press Franchise in Bellingham Helps Buzzing Local Economy Recover from Pandemic – WhatTheyThink

Posted: June 23, 2021 at 2:18 am

Bellingham, Wash. & Seattle For Michael Tilley and his team at Minuteman Press in Bellingham, the COVID-19 pandemic brought forth unprecedented challenges but also new opportunities for growth as an essential printing business. Michael says, Early on, a lot of our clients asked us if we were open. They were happy to know we were still operating and able to help them communicate to their customers that they were open as well. We put renewed emphasis on fast turnaround and timely delivery, which really set us apart since they knew they could rely on us.

By remaining open and operating, Minuteman Press in Bellingham supported a wide range of businesses and groups that relied on print and marketing to keep the community informed. Michael says, The way we kept growing during the pandemic was that we offered products and services for other essential businesses. We worked with local restaurants, fire departments, police departments, hospitals, schools, and other vital organizations. They all needed signage and direct mail campaigns to promote updated guidelines for employees, customers, patients, and students. We were glad to be able to help spread the word.

Today, as more businesses reopen, Minuteman Press is ready to help them ramp up their advertising and marketing efforts. Michael explains, As businesses come back, we are helping them by providing fresh banners, window graphics, flags, and full-color photos on windows. Weve also been printing packaging materials such as labels, tags, boxes, and information sheets. Another popular service we provide is dye sublimation, which enables us to produce custom mugs and branded apparel.

Another way that local businesses can engage and connect with customers right now is by utilizing direct mail campaigns. Michael says, Direct mail was and is getting more popular because it allows businesses and groups to reach out to their target audiences and reinforce operational updates. Weve produced a combination of newsletters, postcards, and letters for local governments, local tribes, non-profit groups, and for-profit businesses.

Its been really great to see more businesses reopen and recover, especially those that were impacted. The local economy is buzzing again and we are getting even busier. -Michael Tilley, owner, Minuteman Press franchise, Bellingham, Washington

As a local small business owner himself, Michael can empathize with his clients and share his own insights from the past year. He says, The most important thing to do is reach out to your current and former customers. Let them know you are there and engage with them. We have developed a multi-faceted marketing plan that includes phone calls, emails, direct mail, Instagram, and LinkedIn. Because weve done it ourselves and have found success, we know it can work for our clients and other local businesses.

Print is a vital marketing channel that can be used in conjunction with digital to deliver tangible results. Michael explains, I think one aspect of this is that the pandemic jogged us back into a physical reality. We are physical beings and we are not cyber creatures. It made people pay more attention to print and how its all around us. Our ability to produce tangible printed items that people can see, feel, and connect with is a real benefit to my business. The printing industry in general makes sure business customers get what they need. Its great to be able to rely on something when the worlds a little bit sideways.

Michael has owned Minuteman Press in Bellingham since September 2014. He shares, Previously, I was a biology professor and I have a PhD in molecular genetics. I lived in Missouri and I moved to Bellingham to be closer to my children, which was the driving force behind switching careers. I was new to owning a business so I wanted to go into something with a framework in place. I bought an established Minuteman Press franchise and liked the potential to build on the existing customer base.

By providing ongoing local support, Minuteman Press International helped Michael transition from his prior career to becoming a business owner in a totally new industry. He says, The support has been really solid all the way around. My Regional Vice President Chris Jutt and Area Manager Jayson Kraus have been great. I can call them anytime and they have been a great resource. I also enjoy the fact that we are provided with marketing strategies, content, and product ideas that we are free to use but that we also have enough freedom to run our franchise the way we see fit. Minuteman Press offers a solid system with a lot of knowledge behind it.

Michael reflects on his time as a business owner, saying, I enjoy the fact that the work I do has a direct impact on how the company performs. I feel its important to have the right staff in place and to also manage the team properly. I have a staff of seven and I know that happy employees do a great job. The satisfaction I get from running my business the right way and growing a successful company is the ultimate reward.

As for what advice he would give to other local business right now, Michael shares, Things are opening up, and business is going to start getting much busier for everyone. Act now so you dont fall behind the curve. Have you worked out what your marketing plan is going to be when things do ramp up? Be prepared organizationally and develop a coherent marketing strategy across all different touchpoints. From web to print, be consistent with your branding and your messaging.

Minuteman Press in Bellingham is located at 4025 Iron Gate Rd., Bellingham, WA 98226. For more information, call 360-738-3539 or visit https://www.bellingham.minutemanpress.com. Learn more about #1 rated Minuteman Press franchise opportunities at https://minutemanpressfranchise.com.

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CORRECTING and REPLACING Alchemab Therapeutics Appoints Douglas A. Treco, PhD as Chief Executive Officer – Business Wire

Posted: June 23, 2021 at 2:18 am

CAMBRIDGE, England and BOSTON--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Eighth paragraph, first sentence line should read: In April 2021, Alchemab raised $82 million in a Series A financing led by RA Capital and joined by Lightstone Ventures, DHVC, and DCVC Bio. (instead of In April 2021, Alchemab raised $82 million in a Series A financing led by RA Capital and joined by Lightstone Ventures, DHVC, and Data Collective VC Bio).

The updated release reads:

ALCHEMAB THERAPEUTICS APPOINTS DOUGLAS A. TRECO, PHD AS CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

Industry Veteran Brings Experience and Proven Track Record of Success

Plans for Management Team Expansion and Global Reach Through Newly Established U.S. Office

Alchemab Therapeutics, a biotechnology company focused on the discovery and development of naturally-occurring protective antibodies in neurodegeneration and oncology, today announced the appointment of Douglas A. Treco, PhD as Chief Executive Officer. Dr. Treco will join the Companys Board of Directors and will be based in Boston, Massachusetts.

Were excited that Doug will bring his extensive experience to our leadership team as we seek to grow our highly differentiated platform, said Houman Ashrafian, BM BCh, DPhil, Managing Partner at SV Health Investors and Chairman of Alchemabs Board of Directors. Our goal is to develop a world class management team with footprints on both sides of the Atlantic and broaden the Companys exposure to US investigators, investors, and potential employees.

Most recently, Dr. Treco was Co-Founder, President, and Chief Executive Officer of Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biotechnology company focused on peptide and small molecule inhibitors of the complement pathway. The company was acquired in April 2020 by UCB S.A. for $2.5 billion.

Alchemabs approach of identifying protective antibodies truly changes the game in terms of creating the next major antibody therapeutics company, said Dr. Treco. We believe this platform gives us a unique ability to develop a robust pipeline of truly innovative neurodegenerative and oncology medicines.

Doug has a proven track record of building successful life science companies and were pleased to team up with him again, said Andrew Levin, MD, PhD, Managing Director at RA Capital. In addition, Alchemab has tremendous scientific leadership, with Jane Osbourn, PhD FMedSci, OBE, spearheading this novel approach. Together, were confident that they will continue to grow Alchemab into a major source of novel drugs to benefit patients.

We are tremendously grateful to Alchemabs founding CEO, Alex Leech, who led the Company since its inception and oversaw the Series A financing, noted SVs Professor Ashrafian. Mr. Leech will return to company creation as a Venture Partner at SV Health Investors.

Previously, Dr. Treco co-founded Transkaryotic Therapies, Inc. (TKT), which was acquired in 2005 by Shire plc. In his position as Senior Vice President of Research and Development, he established and directed TKTs gene activation and protein production efforts, which led to the approval of Dynepo, Replagal, Elaprase, and Vpriv. Dr. Treco is Chairman of the Board of Directors of Inozyme Pharma and is a member of the Board of Directors of CRISPR Therapeutics AG. He is also a scientific advisor to Lightstone Ventures. From January 2008 to May 2014, Dr. Treco served as an entrepreneur-in-residence with Morgenthaler Ventures and was a visiting scientist in the Department of Molecular Biology at Massachusetts General Hospital and a lecturer in genetics at Harvard Medical School from 2004 to 2007. He received a BA in Biology from the University of Delaware, a PhD in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from the State University of New York at Stony Brook and performed post-doctoral research at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and Massachusetts General Hospital.

In April 2021, Alchemab raised $82 million in a Series A financing led by RA Capital and joined by Lightstone Ventures, DHVC, and DCVC Bio. In 2019, Alchemab raised a seed round led by SV Health Investors and the Dementia Discovery Fund. The Company collaborates closely with Illumina, having been part of the first cohort of companies joining the Illumina Accelerator in Cambridge, UK, and recently announced a partnership with AstraZeneca where Alchemab will use its platform to aid in the development of new treatments for prostate cancer.

About Alchemab

Alchemab has developed a highly differentiated platform which enables the identification of novel drug targets and therapeutics by analysis of patient antibody repertoires. The platform uses well-defined patient samples, deep B cell sequencing, and computational analysis to identify convergent protective antibody responses among individuals that are susceptible but resilient to specific diseases.

Alchemab is building a broad pipeline of protective therapeutics for hard-to-treat diseases, with an initial focus on neurodegenerative conditions and oncology. The highly specialized patient samples that power Alchemabs platform are made available through valued partnerships and collaborations with patient representative groups, biobanks, industry partners, and academic institutions.

For more information, visit http://www.alchemab.com.

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CORRECTING and REPLACING Alchemab Therapeutics Appoints Douglas A. Treco, PhD as Chief Executive Officer - Business Wire

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Investing in stem cells, the building blocks of the body – MoneyWeek

Posted: June 23, 2021 at 2:18 am

Imagine being able to reverse blindness, cure multiple sclerosis (MS), or rebuild your heart muscles after a heart attack. For the past few decades, research into stem cells, the building blocks of tissues and organs, has raised the prospect of medical advances of this kind yet it has produced relatively few approved treatments. But that could be about to change, says Robin Ali, professor of human molecular genetics of Kings College London. Just as gene therapy went from being a fantasy with little practical value to becoming a major area of treatment, stem cells are within a few years of reaching the medical mainstream. Whats more, developments in synthetic biology, the process of engineering and re-engineering cells, could make stem cells even more effective.

Stem cells are essentially the bodys raw material: basic cells from which all other cells with particular functions are generated. They are found in various organs and tissues, including the brain, blood, bone marrow and skin. The primary promise of adult stem cells lies in regenerative medicine, says Professor Ali.

Stem cells go through several rounds of division in order to produce specialist cells; a blood stem cell can be used to produce blood cells and skin stem cells can be used to produce skin cells. So in theory you can take adult stem cells from one person and transplant them into another person in order to promote the growth of new cells and tissue.

In practice, however, things have proved more complicated, since the number of stem cells in a persons body is relatively limited and they are hard to access. Scientists were also previously restricted by the fact that adult stem cells could only produce one specific type of cell (so blood stem cells couldnt produce skin cells, for instance).

In their quest for a universal stem cell, some scientists initially focused on stem cells from human embryos, but that remains a controversial method, not only because harvesting stem cells involves destroying the embryo, but also because there is a much higher risk of rejection of embryonic stem cells by the recipients immune system.

The good news is that in 2006 Japanese scientist Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University and his team discovered a technique for creating what they call induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). The research, for which they won a Nobel Prize in 2012, showed that you can rewind adult stem cells development process so that they became embryo-like stem cells. These cells can then be repurposed into any type of stem cells. So you could turn skin stem cells into iPSCs, which could in turn be turned into blood stem cells.

This major breakthrough has two main benefits. Firstly, because iPSCs are derived from adults, they dont come with the ethical problems associated with embryonic stem cells. Whats more, the risk of the body rejecting the cells is much lower as they come from another adult or are produced by the patient. In recent years scientists have refined this technique to the extent that we now have a recipe for making all types of cells, as well as a growing ability to multiply the number of stem cells, says Professor Ali.

Having the blueprint for manufacturing stem cells isnt quite enough on its own and several barriers remain, admits Professor Ali. For example, we still need to be able to manufacture large numbers of stem cells at a reasonable cost. Ensuring that the stem cells, once they are in the recipient, carry out their function of making new cells and tissue remains a work in progress. Finally, regulators are currently taking a hard line towards the technology, insisting on exhaustive testing and slowing research down.

The good news, Professor Ali believes, is that all these problems are not insurmountable as scientists get better at re-engineering adult cells (a process known as synthetic biology). The costs of manufacturing large numbers of stem cells are falling and this can only speed up as more companies invest in the area. There are also a finite number of different human antigens (the parts of the immune system that lead a body to reject a cell), so it should be possible to produce a bank of iPSC cells for the most popular antigen types.

While the attitude of regulators is harder to predict, Professor Ali is confident that it needs only one major breakthrough for the entire sector to secure a large amount of research from the top drug and biotech firms. Indeed, he believes that effective applications are likely in the next few years in areas where there are already established transplant procedures, such as blood transfusion, cartilage and corneas. The breakthrough may come in ophthalmology (the treatment of eye disorders) as you only need to stimulate the development of a relatively small number of cells to restore someones eyesight.

In addition to helping the body repair its own tissues and organs by creating new cells, adult stem cells can also indirectly aid regeneration by delivering other molecules and proteins to parts of the body where they are needed, says Ralph Kern, president and chief medical officer of biotechnology company BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics.

For example, BrainStorm has developed NurOwn, a cellular technology using peoples own cells to deliver neurotrophic factors (NTFs), proteins that can promote the repair of tissue in the nervous system. NurOwn works by modifying so-called Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from a persons bone marrow. The re-transplanted mesenchymal stem cells can then deliver higher quantities of NTFs and other repair molecules.

At present BrainStorm is using its stem-cell therapy to focus on diseases of the brain and nervous system, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as Lou Gehrigs disease), MS and Huntingtons disease. The data from a recent final-stage trial suggests that the treatment may be able to halt the progression of ALS in those who have the early stage of the disease. Phase-two trial (the second of three stages of clinical trials) of the technique in MS patients also showed that those who underwent the treatment experienced an improvement in the functioning of their body.

Kern notes that MSCs are a particularly promising area of research. They are considered relatively safe, with few side effects, and can be frozen, which improves efficiency and drastically cuts down the amount of bone marrow that needs to be extracted from each patient.

Because the manufacture of MSC cells has become so efficient, NurOwn can be used to get years of therapy in one blood draw. Whats more, the cells can be reintroduced into patients bodies via a simple lumbar puncture into the spine, which can be done as an outpatient procedure, with no need for an overnight stay in hospital.

Kern emphasises that the rapid progress in our ability to modify cells is opening up new opportunities for using stem cells as a molecular delivery platform. Through taking advantage of the latest advances in the science of cellular therapies, BrainStorm is developing a technique to vary the molecules that its stem cells deliver so they can be more closely targeted to the particular condition being treated. BrainStorm is also trying to use smaller fragments of the modified cells, known as exosomes, in the hope that these can be more easily delivered and absorbed by the body and further improve its ability to avoid immune-system reactions to unrelated donors. One of BrainStorms most interesting projects is to use exosomes to repair the long-term lung damage from Covid-19, a particular problem for those with long Covid-19. Early preclinical trials show that modified exosomes delivered into the lungs of animals led to remarkable improvements in their condition. This included increasing the lungs oxygen capacity, reducing inflammation, and decreasing clotting.

Overall, while Kern admits that you cant say that stem cells are a cure for every condition, there is a lot of evidence that in many specific cases they have the potential to be the best option, with fewer side effects. With Americas Food and Drug Administration recently deciding to approve Biogens Alzheimers drug, Kern thinks that they have become much more open to approving products in diseases that are currently considered untreatable. As a result, he thinks that a significant number of adult stem-cell treatments will be approved within the next five to ten years.

Adult stem cells and synthetic biology arent just useful in treatments, says Dr Mark Kotter, CEO and founder of Bit Bio, a company spun out of Cambridge University. They are also set to revolutionise drug discovery. At present, companies start out by testing large numbers of different drug combinations in animals, before finding one that seems to be most effective. They then start a process of clinical trials with humans to test whether the drug is safe, followed by an analysis to see whether it has any effects.

Not only is this process extremely lengthy, but it is also inefficient, because human and animal biology, while similar in many respects, can differ greatly for many conditions. Many drugs that seem promising in animals end up being rejected when they are used on humans. This leads to a high failure rate. Indeed, when you take the failures into account, it has been estimated that it may cost as much to around $2bn to develop the typical drug.

As a result, pharma companies are now realising that you have to insert the human element at a pre-clinical stage by at least using human tissues, says Kotter. The problem is that until recently such tissues were scarce, since they were only available from biopsies or surgery. However, by using synthetic biology to transform adult stem cells from the skin or other parts of the body into other types of stem cells, researchers can potentially grow their own cells, or even whole tissues, in the laboratory, allowing them to integrate the human element at a much earlier stage.

Kotter has direct experience of this himself. He originally spent several decades studying the brain. However, because he had to rely on animal tissue for much of his research he became frustrated that he was turning into a rat doctor.

And when it came to the brain, the differences between human and rat biology were particularly stark. In fact, some human conditions, such as Alzheimers, dont even naturally appear in rodents, so researchers typically use mice and rats engineered to develop something that looks like Alzheimers. But even this isnt a completely accurate representation of what happens in humans.

As a result of his frustration, Kotter sought a way to create human tissues. It initially took six months. However, his company, Bit Bio, managed to cut costs and greatly accelerate the process. The companys technology now allows it to grow tissues in the laboratory in a matter of days, on an industrial scale. Whats more, the tissues can also be designed not just for particular conditions, such as dementia and Huntingdons disease, but also for particular sub-types of diseases.

Kotter and Bit Bio are currently working with Charles River Laboratories, a global company that has been involved in around 80% of drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration over the last three years, to commercialise this product. They have already attracted interest from some of the ten largest drug companies in the world, who believe that it will not only reduce the chances of failure, but also speed up development. Early estimates suggest that the process could double the chance of a successful trial, effectively cutting the cost of each approved drug by around 50% from $2bn to just $1bn. This in turn could increase the number of successful drugs on the market.

Two years ago my colleague Dr Mike Tubbs tipped Fate Therapeutics (Nasdaq: FATE). Since then, the share price has soared by 280%, thanks to growing interest from other drug companies (such as Janssen Biotech and ONO Pharmaceutical) in its cancer treatments involving genetically modified iPSCs.

Fate has no fewer than seven iPSC-derived treatments undergoing trials, with several more in the pre-clinical stage. While it is still losing money, it has over $790m cash on hand, which should be more than enough to support it while it develops its drugs.

As mentioned in the main story, the American-Israeli biotechnology company BrainStorm Cell Therapeutics (Nasdaq: BCLI) is developing treatments that aim to use stem cells as a delivery mechanism for proteins. While the phase-three trial (the final stage of clinical trials) of its proprietary NurOwn system for treatment of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, or Lou Gehrigs disease) did not fully succeed, promising results for those in the early stages of the disease mean that the company is thinking about running a new trial aimed at those patients. It also has an ongoing phase-two trial for those with MS, a phase-one trial in Alzheimers patients, as well as various preclinical programmes aimed at Parkinsons, Huntingtons, autistic spectrum disorder and peripheral nerve injury. Like Fate Therapeutics, BrainStorm is currently unprofitable.

Australian biotechnology company Mesoblast (Nasdaq: MESO) takes mesenchymal stem cells from the patient and modifies them so that they can absorb proteins that promote tissue repair and regeneration. At present Mesoblast is working with larger drug and biotech companies, including Novartis, to develop this technique for conditions ranging from heart disease to Covid-19. Several of these projects are close to being completed.

While the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) controversially rejected Mesoblasts treatment remestemcel-L for use in children who have suffered from reactions to bone-marrow transplants against the advice of the Food and Drug Administrations own advisory committee the firm is confident that the FDA will eventually change its mind.

One stem-cell company that has already reached profitability is Vericel (Nasdaq: VCEL). Vericels flagship MACI products use adult stem cells taken from the patient to grow replacement cartilage, which can then be re-transplanted into the patient, speeding up their recovery from knee injuries. It has also developed a skin replacement based on skin stem cells.

While earnings remain relatively small, Vericel expects profitability to soar fivefold over the next year alone as the company starts to benefit from economies of scale and runs further trials to expand the range of patients who can benefit.

British micro-cap biotech ReNeuron (Aim: RENE) is developing adult stem-cell treatments for several conditions. It is currently carrying out clinical trials for patients with retinal degeneration and those recovering from the effects of having a stroke. ReNeuron has also developed its own induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) platform for research purposes and is seeking collaborations with other drug and biotech companies.

Like other small biotech firms in this area, it is not making any money, so it is an extremely risky investment although the rewards could be huge if any of its treatments show positive results from their clinical trials.

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Investing in stem cells, the building blocks of the body - MoneyWeek

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Coalescing Technology With Biology – ValueWalk

Posted: June 23, 2021 at 2:18 am

With the evolution of science and the advancement of technology, the traditional thin line that exists between engineering and biology is slowly fading away. As the medical machines and instruments are shrinking and becoming faster than their previous versions, biotechnologys emerging field is easing doctors procedures. Its inventions and innovation have proven beneficial for the patients and affordable for the entire healthcare system.

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Over time, several researchers and scientists have made remarkable inventions and innovations that have revolutionized traditional medical treatments. They have discovered techniques that made the lengthy medical processes less complicated and have brought immense relief to patients' lives. Among the many people who are striving to work for more effective solutions is Dr. Roberto Crea. Known as one of the 'fathers of human (or synthetic) insulin,' this personality is considered a biotechnology pioneer. With more than 40 years of work experience in Biotechnology and Nutritional Sciences, Dr. Crea has given birth to many unconventional ideas and processes that have stirred many changes in the field of biology and medicine.

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Studied at the University of Pavia, Italy, Dr. Roberto Crea graduated in Biological Chemistry in 1972. He then went on to the University of Leiden, The Netherlands, where he discovered the unique combination of biology and the synthesis of DNA and RNA. His intellectual thoughts and innovative approaches to work with synthetic DNA and RNA caught the eye of Genentech, Inc.in California. In 1977, Roberto was offered a position in the Gene synthesis team at City of Hope Medical School, in Duarte ,California, With the help of some scientists from Japan and Poland and his own scientific creativity, Dr. Crea made crucial improvements to the synthesis of DNA, which resulted in the production of the first human insulin from bacteria.

The discovery of recombinant human insulin added new life to the dull therapy of diabetic patients around the world. Not only did it is eased and improved their lives, but it also saved many as most of the patients were allergic to animal insulin. The invention of synthetic insulin raised their hopes once again. Crea's contribution to this discovery has been a pivotal one. Dr. Roberto has also co-authored the first report of recombinant DNA production of a mammalian hormone in bacteria. He was the sole inventor of the first two U.S. Patents assigned to Genentech and the Rumbough Award recipient by the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation in 1979.

Having achieved so much in such short period of time, Dr. Roberto Crea, because of his vast knowledge, was appointed as Director of the Nucleic Acid department at Genentech, in 1978 and one of its first four scientific founders. In 1980,he accepted a position as Professor at the University of Messina to teach Molecular Genetics. Leiden University had previously appointed him as an Associate Professor in DNA Chemical Synthesis and a faculty member of Chemistry Gorlaeus Laboratoria.

The power of combining technology and biology had opened new doors of opportunities for Dr. Roberto Crea. Having profound knowledge and creativity and complete grip on his research subjects and work concepts, Dr. Crea set his foot in business with its first company, Creative Biomolecules, in 1982. He founded this company to use biotechnology to develop improved healthcare products for soft and hard tissue repair (bone repair) and cancer. In 1990, the company merged into Curis, Inc., a NASDAQ publicly-traded company.

Dr. Crea's second venture was Creagen, Inc, in 1991. This Biotechnology company aimed to combine proteins with superior binding properties and engineer catalytic activities for human and animal health care applications. Dr. Crea was responsible for the overall company business, its scientific directions, and technology development. Creagen Inc. merged with Neurex Corporation, a publicly-traded company, in July 1994. Neurex, Inc. of Menlo Park, CA., was then acquired by Elan Pharmaceuticals for $700 million in 1997.

On the wave of his success, Dr. Crea started founding many startup companies. Some of which are Bioren Inc, Allevium Therapeutics, Inc., SynGen and Creagri, Inc. Bioren Inc. was sold to Pfizer, the largest pharmaceutical company in the world, and Roberto's entrepreneurial career became legendary. Dr. Crea is currently associated with ProtElix, Inc., a company he founded in 2006, and Oliphenol, LLC. in 2019. ProtElix's objective is to focus on using proprietary DNA mutagenesis technology and Bioinformatics for Antibody Mimics' design and production to improve on the many Monoclonal Antibody drugs developed in the last 20 years for cancer and inflammation diseases.

Oliphenol, LLC., his latest corporation, has laid its foundation on olive polyphenols and their multiple benefits in human health and wellness. This is a nutraceutical company dedicated to the extraction of natural bioactive compounds. Dr. Crea has created novel techniques of co-extracting technology from agricultural waste, medicinal plants, and fruits. The idea for this company came to him while roaming in Italy. He spotted a machine that pit olives before pressing for olive oil. This process yields a purer oil, clean from the deleterious and bitter residues from the pits. As a biologist and chemist, he had the intuition that vegetable water, i.e., olives' juice, was rich in natural antioxidants, which could benefit the human body in many ways. He discovered a new process to harvest them in industrial quantities and study them for their unique anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. Dr. Crea spent several years optimizing this process that ultimately led to the launch of a dietary supplement of concentrated antioxidants to prevent aging and arteriosclerosis. This all-natural product, Hidrox, is available in the American and International market. A single tablet of this natural extract would be equivalent to consuming a liter of the best olive oil and contain a proportionate antioxidant quantity, without the fats and calories. This led to the foundation of his last company.

Dr. Roberto Crea has been recognized for his achievements by several esteemed international platforms such as Lions International Club in Reggio in Italy gave him the 'Golden Bergamot.' Award . He was also given the title of 'Man of the Year' by Academia Fiord of Rhegium and many more. In 2021, the Washington D.C.-based National Italian American Foundation (NIAF) awarded Roberto Crea with a Special Achievement Award in Biotechnology (Science and Medicine).

The career journey of Dr. Roberto Crea is an inspiration for many. His drive to improve the medical processes and integrate technology with medicine has given birth to an altogether new field, which has become the gateway of opportunities to improve lives worldwide.

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Association Between PDL1 Genetic Variation and Efficacy of Apatinib Mo | IJGM – Dove Medical Press

Posted: June 23, 2021 at 2:17 am

Background

Lung cancer is the most common solid tumor and has the highest morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the latest cancer-epidemiology data, 0.815 million new cases and 0.715 million new deaths due to lung cancer are observed in China currently.1 As the most common histological subtype, nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% in lung cancer.2 Recently, targeted drugs with different mechanisms of action were developed based on common somatic gene-mutation profiles with significant survival benefits.3 Unfortunately, approximately half the patients with NSCLC in China lack one potentially significant driver-gene mutation, and correspondingly only platinum-based chemotherapy regimens are available as first-line treatment.4 Chemotherapy efficacy is dismal, with objective response rate (ORR) 20%30% and median progression-free survival (PFS) 45 months.5 Single-agent chemotherapy with docetaxel, pemetrexed, gemcitabine, and immunotherapy are alternative second-line treatment options, with additional benefits in prolonging survival after first-line treatment.6

However, the advantages of traditional second-line treatment are limited currently. Immunotherapy drugs have been licensed in recent years, and the low ORR of PD1/PDL1 inhibitors has exhibited that patients who could benefit from an immunotherapy drug are thus also limited.7 Consequently, patients with advanced NSCLC are in urgent need of therapeutic drugs upon disease progression after standard treatment. Angiogenesis was identified as an important therapeutic strategy for solid tumors and was proven to be an essential condition in the process of tumor growth according to the theory of Folkman in 1971.8 Antiangiogenic drugs exhibit potential anticancer activity in treatment show advanced NSCLC. Bevacizumab and ramucirumab exhibit potential survival benefits for patients with NSCLC as first-line and second-line treatment, respectively.9 In terms of antiangiogenesis multitargeted tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs), anlotinib has been a standard regimen for third-line treatment in China since 2018.10 As a similar antiangiogenesis TKI, apatinib has been approved as subsequent-line treatment for advanced or metastatic gastric cancer.11 Considerable research has been done on apatinib in the treatment of NSCLC, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer.12 Interestingly, as far as we know, the ORR of antiangiogenic targeted drugs was disappointing. The ORR of sorafenib, anlotinib, and fruquintinib monotherapy as third-line treatment of advanced NSCLC is only 4.9%, 9.18%, and 16.4%, respectively.13 Consequently, great individual differences regarding the efficacy of antiangiogenic targeted drugs have been observed clinically. Therefore, exploration of biomarkers that could predict the efficacy of apatinib is necessary.

PDL1 is one of the most important biomarkers for the prognostic prediction of immunotherapy.14 A study has shown that higher PDL1 expression predicts superior clinical outcome with PD1/PDL1 inhibitors.15 Although patients with positive PDL1 expression can benefit from PD1/PDL1 inhibitors, the association between the prognosis of patientsadministered antiangiogenic targeted drugs and PDL1 expression status remains unknown.16 Wu et al investigated the association between PDL1 polymorphisms and prognoses of patients with gastric cancer. The CC genotype of rs822336 resulted in superior prognoeis for all GC patients and those without postoperative chemotherapy.17 Interestingly, a recent study Su et al investigated the association between PDL1 genetic variation and the prognosis of patients with R0-resection colorectal cancer who received capecitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy in the real world. The conclusion indicated that the PDL1 901T>C polymorphism might be a valuable biomarker for patients with CRC receiving capecitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy.18 Furthermore, a prior study indicated that VEGFR inhibitors could possess immunomodulatory properties that might result in antitumor activity and reduce the function of regulatory T cells and CD14-positive immunosuppressive monocytes, thus increasing cytokine production from effector T cells in response to antigen stimulation and activating the innate immunoresponse.19 Consequently, VEGFR inhibitors could potentially play an synergetic role with immunotherapy.

However, the association between PDL1 genetic variation and efficacy in patients with advanced NSCLC who have received apatinib treatment is unknown. Consequently, our study aimed to investigate the association between PDL1 genetic variation and the efficacy of apatinib monotherapy in patients with previously treated advanced NSCLC. Additionally, the potential correlation between PDL1 genetic variations and PDL1 gene-mRNA expression in biopsied cancer-tissue specimens was explored.

Given that apatinib has been approved in Chinese mainland for 5 years, with considerable numbers of patients receiving apatinib treatment, our study was designed as a retrospective analysis. Consequently, patients with advanced NSCLC who had failed after previous systemic treatment from January 2015 to December 2019 in the Department of Respiratory Medicine of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University participated. Eligibility criteria were diagnosis of NSCLC with pathological staging of IIIB or IV, age 18 years Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 02, apatinib monotherapy used for those who had failed after or were unable to tolerate previous systemic standard treatment, at least one measurable target lesion based on response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST 1.1) available, and appropriate renal, hepatic, and hematopoietic function to receive apatinib treatment. Exclusion criteria were new diagnosis or uncontrollable central nervous system metastases, concomitant with other tumors or serious diseases, hemoptysis >50 mL/day, and efficacy data evaluation not available. The flow chart of this study is given in Figure 1. Finally, a total of 148 patients with advanced NSCLC was enrolled in this study. The primary focus of this study was associations between PDL1 polymorphisms, objective response rate (ORR), progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse reactions. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the ethics committee of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University. Informed consent was obtained from each enrolled patient.

Figure 1 Flowchart of the study.

Initial dosage of apatinib was 500 mg or 750 mg per day orally continuously for 28 days until disease progression or intolerable adverse reactions. Dosage was determined based on baseline physical conditions: body-surface area (BSA), ECOG score, and age, which was up to the clinical experience of the investigators. Dosage was adjusted based on the hematologic or nonhematologic toxicity during treatment. Treatment was suspended when life-threatening toxic reactions occurred. Efficacy was assessed based on RECIST 1.1 criteria.20 Changes in target lesions were assessed after completion of the first cycle with computed-tomography scans and then every two cycles or when necessary. Safety profiles during treatment were documented using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.03 to record hematologic and nonhematologic events that might be drug-related.21 Adverse reactions with incidence of 10% were recorded and analyzed.

Approximately 4 mL peripheral blood prior to apatinib treatment from each patient was collected and genomic DNA extracted using phenol chloroform. In terms of the PDL1-polymorphism analysis, those included were rs2297136, rs822336, and rs822337. However, only rs2297136 was significantly associated with clinical outcomes on preliminary analysis. Consequently, following analysis was performed based on rs2297136-genotype status. The rs2297136 polymorphism was genotyped using PCR-RFLP. The PCR product of rs2297136 was amplified firstly, with forward primer 5-GCTCCCTGTTTGACTCCATC-3 and reverse primer 5- TTTTTCCCCAGACCACTTCC-3. The product was 274bp, and a 2 L PCR products were digested using the restriction enzyme ApaI (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Polymorphism genotypes were determined by the size of PCR bands: TT genotype, one 274 bp band; TC genotype, one 274 bp band, one 158 bp band, and one 116 bp band; and CC genotype, one 158 bp band and one 116bp band. Some genotyping results for rs2297136 were confirmed using ionizationtime-of-flight mass spectrometry (Sequenom, SanDiego, CA, USA).

Cancer tissue-specimens were collected from 85 randomly selected samples from the 148 patients. A total of 68 specimens were available for subsequent analysis and preserved in liquid nitrogen. All RNA samples were extracted using Trizol reagents and stored at 80C for mRNA-expression analysis. A total of 500 ng RNA extracted from the specimens was used as the template for reverse-transcription PCR to prepare the first stand of cDNA using a PrimeScript RT reagent kit. Relative quantitative analysis of PDL1-mRNA expression was carried out using a LightCycler 480 withn SYBR premix Ex Taq system. The forward primer was 5-TTCAATGTGACCAGCACACTGAG-3, the reverse primer 5-TTTTCACATCCATCATTCTCCCT-3. PDL1-mRNA expression was detected using comparative 2Ct. GAPDH-mRNA expression was used as an endogenous control.

Variables in this study were analyzed using SPSS 25.0. Significance of proportional and continuous variables based on rs2297136-genotype status was assessed using the #x1D712;2 and MannWhitney U nonparametric tests, respectively. Primary analysis was performed on correlations between PFS and rs2297136-genotype status. KaplanMeier curves were used to draw the PFS and OS curves based on rs2297136-genotype status. Survival differences were compared using log-rank tests. PFS was defined as time from apatinib administration to progression or death from any cause, whichever occurred first. OS was defined as time from apatinib administration to death from any cause. For those without progression or death by the end of the study follow-up, survival end points were censored as per the date of last follow-up.22 Cox regression was performed for PFS in the multivariate analysis. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Baseline characteristics of the 148 patients are shown in Table 1. Median age was 58 (2879) years, 96 patients were men (64.86%). Pathological stage IV was observed in 140 patients (94.59%). ECOG 0 score was noted in 39 patients (26.35%). Nonsmokers/former smokers numbered 107 (72.30%). The most common histology of the patients was adenocarcinoma, with 114 cases (77.03%), and squamous-cell carcinoma, with 28 cases (18.92%). Numbers of patients with fewer than or equal to three and greater than three sites were 92 and 56, respectively. Positive driver-gene mutation status was confirmed in 56 patients (37.84%): 50 patients had EGFR mutations, four ALK rearrangements, and two ROS1 rearrangements. History of treatment with second and further lines was observed in 43 cases and 105 cases, respectively. A total of 92 patients (62.16%) had received targeted drug therapy. Interestingly, ten patients (6.76%) had received antivascular TKI treatment. It should be noted that eleven patients had been treated with PD1/PDL1 inhibitors. Initial dosage of 500mg and 750mg of apatinib was observed in 97 and 51 patients, respectively.

Table 1 Baseline characteristics based on PDL1 rs2297136 genotype status

rs2297136 was of clinical significance on subsequent analysis. The germ-line mutation frequency of rs2297136 were TT genotype 103 cases (69.59%), TC genotype 40 (27.03%), and CC genotype five (3.38%), with minor-allele frequency 0.17. Distribution of the three genotypes was in accordance with the HardyWeinberg Equilibrium (P=0.649). In view of the relatively rare frequency of the CC genotype, CC and TC were merged for subsequent analysis. As shown in Table 1, patients with TT and TC/CC genotypes were well balanced with similar baseline characteristics.

The best overall response of each patient was recorded for efficacy analysis. No complete response or partial response was observed in 26 cases, stable disease noted in 76, and progressive disease in 46 based on RECIST version 1.1. ORR was 17.6% (95% CI 11.8%-24.7%) and disease-control rate (DCR) 68.9% (95% CI 60.8%-76.3%). A waterfall plot for the best percentage change in target lesions is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Waterfall plot of best change (reductions in sum of target-lesion diameters) from baseline.

The last follow-up in this study was in September 2020. Median follow-up duration was 10.3 (136) months. A total of 142 patients had had PFS or had died at data cutoff. Therefore, PFS at data maturity was 95.9%. As exhibited in Figure 3, median PFS patients with NSCLC receiving apatinib was 3.8 (95% CI 3.134.47) months. In terms of OS, 137 patients had died at data cutoff. Consequently, OS at data maturity was 92.6%. As exhibited in Figure 3, median OS was 10.5 months(95% CI 9.0611.95).

Figure 3 Progression-free survival and overall survival.

We further analyzed PFS based on baseline-characteristic subgroups, and univariate analysis of this is shown in Table 2. Obviously, ECOG score and number of metastasis sites were significantly associated with PFS: median PFS of patients with ECOG 0 was longer than those with ECOG 12 score (4.9 vs 3.2 months, P=0.018). Median PFS of patients with number of metastasis sites fewer than or equal to was superior to those with greater than (4.5 vs 3.2, P=0.025). As illustrated in Figure 4, median PFS of patients with TT and TC/CC genotypes of rs2297136 was 4.5 and 3.0 months, respectively (2=7.69, P=0.006). Multivariate Cox regression model was used for PFS based on baseline characteristics significant on univariate analysis (Table 2) to adjust for confounding factors. Multivariate analysis results are shown in Table 3, with significant differences confirmed for the rs2297136 polymorphism and PFS, with rs2297136 an independent factor (OR=1.47, P=0.011). Interestingly, as shown in Table 3after adjustment in Cox regression analysis, ECOG score (OR=1.52, P=0.027) and number of metastasis sites (OR=1.39, P=0.039) were independent factors in PFS.

Table 2 Univariate analysis of progression-free survival based on baseline characteristics

Table 3 Multivariate Cox regression analysis for PFS based on baseline characteristics and rs2297136 polymorphism status

Figure 4 Progression-free survival based on PDL1 rs2297136 genotype status.

In terms of association between rs2297136-genotype status and OS, as exhibited in Figure 5, median OS of patients with TT and TC/CC genotypeswas 11.6 and 9.0 months, respectively (2=3.98, P=0.04).

Figure 5 Overall survival based on PDL1 rs2297136 genotype status.

The main adverse reactions during apatinib treatment were recorded and analyzed. As presented in Table 4, common adverse reactions related to apatinib treatment were hypertension, dermal toxicity, fatigue, oral toxicity, appetite decrease, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and hematologic toxicity, with incidence of 45.27%, 41.89%, 37.16%, 31.76%, 31.08%, 24.32%, 17.57%, and 11.49%, respectively. As demonstrated in Table 4, no significant association was observed between adverse reactions and rs2297136-genotype status.

Table 4 Correlation analysis between PDL1 rs2297136 polymorphism and safety profile of apatinib administration

The genotype status of rs2297136 in the 68 specimens was TT genotype 47 cases (69.12%), TC genotype 19 (27.94%), CC genotype ywo (2.94%), which was similar to the genotype-frequency distribution of the 148 patients. The distribution of the three genotypes corresponded with the HardyWeinberg equilibrium (P=0.962) as well. CC and TC genotypes were merged in the subsequent analysis similarly. As exhibited in Figure 6, patients with the TC/CC genotype showed higher relative expression of PDL1 mRNA in biopsied cancer-tissue specimens than those with the TT genotype (4.0100.517 vs 2.7030.677, P<0.001). Additionally, PDL1-mRNA expression was divided into highand low PDL1expressionbased onmedian PDL1- mRNA expressionHigh and lowPDL1 were observed in 33 and 35 cases, respectively. As presented in Figure 7, patients with highPDL1 expression had a trend for worse PFS compared with those with low PDL1expression (median PFS 3.5 vs 4.6), though difference was not statistically significant (2=1.53, P=0.216).

Figure 6 Relative expression level of PDL1 mRNA based on PDL1 rs2297136 genotype status.

Figure 7 Progression-free survival of the 68 specimens from patients based on PDL1 mRNAexpression status.

Our retrospective study provided real-world evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of apatinib monotherapy for patients with previously treated advanced NSCLC. Simultaneously, genetic variation analysis suggested that clinical outcomes of patients with advanced NSCLC receiving apatinib treatment could be influenced by the rs2297136 polymorphism through mediating the PDL1-mRNA expression.

The ORR and DCR of the 148 patients with NSCLC were 17.6% and 68.9%, respectively. Median PFS was 3.8 months, slightly inferior to the first phase II clinical trial of apatinib in advanced NSCLC by Zhang et al in 2012 (ORR 20%, DCR 68.89%, and median PFS 4.7 months).23 This might be attributable to the retrospective design. The management of patients was inferior in retrospective study when compared with the clinical trials, which was demonstrated in the other retrospective study.24 These efficacy differences highlighted the gap between randomized controlled clinical trials and actual clinical practice.25 Patients with an ECOG score of 2 were included in our study as well. To our knowledge, the influence of ECOG score on prognosis has been confirmed in many studies, which indicate that higher PS scores have worse prognoses.26 Results of the multivariate Cox analysis of this study suggested that patients with ECOG scores of 12 had worse prognoses compared with those with a score of 0. However, it should be noted that median OS of our study was 10.5 months, which was slightly longer than the median OS of another apatinib study reported recently.22 The reason for this could be the continued license for PD1/PDL1 inhibitors and anlotinib in China since 2018.10 Patients with advanced NSCLC stood a good chance to choose PD1/PDL1 inhibitors and targeted drugs as subsequent treatment, which have proven to be effective and brought significant survival benefits.27

This study is the first study to focus on the correlation between the efficacy of apatinib treatment in patients with advanced NSCLCand PDL1-polymorphism analysis in Chinese patients. Interestingly, a recent study initiated by Wang et al investigated clinical outcomes and safety of apatinib in the treatment of advanced nonsquamous NSCLC and the clinical significance of KDR-gene polymorphism.22 The results suggested that clinical outcomes of treatment with apatinib might be influenced by the KDR 4397T>C polymorphism. The conclusion of that study highlighted the potential predictive value of pharmacogenomics in the clinical outcomes of patients with NSCLC receiving apatinib treatment. In terms of the polymorphism analysis in our study, minor-allele frequency of rs2297136 was 0.17, in line with the genotype frequency of the Chinese population in the NCBI database and the results of Xie et al.28 Minor-allele frequency in the Caucasian population is significantly different from that in our study, which suggests that great ethnic differences in PDL1 polymorphisms exist clinically.29 Xie et al studied 225 hepatocellular carcinoma patients, and their results suggested that the CC genotype of rs2297136 was correlated with predisposition to this cancer type. Their prognosis-analysis results were basically consistent with the results of our study. They also showed that patients with minor alleles of rs2297136 had worse prognoses. Many studies have suggested that PDL1 polymorphisms are associated with the risk of cancer.30

Recently, a retrospective analysis by Wu et al explored the association between genetic variation of PDL1 and its protein expression and prognosis in gastric cancer.17 A total of 728 gastric cancer patients were included in their polymorphism analysis, and the results suggested that rs2297136genotype A was correlated with PDL1 protein expression and superior prognosis in patients without postoperative chemotherapy, consistent with the results of our study to some extent, considering that only PDL1-mRNA expression was assessed in ours. Previous research has confirmed that PDL1- mRNA expression is positively correlated with PDL1 protein expression among patients with EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma.31 Du et al explored the association between rs2297136 and predisposition toNSCLC.32 The results showed that rs2297136 influenced predisposition to NSCLC. A recent real-world studywas conducted on 315 patients with R0-resected colorectal cancer who received capecitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy.18 The results indicated that the 901T>C TC/CC genotype conferred significantly higher mRNA expression than those with the TT genotype, which is consistent with the mRNA-expression results in our study. Additionally, it should be noted that rs2297136 was located at PDL1 3UTR, which can cause disruption in miRNA attaching to this region, perhaps leading to altered PDL1 expression at the protein level and be of prognostic significance for patients with NSCLC receiving apatinib treatment. In terms of safety profile, the common adverse reactions were hypertension, dermal toxicity, fatigue, oral toxicity, appetite decrease, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and hematologic toxicity, similar to the results of previous retrospective studies of apatinib regimens.22,33 The correlation analysis between the polymorphism and adverse reactions failed to show a significant difference.

Noteworthily, PDL1 is a hot-spot gene for efficacy predication of PD1/PDL1 inhibitors.34 However, the clinical significance of PDL1 expression in the prognosis of patients with advanced NSCLC receiving antiangiogenic drugs instead of immunotherapy is still unknown and thus necessary to investigate.35 The results of our study preliminarily suggested that patients with high mRNA expression of PDL1 might have worse prognosis, in line with previous studies in which patients with high PDL1 expression demonstrated worse prognosis when received EGFR TKIs36 and concurrent chemoradiotherapy treatment.37 However, the genes role in vivo is still unclear. Several clinical studies indicated that patients with high expression of PDL1 had better prognosis.38 These results might be attributed to the heterogeneity of patients included. Briefly, further in-depth prospective clinical trials are needed to explore the clinical significance of PDL1 polymorphisms.

We believe our study is of potential clinical significance for prognosis evaluation of patients with advanced NSCLC who have been treated with apatinib. Further randomized controlled clinical trials are warranted to validate the conclusions.

The present retrospective study provided real-world evidence regarding the superior efficacy and tolerable adverse reactions of apatinib monotherapy for patients with previously treated advanced NSCLC. Also, PDL1 polymorphism rs2297136 could be used as a potential biomarker for prognosis of patients with NSCLC receiving apatinib treatment.

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the patients and their families for participating in this study. We thank all the staff who took part in this study.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

1. Xu K, Zhang C, Du T, et al. Progress of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;134:111111. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111111.

2. Zhang J, Mao W, Chen Z, Gu H, Lian C. Clinical Significance of Has_circ_0060937 in Bone Metastasis of NSCLC. Int J Gen Med. 2020;13:11151121. doi:10.2147/ijgm.s279023.

3. Phan TT, Ho TT, Nguyen HT, et al. The prognostic impact of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with EGFR TKI. Int J Gen Med. 2018;11:423430. doi:10.2147/ijgm.s174605.

4. Arbour KC, Riely GJ. Systemic Therapy for Locally Advanced and Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: a Review. JAMA. 2019;322(8):764774. doi:10.1001/jama.2019.11058.

5. Ghadyalpatil NS, Pandey A, Krishnamani I, et al. First-line management of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: an Indian perspective. South Asian J Cancer. 2019;8(2):7379. doi:10.4103/sajc.sajc_294_18.

6. Garassino MC, Kawaguchi T, Gregorc V, et al. Chemotherapy versus erlotinib as second-line treatment in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and wild-type epidermal growth factor receptor: an individual patient data (IPD) analysis. ESMO Open. 2018;3(6):e000327. doi:10.1136/esmoopen-2018-000327.

7. Huang L, Li L, Zhou Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics Correlate With Outcomes of Immunotherapy in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Cancer. 2020;11(24):71377145. doi:10.7150/jca.49213.

8. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med. 1971;285(21):11821186. doi:10.1056/nejm197111182852108.

9. Manzo A, Montanino A, Carillio G, et al. Angiogenesis Inhibitors in NSCLC. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(10):10. doi:10.3390/ijms18102021.

10. Han B, Li K, Wang Q, et al. Effect of Anlotinib as a Third-Line or Further Treatment on Overall Survival of Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: the ALTER 0303 Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4(11):15691575. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.3039.

11. Li J, Qin S, Xu J, et al. Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Trial of Apatinib in Patients With Chemotherapy-Refractory Advanced or Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach or Gastroesophageal Junction. J Clin Oncol. 2016;34(13):14481454. doi:10.1200/jco.2015.63.5995.

12. Zhao D, Hou H, Zhang X. Progress in the treatment of solid tumors with apatinib: a systematic review. Onco Targets Ther. 2018;11:41374147. doi:10.2147/ott.s172305.

13. Villaruz LC, Socinski MA. The role of anti-angiogenesis in non-small-cell lung cancer: an update. Curr Oncol Rep. 2015;17(6):26. doi:10.1007/s11912-015-0448-y.

14. Hudson K, Cross N, Jordan-Mahy N, Leyland R. The Extrinsic and Intrinsic Roles of PD-L1 and Its Receptor PD-1: implications for Immunotherapy Treatment. Front Immunol. 2020;11:568931. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.568931.

15. Paz-Ares L, Luft A, Vicente D, et al. Pembrolizumab plus Chemotherapy for Squamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(21):20402051. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1810865.

16. Yi M, Jiao D, Qin S, et al. Synergistic effect of immune checkpoint blockade and anti-angiogenesis in cancer treatment. Mol Cancer. 2019;18(1):60. doi:10.1186/s12943-019-0974-6.

17. Wu Y, Zhao T, Jia Z, et al. Polymorphism of the programmed death-ligand 1 gene is associated with its protein expression and prognosis in gastric cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;34(7):12011207. doi:10.1111/jgh.14520.

18. Su J, Dai B, Yuan W, et al. The influence of PD-L1 genetic variation on the prognosis of R0 resection colorectal cancer patients received capecitabine-based adjuvant chemotherapy: a long-term follow-up, real-world retrospective study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2020;85(5):969978. doi:10.1007/s00280-020-04069-1.

19. Flaifel A, Xie W, Braun DA, et al. PD-L1 Expression and Clinical Outcomes to Cabozantinib, Everolimus, and Sunitinib in Patients with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: analysis of the Randomized Clinical Trials METEOR and CABOSUN. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25(20):60806088. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1135.

20. Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(2):228247. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.026.

21. Miller TP, Fisher BT, Getz KD, et al. Unintended consequences of evolution of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(7):e27747. doi:10.1002/pbc.27747.

22. Song ZZ, Zhao LF, Zuo J, et al. Clinical Outcomes and Safety of Apatinib Mesylate in the Treatment of Advanced Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Patients Who Progressed After Standard Therapy and Analysis of the KDR Gene Polymorphism. Onco Targets Ther. 2020;13:603613. doi:10.2147/ott.s222985.

23. Ma JT, Sun J, Sun L, et al. Efficacy and safety of apatinib in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer that failed prior chemotherapy or EGFR-TKIs: a pooled analysis. Medicine. 2018;97(35):e12083. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000012083.

24. Fang SC, Huang W, Zhang YM, Zhang HT, Xie WP. Hypertension as a predictive biomarker in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer treated with apatinib. Onco Targets Ther. 2019;12:985992. doi:10.2147/ott.s189984.

25. Zhang D, Zhang C, Huang J, Guan Y, Guo Q. Clinical investigation of the efficacy and toxicity of apatinib (YN968D1) in stage III/IV non-small cell lung cancer after second-line chemotherapy treatment: a retrospective study. Thorac Cancer. 2018;9(12):17541762. doi:10.1111/1759-7714.12898.

26. Agemi Y, Shimokawa T, Sasaki J, et al. Prospective evaluation of the G8 screening tool for prognostication of survival in elderly patients with lung cancer: a single-institution study. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0210499. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210499.

27. Nadal E, Massuti B, Domine M, et al. Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer: insights from long-term survivors. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2019;68(3):341352. doi:10.1007/s00262-019-02310-2.

28. Xie Q, Chen Z, Xia L, et al. Correlations of PD-L1 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma in a Chinese Han population. Gene. 2018;674:188194. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.069.

29. Catalano C, da Silva Filho MI, Frank C, et al. Investigation of single and synergic effects of NLRC5 and PD-L1 variants on the risk of colorectal cancer. PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0192385. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192385.

30. Hashemi M, Karami S, Sarabandi S, et al. Association between PD-1 and PD-L1 Polymorphisms and the Risk of Cancer: a Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Cancers. 2019;11(8):1150. doi:10.3390/cancers11081150.

31. Isobe K, Kakimoto A, Mikami T, et al. PD-L1 mRNA expression in EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2018;40(1):331338. doi:10.3892/or.2018.6442.

32. Du W, Zhu J, Chen Y, et al. Variant SNPs at the microRNA complementary site in the B7H1 3untranslated region increase the risk of nonsmall cell lung cancer. Mol Med Rep. 2017;16(3):26822690. doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.6902.

33. Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Lu F, et al. Multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors as third-line regimen in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a network meta-analysis. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(18):452. doi:10.21037/atm.2019.08.51.

34. Miyawaki E, Murakami H, Mori K, et al. PD-L1 expression and response to pembrolizumab in patients with EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2020;50(5):617622. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyaa033.

35. Xu Y, Wan B, Chen X, et al. The association of PD-L1 expression with the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy and survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2019;8(4):413428. doi:10.21037/tlcr.2019.08.09.

36. Kim T, Cha YJ, Chang YS. Correlation of PD-L1 Expression Tested by 22C3 and SP263 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Its Prognostic Effect on EGFR Mutation-Positive Lung Adenocarcinoma. Tuberc Respir Dis. 2020;83(1):5160. doi:10.4046/trd.2019.0026.

37. Gennen K, Kasmann L, Taugner J, et al. Prognostic value of PD-L1 expression on tumor cells combined with CD8+ TIL density in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Radiat Oncol. 2020;15(1):5. doi:10.1186/s13014-019-1453-3.

38. Berntsson J, Eberhard J, Nodin B, et al. Expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 in colorectal cancer: relationship with sidedness and prognosis. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7(8):e1465165. doi:10.1080/2162402x.2018.1465165.

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Center for Genomic Discovery launched in the United Arab Emirates – Mobihealth News

Posted: June 23, 2021 at 2:17 am

A new first of its kind institution aimed at enhancing local genomic research as well as diagnosing and treating patients with genetic disorders has been unveiled in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

The Center for Genomic Discovery is a joint venture between the Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU) and the Al Jalila Genomics Center of the Al Jalila Childrens Specialty Hospital (AJCH).

The necessary interdisciplinary activities including patient recruitment, genomic data analysis, and functional characterisation cannot be undertaken without the Center, its founding institutions, and the interdisciplinary ecosystem they have created, said Fahad Ali, Assistant Professor of Molecular Biology at MBRU. At the Center, functional experiments will be designed to characterise any novel candidate genes or mutations, to establish new gene-disease associations, and to explore potential therapeutic targets.

And work has already started with one family, offering promising progress, said Stefan Du Plessis, founding Dean of Research and Graduate Studies at MBRU and a member of the Centers Steering Committee.

At least one novel gene has been identified by whole-exome sequencing a complex genomic test which surveys all 20,000+ human genes in search for tiny changes which might be disease causing, he said. Functional analysis is still ongoing but preliminary data strongly suggests a role in disease. We have also identified patients outside the UAE, in the Gulf region, with the same clinical conditions, mutations and gene.

We are now establishing collaborations with researchers from those sites to characterise this gene. The fact that patients from different backgrounds with similar clinical features have mutations in the same gene further establishes a potential new gene-disease discovery.

WHY IT MATTERS

Speaking at Arab Health 2021, Amer Sharif, Vice Chancellor of MBRU, described the formation of the centre as a major milestone for healthcare research in the UAE.

These are life-changing outcomes that underline the power of research and the role of MBRU and our academic health system partners as research-intensive institutes, he said. The establishment of the Center of Genomic Discovery through an integrated academic health system will allow us to innovate in genomics application and gene discovery. This will also enable us to realise our vision of advancing health through cutting-edge academic research and nurturing future scientists serving individuals and communities in the UAE and the region.

The Center for Genomic Discovery will reportedly seek to engage undiagnosed pediatric patients with suspected hereditary disorders whose clinical genomic testing at Al Jalila Childrens such as whole-exome sequencing and chromosomal microarrays failed to identify any definitive genetic causes.

THE LARGER CONTEXT

The launch of the centre coincides with the formation of the board of the Emirati Genome Program, whose mission is to provide preventive and personalised healthcare for the Emirati population.

Headed by His Highness Sheikh Khalid bin Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Member of the Abu Dhabi Executive Council and Chairman of the Abu Dhabi Executive Office, the Emirati Genome Program is reportedly being designed to enable precise and customised medical treatment that will support a more robust healthcare system in the UAE.

MBRUs Sharif is a member of the board.

Meanwhile, AJCSH has also announced it is to formulate a steering group to study the workflow of genome sequencing in an intensive care setting. The hospital has partnered with Illumina Netherlands BV to develop this practical knowledge improving the use of testing, and fostering greater understanding of best-use cases, clinical indicators and the health economics of genome sequencing in this specialised setting.

There is increasing evidence for rapid, efficient and cost-efficient genome sequencing in newborns and babies that will save lives, said Mohamed Al Awadhi, COO of AJCH. The application of next-generation sequencing has revolutionised the process of making complex diagnoses in paediatric medicine, significantly shortening the time for accurate diagnosis and optimal clinical management in critically ill children.

Thanks to the support of our partners and stakeholders, this working group will once again push the boundaries in the quest to save young lives.

ON THE RECORD

This is a major development for Dubai and the UAE, said Ahmad Abou Tayoun, Director of Al Jalila Childrens Genomics Center and Associate Professor of Genetics at MBRU. The new Center leverages the clinical, genomics, and functional research infrastructure and human resources at Al Jalila Childrens and MBRU to propel interdisciplinary activities.

Our clinicians and researchers are experts in their respective fields who can help resolve undiagnosed patients with highly suspected inherited disorders. Furthermore, the Center will create a training and research site for Masters and Ph.D. students, as well as post-doctoral fellows at MBRU.

He added: Ultimately, the Centers main goal is to make novel genetic discoveries in the pediatric patient population in the UAE and the region, and leverage these discoveries to develop new diagnostic tools and uncover personalised pathways to restore normal phenotypes in affected patients.

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In Memoriam: Jean Wilson, M.D., made scientific discoveries that led to effective prostate treatments, insights into sexual differentiation – UT…

Posted: June 23, 2021 at 2:17 am

DALLAS June 21, 2021 Jean D. Wilson, M.D., an internationally known endocrinologist whose scientific discoveries led to profound insights into the mechanisms underlying sexual differentiation and led to now widely used treatments for prostate disease, died June 13. He was 88.

Wilson, seen here in 1962, graduated from UTSouthwestern Medical School in 1955 and joined the faculty in 1960, where he began his studies of testosterone.

Wilson, professor emeritus of internal medicine at UTSouthwestern, was largely responsible for current understanding of the mechanisms by which steroid hormones induce male sexual differentiation. He also was instrumental in identifying the scientific underpinnings of a widely prescribed class of drugs known as 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors which include finasteride (Proscar, Propecia) and dutasteride (Avodart) to treat enlarged prostate and balding in men.

Wilsons discovery of 5-alpha-reductase and the identification of dihydrotestosterone as the primary hormone associated with the growth of the prostate transformed our understanding of prostate gland growth and paved the way for new effective treatment of prostate disease, says Daniel K. Podolsky, M.D., president of UTSouthwestern. His findings led to the first medical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia, and also provided the basis for understanding of the mechanism underlying the differentiation of male and female genital development. His legacy will be found in the legions of patients who have benefited from the therapy made possible by his discoveries.

Wilson, seen in 1978, was a popular and highly sought-after attending physician on the wards of Parkland Memorial Hospital, valued for his vast expertise in endocrinology and medicine in general.

Jean Wilson was one of the most critical and helpful sources of information concerning the development of two important drugs we were developing at Merck the statins, for control of LDL cholesterol, and Proscar, for treatment of benign prostate enlargement. Wilson was always available to wrestle with problems that often arise in drug development. I needed expert friends in those early days, and probably still do, says P. Roy Vagelos, M.D., former chairman, president, and chief executive officer of Merck & Co. and now chair of the board of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.

Wilsons research included the study of cholesterol metabolism and steroid hormone action. The UTSouthwestern Medical School graduate and former National Institutes of Health (NIH) researcher earned international prominence for his investigations of testosterone including its formation from cholesterol as well as its metabolism and action. His efforts elucidated disorders resulting from genetic defects that lead to disruption in sex hormone biosynthesis with corresponding alteration in development.

Collaborations at UTSouthwestern with David Russell, Ph.D., professor of molecular genetics, led to the cloning of the 5-alpha-reductase (5AR) gene, development of animal models for 5AR deficiency, and eventually the finding that a 5AR inhibitor blocked prostate growth, which resulted in clinical trials led by Claus Roehrborn, M.D., chair of urology. The human androgen receptor later was cloned in 1989, allowing Wilson and colleagues to identify the receptor as a transcription factor that could regulate both the receptor and 5AR expression in prostate cancer. Other scientists at UTSouthwestern expanded upon his research, identifying androgen involvement in virtually all aspects of prostate development, alternate mechanisms of androgen synthesis, and other forms of androgens related to castrate-resistant prostate cancer.

Among his numerous awards, Wilson received the Kober Medal from the Association of American Physicians (1999); the Fred Conrad Koch Award from The Endocrine Society (1993); Gregory Pincus Award from the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology (1992); Henry Dale Medal from the Society for Endocrinology (1991); Amory Prize from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1977); and the Eugene Fuller Award from the American Urological Association. He was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1982), the National Academy of Sciences (1983), and the National Academy of Medicine (1994) as well as the American Philosophical Society and served as president of the Endocrine Society, the American Society for Clinical Investigation, and the Association of American Physicians.

Wilson, seen in 1992, was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1982), the National Academy of Sciences (1983), and the National Academy of Medicine (1994).

Wilson, who had held the Charles Cameron Sprague Distinguished Chair of Biomedical Research, was known as a collaborative colleague and empathetic adviser to students and fellows. His approach with students and trainees was threefold find out what they want to do, encourage them to do it, and develop pathways to fulfill their goals, he said in an interview with The Journal of Clinical Investigation. He also noted that some of the most difficult students to counsel turned out to be late bloomers who really were worth an investment of time and effort.

At UTSouthwestern, he served as the first director of the Medical Scientist Training Program, and it was recently announced that the Physician Scientist Training Program in Internal Medicine would be known as the Jean Wilson Society. The Jean D. Wilson Center for Biomedical Research and The Jean D. Wilson, M.D. Award, which honor excellence in scientific research mentorship, are named in his honor. The center was established with support from Dr. Wilson and his sister, the late Dr. Margaret Sitton, to promote research in endocrinology, developmental biology, and genetics, along with the J.D. and Maggie E. Wilson Distinguished Chair in Biomedical Research. In addition, he served among editors of two landmark medical textbooks Williams Textbook of Endocrinology and Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine and as editor for The Journal of Clinical Investigation, among other journals. He authored The Memoir of a Fortunate Man, which chronicles his life growing up in the Texas Panhandle through his rise to pioneering academic physician and researcher.

Jean was a popular and highly sought-after attending physician on the wards of Parkland Memorial Hospital, valued for his vast expertise in endocrinology and medicine in general, say Nobel Laureates Joseph Goldstein, M.D, chair of molecular genetics, and Michael Brown, M.D., director of the Erik Jonsson Center for Research in Molecular Genetics and Human Disease. He founded a diabetic foot clinic at Parkland and spent hours each week clipping toenails and treating ulcers on the feet of elderly diabetic patients. After long days on the wards, he would retire to his modest laboratory where he would spend half the night meticulously dissecting rabbit fetuses. Often, when we were just starting our careers, we would sit by his side while he dissected, receiving sage advice about our careers as physician-scientists and life in general. Later, he extended his fatherly role to generations of M.D./Ph.D. students when he became the founding director of our M.D./Ph.D. program.

He had a rich life outside of the Medical Center as well. An avid opera buff, Wilson collected antique gramophones that could play every type of recording that had ever been produced. His extensive collection of 3,500 old 78-rpm operatic recordings included a 1917 disc of Enrico Caruso singing songs of Irving Berlin the only record that Caruso ever recorded in English, they note.

An avid opera buff, Wilson, seen in 2019, collected antique gramophones. His extensive collection of 3,500 old 78-rpm operatic recordings included a 1917 disc of Enrico Caruso singing songs of Irving Berlin the only record that Caruso ever recorded in English.

He took memorable trips to places like the North Pole, Antarctica, the Galapagos Islands, and the Easter Islands. He often incorporated science into his trips, visiting the Kangaroo Island in Australia to study sexual development in wallabies, and to Kenya to biopsy the phallus of the spotted hyena. Fearless in the pursuit of knowledge, he performed a rectal examination on a lion to estimate the size of the prostate, Goldstein and Brown say. A dedicated bird watcher, he traveled the world to many exotic places, hoping to spot that rare bird. But in the end, the rarest of that rare bird was Jean Wilson himself.

Born in Wellington, Texas, in 1932, Wilson obtained an undergraduate degree in chemistry from UT Austin and graduated from UTSouthwestern Medical School in 1955. As a student, he studied the control of urinary acid secretion by adrenal hormones, and as a resident, he investigated cholesterol metabolism. After residency, he spent two years at the NIH, where he studied ethanolamine biosynthesis. He joined the UTSouthwestern faculty in 1960 where he began his studies of testosterone, and worked in 1970 at Cambridge University. In all, he spent 60 years at UTSouthwestern and was named professor emeritus of UTSouthwesterns storied internal medicine department in 2011.

Jean Wilson leaves us with a remarkable legacy a quintessential physician-scientist whose scholarship both inspires and continues to serve as a foundation for new advances, says Podolsky, also professor of internal medicine.

In a career spanning six decades at UTSouthwestern, Dr. Jean Wilsons discoveries included:

Cholesterol metabolism

Dr. Wilson developed methods for quantifying cholesterol synthesis, absorption, degradation, and excretion in lab animals. Together, these analytical methods served as tools for understanding the feedback control of cholesterol synthesis and turnover. In addition, Dr. Wilson demonstrated that plasma cholesterol is synthesized in the intestinal wall and liver, findings that helped researchers define the contributions of diet and endogenous synthesis to cholesterol turnover in humans and other primates.

Male androgens

Concurrently, Dr. Wilson studied the action of male androgens, focusing on testosterone and its metabolite, dihydrotestosterone. Starting with a collaboration with his postdoctoral fellow, Nicholas Bruchovsky, in 1966, the researchers discovered that testosterone is converted inside prostate cells into dihydrotestosterone, a more potent androgen that is responsible for most of male sexual maturation and male sexual function. Dr. Wilson and his colleagues later showed that mutations that impair either the synthesis of testosterone, the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, or the function of this metabolites receptor protein are the most common cause of birth defects associated with incomplete development of the male urogenital tract, affecting about four in every 1,000 boys. Cloning these responsible genes eventually allowed researchers to identify asymptomatic carriers of these mutations.

Dihydrotestosterone

Dr. Wilson also discovered that excess dihydrotestosterone is responsible for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or prostate enlargement, a condition that affects about 210 million men worldwide. Dihydrotestosterone is responsible for prostate growth in all male mammals, but in humans and dogs, prostate growth continues throughout life. Wilson and his colleagues showed that local excess of this potent androgen leads to prostate overgrowth. By curbing its production by inhibiting 5a-reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, they were able to prevent BPH in dog models of this condition. These findings have been developed into multiple 5a-reductase-inhibiting pharmaceuticals to treat this condition in human patients.

Brown, a Regental professor and director of the Erik Jonsson Center for Research in Molecular Genetics and Human Disease, holds The W.A. (Monty) Moncrief Distinguished Chair in Cholesterol and Arteriosclerosis Research, and the Paul J. Thomas Chair in Medicine.

Goldstein, a Regental professor and chair of molecular genetics, holds the Julie and Louis A. Beecherl, Jr. Distinguished Chair in Biomedical Research, and the Paul J. Thomas Chair in Medicine.

Podolsky holds the Philip OBryan Montgomery, Jr., M.D. Distinguished Presidential Chair in Academic Administration, and the Doris and Bryan Wildenthal Distinguished Chair in Medical Science.

Russell holds the Eugene McDermott Distinguished Chair in Molecular Genetics.

About UTSouthwestern Medical Center

UTSouthwestern, one of the premier academic medical centers in the nation, integrates pioneering biomedical research with exceptional clinical care and education. The institutions faculty has received six Nobel Prizes, and includes 24 members of the National Academy of Sciences, 16 members of the National Academy of Medicine, and 13 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators. The full-time faculty of more than 2,800 is responsible for groundbreaking medical advances and is committed to translating science-driven research quickly to new clinical treatments. UTSouthwestern physicians provide care in about 80 specialties to more than 117,000 hospitalized patients, more than 360,000 emergency room cases, and oversee nearly 3 million outpatient visits a year.

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In Memoriam: Jean Wilson, M.D., made scientific discoveries that led to effective prostate treatments, insights into sexual differentiation - UT...

Posted in Genetic medicine | Comments Off on In Memoriam: Jean Wilson, M.D., made scientific discoveries that led to effective prostate treatments, insights into sexual differentiation – UT…

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